Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology Medieval Archaeology oit o eivlAcaooy21 DOI:10.1179/0076609712Z.00000000011 © SocietyforMedieval Archaeology2012 ashmus.ox.ac.uk (c date (c end of2011,thePASdatabasecontained18,097records offindsearlymedieval only evidenceofpastactivity;otherobjectsareinterest intheirownright.Atthe which havebeendamagedoreroded,usuallybyagriculture, leavingtheobjectsas finds madebymembersofthepublic.Manycomefromarchaeologicalsites The PortableAntiquitiesScheme(PAS)isavoluntaryschemetorecordarchaeological now appearintheSociety’s section andforthecontactdetailsofcompilers.TheannualSpecialistGroupsReports withheld. ForMB&I,seebelowfortheformatandcontentofFieldworkHighlights omitted fromreportstoprotectsites;donotifythecompilersifthisinformationisbe reports. PleasealsonotethatincertaincasestheNationalGridReferencehasbeen Note that,whilewecanadviseoncontent,arenotabletoabstractfrominterim have providedreportsonfinds,excavations,field-surveysandbuildinganalysesfor2011. (of fieldunits,museums,universities,developers,specialistgroupsandindividuals)who research anglesarepresented.ForMB&I,theSocietyismostgratefultoallcontributors lighted projects.ForthePASreport,reviewsoncoinandnon-coinfindsspecific discoveries andreportsinmedievalBritainIreland(MB&I),withaselectionofhigh- finds andanalysesrelatingtothePortableAntiquitiesScheme(PAS)onsite-specific This sectionofthejournalcomprisestwocoresetsreportslinkedtoworkin2011:on including 2009.Thesecanbedownloaded from Database (PASD).FullPASandTreasure AnnualReports(PTAR)arefreelyavailabletodownloadup toand (14,225 records)weremedieval.Thereatotalof 2,426 pre-Conquestfinds(in2,042 or latermedievaldate. were 942Treasurecases,ofwhich120earlymedieval dateand224wereofhigh which givestheCrown(inpractice,museums)right toacquirethem;in2011there entries ofRomancoinageandTreasure cases. 1 2 3 Heberden CoinRoom,AshmoleanMuseum,BeaumontStreet,Oxford OX12PH,England,UK; All findsreportedviatheTreasure Act1996arealsonowincludedonthePortableAntiquitiesScheme As of31December2011.Notethat arecordonthedatabasecanincludemorethanonefind,especially for ad 1066–c1500).Asmallproportionofthesearesubject totheTreasureAct1996 In 2011,82,615finds(in56,047records)weremade intotal, MÄRIT GAIMSTER Medieval BritainandIrelandin2011 ad 410–c1066)and99,531recordsoffindshigh latermedievaldate . , 56,2012 Medieval BritainandIrelandcompilededitedby: 2 PORTABLE ANTIQUITIESSCHEME General Editor Portable AntiquitiesSchemeReporteditedby: Newsletter and KIERANO’CONOR . JOHN NAYLOR
Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology early 10th-centurydeposits, featuringamixofAnglo-Saxon(includingVikingimitations 174 silverobjectsand27 coinswithinaleadcontainer.Itistypicaloflate 9th-to from theFurnessarea(Cumbria; LANCUM-80A304/2011T283). from nearSilverdale(NorthLancashire;LANCUM-65C1B4/2011 T569)andtheother BH-7ACDB2; Fig1g)andÆthelweardofEastAnglia (c 850–55;SF-793F43). and NCL-AF9BE4)withoneeachforEcgberht ofWessex(802–39; ants ofknowntypes.ThreetheseareforOffaMercia (LIN-040716,IOW-C8BD83 types forthisperiodisgrowingthefactthatfiveofthese coinswerenewtypesorvari- (e) SF-0C2A17—Anglo-Saxonsceat.(f)SUR-8B14B0pennyof Beornwulf.(g)BH-7ACDB2—pennyof 11 Visigothic solidus.(c)SF-84A6C8—Anglo-Saxonthrymsa.