UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) President: Felipe Santamaría U. ​ Vice President: Valeria Ostrovsky T. ​ Topic A: The Deep Web: The Black Market of Cybercrime ​ Topic B: The financing and expansion of narcoterrorism ​ 2 Index 1. Letters from the presidents 1.1. Letter from president 1.2. Letter from vice-president 2. Introduction to the committee 2.1. History 2.2. Purpose 2.3. Problems it has solved 2.4. Important data about the committee 3. Development of first topic: The Deep Web: The Black Market of Cybercrime 3.1. Introduction to the topic 3.2. Key concepts 3.3. Deepening of the subject 3.3.1. Historical background 3.3.2. Present situation 3.3.3. Measures implemented to solve the issue 3.3.4. Expectations to the future 3.3.5. Other Aids 3.3.6. QARMAS 4. Development of second topic: The Financing and Expansion of Narcoterrorism 4.1. Introduction to the topic 4.2. Key concepts 4.3. Deepening of the subject 4.3.1. Historical background 4.3.2. Present situation 4.3.3. Measures implemented to solve the issue 4.3.4. Expectations to the future 4.3.5. Other Aids 4.3.6. QARMAS 5. Information of the delegate 5.1. Useful links 6. Bibliography 3 1. Letter from the Presidents 1.1 Letter from the President Dear Delegates, My name is Felipe Santa Maria and I will be your president in UNODC, for COSMUN 2019. I feel privileged to be able to preside this exciting committee, even more so to do it along with Valeria. We have done a great effort to give you the best possible experience, and we will continue to assure we can make this a terrific United Nations model. As we strive to make this the best committee, we also count on the effort of each delegate to make the debate as interesting and compelling as it can be. I am sure that with thorough preparation and enthusiasm from your part we can make this your best experience in MUN. I am eager to see how the very complex and meaningful topics we have chosen will be resolved. It will definitely be a hard task as the UNODC is a very important office in the UN, however I know every delegate will be up to the task. As such, I expect all of you to be the best delegates you can be, giving the best of you, and attempting to reach solutions for the benefit of the world. Most importantly, never doubt your ability as a delegate; if you have prepared yourself you will be up to the task ahead and remember that the only way to improve is by trying. Even though the MUN is an arduous task which may seem as a lot of work it is still a great opportunity to enjoy and have fun. Take advantage of this great opportunity, as I am sure you will enjoy even more than you thought you would. Sincerely, Felipe Santa Maria UNODC President 4 1.2 Letter from the Vice-President Dearest Delegates, It is my pleasure to introduce you to the Columbus School’s United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) for 2019. My name is Valeria Ostrovsky and I am honored to serve as your vice-president for this year’s UNODC of COSMUN. I am currently a 15 year old sophomore at The Columbus School who has participated in previous Models of the United Nations as a delegate for the past 4 years. Throughout these experiences I’ve developed a passion for MUNs, which is why my purpose for this year is to help you grow as global citizens and find your voice. I hope that I, along with my president, can guide you to a great experience in this year’s model. We've worked really hard during the past few months to ensure that COSMUN 2019 will be a great challenge for your academic and personal abilities. Both Felipe and I have great expectations for your performance in this model, and hope that it will be a place full of academic development. I hope that each delegate can remember these experiences as positive, and as a gain in your learning and social skills.Consequently, it is crucial for you to be well prepared, so that every delegate can reach their maximum potential in the sessions, and have a successful, high level committee. If you have any questions or concerns do not hesitate to contact us through [email protected]. ​ ​ Sincerely, Valeria Ostrovsky UNODC vice-president 5 2. Introduction to the committee 2.1 History The United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime began in 1997, when the United Nations Drug Control Program and the Centre for International Crime Prevention were merged in Vienna Austria; since then, it has been committed with assisting its member states in the fight against illicit drugs, crime and terrorism. Some of the most memorable efforts made by the organization were the campaigns such as the World Drug Campaign, the International Anti-Corruption Campaign, the World AIDS campaign, and the Blue Heart Campaign Against Human Trafficking. The UN was created to “help Governments react to the instability and insecurity caused by crimes like the smuggling of illicit drugs, weapons, natural resources, counterfeit goods and human beings between countries and continents.” In regards to drugs, they’re guided by three international treaties which provide the legal basis for taking action against drug-related crimes. These are: 1) 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961. 2) Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971 (amended 1972). 3) United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1988. 2.2 Purpose The fundamental pillars in which the UNODC has based its efforts to carry out their missions are: field-based cooperation projects; research and analytical work; and normative work to assist States in the ratification and implementation of the relevant international treaties. Their main objective is to support governments in the fight against drugs, crimes, and terrorism. UNODC acts as a Technical Secretariat of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the ​ Commission on Criminal Justice and Crime Prevention. Their work is based on: 1) Fight against narcotic drugs and following the law. 2) Prevention and treatment of drug abuse. 3) Collaborate with producing countries to develop sustainable alternative livelihoods for farmers and others involved in the production of drugs. 4) 6 Produces annual crop studies in the main drug producing countries. 5) Promote the development of anti-money laundering policies. 2.3 Problems it has solved UNODC has solved a great amount of issues. Overall, the office has been able to mitigate the drug problem, and implement drug control policies for Member States. For instance, the illicit drug use has decreased to 5% in the adult population. Another study shows that there are no more that 25 million problematic drug users worldwide which is less than 0.5% of the population of the world. In addition, the drug related deaths have decreased to 200.000 a year. Also, it has worked on1: 1. “World-wide, drug cultivation has been slashed (with the obvious exception of Afghanistan where the issue is insurgency, more than narcotics)”. 2. “Adherence to the international drug control regime is practically universal, with the principle of shared responsibility unanimously accepted.” 3. “The regulatory system of production, distribution and use of drugs for medical purposes, functions well.” 4. “UNODC provides countries with statistical expertise that enables them to collect, process, analyse and disseminate data on drugs and crime.” 5. “We develop criteria and metrics for establishing baselines and measuring and tracking trends.” 6. “UNODC performs global drugs and crime threat assessments and monitors specific transnational drugs and crime problems.” 7. “We analyse quantitative and qualitative trends and conduct cross-sectoral studies on emerging problems and priority topics.” 8. “UNODC supports States in prosecuting traffickers and other criminals by providing, for example, legislative assistance to encourage investigation and prosecution, and training, handbooks and other tools for law enforcement and criminal justice officials.” 1 https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/press/releases/2008-03-10.html ​ 7 2.4 Important data about the committee UNODC leads the global campaign to raise awareness about what illicit drugs represent to society. The campaign gives a brief description of some of the most common drugs, what their consequences are, and encourages people - mostly adolescents - to avoid them. Likewise, it is the guardian of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, which is the first legally binding global anti-corruption instrument. The UNODC is a member of the United Nations Development group and is headed by its executive director Yury Fedotov. Currently the division counts with a budget of US$ 700 million which in part is used to employ between 1,500 and 2,000 people worldwide in its 21 field division offices. A subdivision of the UNODC is the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) which in part oversees the enforcement of agreements held. 3. Development of first topic: The Deep Web: The Black Market of Cybercrime 3.1 Introduction to the topic In today’s world, 96 percent of the internet is not indexed by platforms such as Google or Bing; it can instead be found in the deep web. Basically, The Deep Web is everything anyone has ever done or stored in some kind of platform, and consists of all the internet that cannot be found by regular search engines since the information is not indexed. It is actually any place without a permanent URL behind a paywall, password protected or dynamically generated site.