(d)DEV-E8CCA1 —Anglo-Saxonthrymsa. Ecgberht. (h)NCL-544D22—Islamicdirham.(i)PUBLIC-8CC232 —pennyofÆthelredII.Scale1:1. The hoardsaresummarised inBoughtonetal2012. Photographs: (a)FBasford,(b)and(f)DWilliams,(c)(e)ABrown,(d) NCorey,(g)JWatters,(h)RCollins, Early medievalcoins.(a)IOW-F86317—clippedRomansiliqua.(b) SUR-5B13A4—imitation Viking-period coinagefindsweredominatedbytwomajor mixedhoards,thelargest medieval britainandireland (i) SJohnson. fig 1 2011 11 Silverdalecontained 303 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology Post-Conquest coinage( High andlatemedieval these coins. PUBLIC-8CC232; Fig1i)formevidencerightattheedgesofknowndistributions F52DB5) andtwofromLaugharneTownship(Carmarthenshire;PUBLIC-F416D3 were ofstandardtypes,butthecoinCnut(1016–35)fromHayle(Cornwall;CORN- multi-denomination currencywhichhasenduredeversince.Mostofthefindsfrom2011 few cutfractionsorroundhalfpenniesareknown,buthereweseethebeginningsofa tion ofthedevelopmentcoinuseinthisperiod.Priortolate10thcenturyvery fragmented, thuspreventingtheirfulldenominationtobedetermined),givinganindica- 2011. Ofthese,atleasttenarecutfractions,mostlyhalfpennies(somefindswerehighly found inBritain, see MoorheadandNaylor2012.For thefindsfromLondon,seeEgan 2007. Newcastle uponTyne. by theSocietyofAntiquariesNewcastle uponTyne,andisondisplayattheGreatNorthMuseum:Hancock in ‘eastern group’andbelongstoNorth 1994,no904. denier ofBishopConradUtrecht(1076–99),which hadbeenmodifiedforuseasa finds inLondonaswitnessedfromexcavationfinds. same reignfromBeckenham(GreaterLondon;SUR-8206C4) whichfitsthepatternof (Oxfordshire; FAJN-76BBF5;Fig2c), aspron trachyofAlexiosIKomnenos(1081–1118)recorded byPAS,fromMiltonHill period, buttwo11th-centuryByzantinecoinswererecorded in2011,onethefirstbillon levels ofactivityatthemint. Sussex) underWilliamI(1066–80)whichhasramificationsforourunderstandingofthe Coldred (Kent;PUBLIC-C94F50)namesanewmoneyerforthemintatHastings(East corpus therewereanumberofinterestingnewfinds.AcoinfromShepherdswellwith being issuesofHenryII’s(1154–89)‘cross-and-crosslets’type.Evenwithinthissmall non-hoard post-Conquestcoinsisnowinexcessof30,000records. to illustratetheextensiveandvariedcirculationofcoinsinthisperiod.Thetotal of quantitywith4,582recordedin2011(anincreaseover10%on2010),andcontinued country thanthecuthacksilverfragmentsmoretypicalofdirhamfindsinBritain. 07CCA4) andRevesbury(Lincolnshire;NCL-544D22;Fig1h);thesearerarerinthis such astwocompletedirhamsfromtheAldwinclearea(Northamptonshire;DENO- number ofotherfindsAnglo-ScandinavianpenniesandIslamicdirhamsweremade, Saxon originwasmostlyinthenameofEadred(946–55).Alongsidethesemajorfinds,a 79 silvercoins,withadepositiondateinthe950s;majorityofcoinageAnglo- probably fromaroundc900.TheFurnesshoardwascomposedof13silveringotsplus recording whatappearstobeapreviouslyunknownVikingrulercalledHarthacnut, of Anglo-Saxon),Anglo-Scandinavian,CarolingianandIslamiccoinage,withonecoin (Northumberland; NCL-A6C172;Fig2b). 52) foundatMauldsMeabern(Cumbria;LANCUM-C7BD67) andAlnwickdistrict Fig 2a); a raretypemintedinLincolnwasfoundatEdingley(Nottinghamshire;LEIC-69AF01; groups: 15coinsofStephenwererecorded,mostlythestandard‘Watford’type,but Stephen (1135–54)andundertheperiodof‘Anarchy’resultinginissuesbycompeting 304 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 Class Kanonymousfollis,Second Coinage (pre-reformc1087–92).ForabriefoverviewofByzantinecoinage Hendy 1999: Both North1994,no913;Spink2003, no5012(orvariantthereof).NCL-A6C172hasnowbeenpurchased The ‘Watfordtype’(North1994,no. 873)isthebasisforarangeoflocalvariants,includingthisonefrom the North 1994,no845;twostars’type(issuedc1074–7). As at31December2011. Naismith 2005,203. For theearliestperiod( Finally, 54findsofpost-ReformAnglo-Saxoncoins( 15 alongsidetheseweretwoscarceissuesofHenry,EarlNorthumberland(1136– DOC IV,no25(SecondCoinage,post-1092 reform),Constantinoplemint. ad 1066–1509)againfaroutweighedpre-Conquestcoinsinterms portable antiquitiesscheme 14 Alongsidethis,2011sawgoodrecoveryofcoinsmintedby ad 1066–1180),97coinswererecorded,withnearlyhalf 17 theotherananonymouscopperfollisdatingto 16 Foreigncoinsarealsorarefindsinthis 18 Otherforeigncoinsincludeda ad 973–1066)weremadein 13
12 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology finds recordedin2011.This expansioncontinuedtotheendofmedieval period distribution ofcoinage. ‘voided longcross’penniescoincidedwithadistinct increaseinthecirculationand (Wiltshire; SOM-F7FD62/2011T357). image ofacathedral. resembles atypediscussedherelastyearwiththecoin mountedtoshowthesidewithan brooch orbadge,fromBradenham(Norfolk;NMS-66F9A5/2011 T103;Fig2d).This constitute Treasureunderthe Act1996.See (d) NMS-66F9A5—broochmadeutilisingadenierfromUtrecht. (e) DUR-88FA74—pennyofHenryVI. 19 21 20 of BohemondIIIAntioch.(h)SUSS-A584F5—soldinotheRepublic ofGenoa.Scale1:1. (f) SUR-54DB38—half-nobleofPhiliptheBold,DukeBurgundy. (g)BERK-891293—‘helmet’denier See Naylor2011b(SWYOR-1DFAD6; 2010T535).Althoughasinglefind,modifiedcoinssuch as this Allen etal2012forthcoming. Treasure case2011T357;seealso Williams2001. High- andlate-medievalcoins.(a)LEIC-69AF01—pennyofStephen.(b)NCL-A6C172 (a) WScott,(b)RCollins,(c)JNaylor,(d)EDarch,(e)FMcIntosh,(f)D Williams,(g)AByard,(h)SSmith. Henry, EarlofNorthumberland.(c)FAJN-76BBF5—billonasprontrachyAlexiosIKomnenos. In thefollowingperiod( 19 21 medieval britainandireland Asecondmodifiedcoin,ofWilliamI,wasfoundat Alverdiston Thisisreflectedinthenumberoffindsreported,with 1,370 new ad 1180–1279)theintroductionof‘shortcross’and 20 fig
from theRepub- 24 Theplace- 27 Another gros 22
Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology (Norfolk), butEnglishfindsareotherwiserare. they commonlycontainsewingneedles. including fromBifrons(Kent)andGreatChesterford(Essex)grave9. the footarevestigialcomparedtothoseonotherexamples.OtherEnglishfindsknown, Koch’s typeBifrons/PreureGruppeIII.1.1.1, principally ontheContinent,fromnorthernFrancetolowerRhineland.Belonging century copper-alloybowbroochfromtheIsleofWight(IOW-78CB34)isatypeknown Loughborough piece. its socket,showinghowitwasattachedtotherestofbroochinsimilarfashion shire; Fig3c). terminal isafindnowinNorthLincolnshireMuseum,saidtobefromCaistor(Lincoln- separately fromtherestofbrooch(Fig3b).Theclosestparallelforform neatly finishedhollowcirculartubewithinitsmouth,implyingthattheterminalwasmade decoration inrelief.Mostoftherecessesretaindecayedenamel.Theanimalholdsa circular eyesofinlaidsilver,thetopheadshowsasub-circularpanelwithtriskele borough (Nottinghamshire;LEIC-9CDC85).Intheshapeofananimalhead,with pendant fromWyeDown(Kent). a discwithimitationgranulationandlineardesign,suchasthelater7th-centurygold 8E4641) hasacrossanddotsengravedintothesurface.Itwasprobablyusedtoproduce losses. Severalwererecordedin2011.A‘matrix’diefromBoxford(WBerkshire;BERK- blages, probablybecausetheyarerarelydiscardedandsopreservedonlyasaccidental outlines formtheedgeofheadratherthanbeingsetinsideaborder. elaborately decoratedwithtwochip-carvedsea-creaturesinprocession,althoughtheir Douvrend (Seine-Maritime)intheMuséedesAntiquitésatRouen.Thishasalonghead western Frankishorigin,broadlyparalleledbyanearly6th-centurygildedsilverpinfrom shire; BH-DB46C1).BarryAgerhassuggestedapossibleidentificationashairpinof Wharram Percy(NorthYorkshire). FAKL-044964) of‘Domburgtype’,usuallyfoundinFrisia,butwithacloseparallelfrom Germany; (Fig 3d)fromBarham(Kent;KENT-B9EB67)typicallyfoundintheRhinelandandSW spiral. AfourthprobablediewasfoundnearAlford(Lincolnshire; LIN-CD5B11).Ithas bird’s head;theeyeismadeupoftwofurtherbirds’ headscurvingaroundtoforma from Gatcombe(IsleofWight;NARC-EE9CC3)which isintheshapeofapredatory knots, itmaydatetothe7thorearly8thcentury.Of similardateisathirdpatrixdie common ‘patrix’type2,withthedesigninrelief.Displaying threedouble-strandinterlaced Lincoln. For GreatChesterford,seeEvison 1994,fig18,pl10e. corded gravesexcavatedbyLordConyngham’s gamekeeperin1867;Hawkes2000,61,70,fig42,nos68 and69. fig 128). 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 Webster andBackhouse (eds)1991,no37. Danet andPérin1992,pl52. B AgerinMilneandRichards1992, 47–9,no.14.ThisbroochhasnowbeendonatedtoTheCollection, Menghin 1983,102–10and341–2. The pairfromBifronsarenot Grave34( Koch 1998,165–8,697;Taf26,5–9,Karte14. Accession numberNOLMS:2011.025.010. Spong Hillcremations1976/2(HillsandPenn1981,46fig179) and3078/2(Hillsetal1994,100, Eg Weber2000,64–5. Several Frankishimportswererecordedin2011.Anincomplete5th-orearly6th- Another 5th-centuryfindistheterminalofapenannularbroochfoundnearLough- Metalworking diesfeaturemoreofteninPASrecordsthanexcavatedassem- More mysteriousisagildedcopper-alloyobject(Fig3g)fromSomerton(Oxford- Further continentalobjectsincludeanearly6th-centurycopper-alloyscabbard-slide 35 anda6th-centurycopper-alloybrooch(Fig3e)fromSaleby(Lincolnshire; 32 Althoughmadefromsilver,theCaistorfragmenthasabase-metalrodin medieval britainandireland 38 36 AnotherfromBoxford(BERK-8CE912)isthemore 30 contra TwoundecoratedexamplesoccuratSpongHill Koch 1998,697)butareunstratified findsfromunre- 33 31 theanimalheadsatuppercornersof 2011 34
37
307 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology late 8th-centuryCoppergate (York)helmet. an animalinchip-carvedrelief withinataperingframe,withparallelsonthenasal ofthe rable tothatonthelinked pinsetfromtheRiverWithaminLincolnshire,sometimes like object(Fig3h)fromMelton (Leicestershire;LEIC-15A132)bearsanimalart compa- 308 (h) LEIC-15A132—thimble-likeobject.Scale1:1. Early medievalobjects.(a)LON-E3F661—needle-case.(b)LEIC-9CDC85 —penannularbroochterminal. (c) PenannularbroochterminalfromCaistor,Lincs.(d)KENT-B9EB67 —scabbard-slide.(e)FAKL-044964 — ‘Domburg-type’bowbrooch.(f)BERK-9FA163cross (g)BH-DB46C1—unidentifiedobject. 39 Webster andBackhouse (eds)1991,no47;Tweddle 1992. Other significant8th-century findsin2011canbeflagged.Agildedsilverthimble- K Leahy,(d)JJackson,(f)AByard,(g)Watters,(h)PRea. portable antiquitiesscheme Photographs anddrawing:(a)KSumnall,(b)WScott,(c)(e) fig 39 3 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology known asMercianStyle. England throughVikingactivity. BERK-E067E3) andAshburton(Devon;CORN-29D1E2);thesemayhavearrivedin Two horse-harnessmountsofIrishoriginwerealsofoundatSomerton(Oxfordshire; of adiscbroochorlinkedpinsetfromnearCricklade(Wiltshire;WILT-609F56). (Fig 3f),perhapsabrooch,fromSomerton(Oxfordshire;BERK-9FA163),andfragment Further examplesof8th-centurygildedcopper-alloyobjectsincludeanincompletecross examples. Thepracticaluseofsuchlargeobjectsonascabbard,however,isquestionable. a polygonalorroundedbase(egIOW-1855E4),culminatinginlarge,conicalsilver through thetallerpyramidslaterinsamecentury(egLEIC-4BD061)andthosewith coherent developmentfromthesmallangular7th-centurypyramids(egWILT-9AB1A4) feature, asmallloopontheexteriormayhavehadsamefunction,perhapsshowing seen onearliersword-scabbardpyramids. cut-outs formingabaracrossthecentre.Thismighthavesamefunctionasthose items fromtheStNinian’sIslehoard,thoughthesefeatureasoldered-onbase-platewith and 0.7525gperdotrespectively. heaviest weight-per-dotofsix-dotandfour-dotweightsonthePASdatabase,at0.7633g at 2.26gistheheaviestknown3-dotweight(0.753perdot),approximatingwellto 2011, includinga3-dotexamplefromTorksey(Lincolnshire;SWYOR-21CA16),which (1119–24). Thisisunusual,asallotherpost-Conquest bullaehavehithertoallbeenof c 1500apartfromonetheDurhamarea(DUR-A82CF6), issuedbyCallixtusII some interestingnewfinds. Two hundredandsixty-sevenmedievalsealmatriceswererecordedin2011,including High andlatemedieval adds tothesmallnumberofthesependantsrecordedondatabase. harness pendantinRingerikestylefromSkidbrooke(Lincolnshire;PUBLIC-1FCD40) GLO-49AC57), hasextendedtheknowndistributiontowest,andanopenwork mon finds,butafragmentofzoomorphicbridlecheekpiecefromNewent(Gloucestershire; Marston (Warwickshire;WAW-989551). ing aScandinavianorigin.Alsoofnotewasanearly11th-centuryironstirrupfromButlers asymmetric andthesockethasasmallprojectionorspurbothabovebelow,suggest- detail survivingtoallowitbedatedthelater10thor11thcentury.Thebladeis in 2011.AnaxefromtheLongwickarea(Buckinghamshire;BUC-B7ACE2)hasenough of animpressionfromthesameseal. Priory ofStMaryandWulfadeatStoneinStaffordshire; theBritishLibraryhasacast Treago). AmatrixfromCobham(Surrey;SUR-B74173) isthesealofAugustinian (John Brocas),BERK-A752A4(RogerdeMoulins) and CORN-622F61(Thurstanof individuals, includingESS-9419A5(Henry,sonofHenry ofEssex;Fig4e),DENO-4C6163 c 1850,andSUR-B74173. Thereisnodoubtthatthe Cobhammatrixistheoriginalused. base. AfullcatalogueoftheNorfolk sealscanbefoundinRogersonandAshley2012. due totheholdingofmetal-detector ralliesintheparish;findspotsarewidelyspaced. 45 44 43 42 41 40 Birch 1887,759,no4108.DavidWilliams (SurreyFLO)hascomparedtheBritishLibrary’splastercast, made Sixty sealmatriceswererecorded in Norfolk2011,ofwhichonly12havebeenrecordedonthePAS data- Geake 2010. Youngs 2001givesmanyparallels to theIrishharnessmounts.ThepreponderanceoffindsfromSomerton is Wilson inSmalletal1973,122–3; Bruce-Mitford1959,260–1andn32. Webster 2011,479–83. Five morefindsof9th-or10th-centurycubo-octahedralweightswererecordedin Twenty-three papalbullaewererecordedduring2011, alldatingfromc1200– Late Anglo-SaxonorAnglo-Scandinavianhorse-harnessitemsarerelativelycom- Iron objectsarerarelyrecordedbyPAS,buttwointerestingexampleswerefound medieval britainandireland 40 Itcanbecomparedwiththreesimilarlyshaped,butlarger, 44 Severalcouldbetentativelylinkedtohistoricallyattested 42 43
45 41 AlthoughtheMeltonexamplelacksthis 2011 309 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology (642–9) fromLongwick,Bucks. in NorwichCastleMuseum,one of JohnXI(931–6)fromKilverstone,NorfolkandtheotherTheodore I two lionsrampantArgentonacantonOrfretSable fragment ofasimilarbutlargermount(Fig4f)fromMilden (Suffolk;SF-B15AB4). The crestintheformofascallop-shellthattops horse’sbridleismatchedona possibly indicatingthatthearmswereaccidentallyreversed whenthemouldwasmade. streaming intoacircularwellorfountain. a late15th/early16th-centuryFlemishimport,showsthebloodfromChrist’swounds holding avesseluptowardshim.AsimilarbadgefromSalisburyMuseum,thoughttobe The badgeshowsChristcrucifiedbetweentheVirginMaryandStJohn,eachseemingly to bethesecondpilgrimbadgedepictingFountainofLifeknownfromEngland. badge fromHuddlestonwithNewthorpe(NorthYorkshire;SWYOR-25C3E5)appears another sitethatheldrelicsofStUrsulaandhercompanions.Acircularlead-alloypilgrim Metropolitan Museum, bust reliquaryofafemalesaint,thoughttobecompanionStUrsula,nowinthe There arestrikingresemblancestothewell-knownSouthNetherlandishwooden shaped’ head-dresswiththehairloose,andwearingacross-shapedpendant(Fig4c). Preston area(Lancashire;LANCUM-61F133)showsafemalebustwearing‘kennel- Continent, themostimportantbeingatVenice.A16th-centurysilverbadgefrom dog. by thewayhisrobeispulleduptoexposeasoreonleg,andpresenceof 3AEBC3) isonlythethirdBritishfindassociatedwithsaint, would havebeenpurchasedinRome. 3585A7). TherearenowfivesouvenirsoftheVeronicarecordedbyPAS.All,intheory, Swinhope (Lincolnshire;NLM-93AF41)andDraytonBassett(Staffordshire;WMID- vernicles, orbadgesdepictingthefaceofChristasseenonVeronica,werefoundat found byexcavationandincludedseveralfromforeignshrinescults.Twolead-alloy Order, 1503–12(Fig4a). found inFarnham(Essex;BH-8F07F3),issuedunderAmauryd’Amboise,Masterofthe Alexander III(1159–81)orlater. century. St Edmund.ItislikelytohavebeenproducedinEnglandthelate15thorearly16th cinquefoil Gules.The and appearstobe: or caparison(Fig4d).Theblazonhasbeenreconstructed fromthetinytracesofenamel, depicted notonlyontheshield,butalsoneck andrumpofthehorse’strapper at Stagsden(Bedfordshire;BH-B91E31).Thedecorativedetailincludesacoatofarms St Eustaceor,moreprobably,Hubert. stag withacrossbetweenitsantlersinfrontofthesaintandhorsebehind)mayrepresent unexceptional; itsdesign(showingahalf-kneelingsaintwithincrescentformedfrom backplate wasfoundatCastleHedingham(Essex;ESS-940232).Thebadgeisotherwise 310 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 Robinson 1989,66–9. Spencer 1990,54. Spencer 1990,38,no73,fig98. Accession number59.70. Van BeuningenandKoldeweij1993, 190. The othertwoarebothrecordedby PAS(SOMDOR905andYORYM-CEA5E7). Three pre-Conquestbullaeareknown;oneofPaschalI(817–24)recorded byPAS(HESH-ADE183),andtwo 48 A copper-alloybadgeofStRoch(Fig4b)foundatSomerton(Oxfordshire;SUR- The pilgrims’badgesfoundin2011were,asusual,morerobustthanthose A curiouscopper-alloyenamelledplateintheshapeofamountedwarriorwasfound A uniqueexampleofapilgrim’sbadgewithdecorativechequerboardenamel HiscultwasparticularlypopularinBritain,butwithseveralmajorcentresonthe 52
mountmayrelatetotheBucklandfamily,armsofwhich were: Azure twolionsrampanttosinisterArgentonacanton in sinisterchiefa 49 andthebadgemaybeasouvenirofpilgrimagetoCologneor portable antiquitiesscheme 46 Inaddition,abullaoftheKnightsHospitallerswas 50 51 Designsofsimilarshapearealsoknownfor . Thelionsfacingto 47 whocanberecognised sinister areunusual, Gules
Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology London. cover, itisstrikinglysimilar toaprobable14th-centuryexampleintheMuseum of (Wiltshire; WILT-837CC4).Missingitstop,baseand handle,aswelltheaperture part ofthetoporaperture cover. at Wheathampstead(Hertfordshire; BH-40D622)mayalsobepartofalantern, perhaps 53 Jerusalem. (b)SUR-3AEBC3—pilgrim’sbadge.(c)LANCUM-61F133 —pilgrim’sbadge.(d)BH-B91E31 — mount.(e)ESS-9419A5sealmatrix.(f)SF-B15AB4 Scale1:1. Egan 1998,150–1, fig118;Ward-Perkins1940, 58.1; accessionnumberA1366. High- andlate-medievalobjects.(a)BH-8F07F3—bullaoftheOrder oftheHospitalStJohn A crushedbutnear-completecopper-alloylanternwas foundnearChippenham 53 Asemi-circularcopper-alloy sheetwithtrefoilandquatrefoilperforationsfound (b) DWilliams,(c)SNoon,(d)JWatters,(e)LMcLean,(f)Carr. medieval britainandireland fig 4 2011 Photographs: (a)JWatters, 311 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology [email protected] before hisuntimelydeath. NMS-6FEA68). parallels, fromToftMonks(Norfolk;SF-DB9EE4)andReppswithBastwick holders intheVictoriaandAlbertMuseumcollections. be partofacandlestickandcancomparedtofigurinesupportingpaircandle- ( while athird,fromArkendale(NorthYorkshire;SWYOR-DCDC87),isbadlymis-cast. edge ofLeeds(SWYOR-D84976andSWYOR-D89352)withimitationletteringinrelief, facturing. Twomould-identicalwhorlswerefoundwithinakilometreofeachotheronthe itself. Fyn (Denmark),whileamorestylisedcreatureappears ontheaxeheadfromMammen compact birdscarriedontheBambergcasketand twohorsecollarsfromSøllested, wings andtail,identifyitwiththeScandinavianMammenstyle. tendril terminalofthehead-lappetanduseornamenttodepictbird’s C-shaped catchplate,bothalignedwiththebroochrim. brooch). Onthereverseareremainsofasingle,perforatedpin-lugandbroken also havewhatisdescribedasanopenjaw(unfortunatelymissingontheMarketRasen is describedasaheadlappetitdepictedfirmlyattachedtothehead.Theseexamples awkwardly extendedinfrontofit.InthetwoEastAnglianexamples,loopedtendril in factlookslikeaswanjustabouttolandonthewater,withitsraisedlegandbentfoot are intertwinedbyaloopedtendrilemanatingfromthebackofbird’shead.Thebird and passoveranupwards-pointingtail;bothwingsaredepictedbydoubletendrils a headwithroundeye.Itsdiagonallyplacedwingsextenddownwardsfromtheback ment (Fig5).Thebirdisdepictedinprofileandhasalongneckfacingdownwards, Britain. Thebroochdepictsasemi-naturalisticbirdwithcompositionsuggestingmove- cultural influencesaswellintheiruseofMammen-styledecoration,whichisrare brooches arehighlyunusualintheircombinationofScandinavianandcontinental and WestStowHeath(Suffolk),bringingthetotalknownforthistypetothree. century. LEIC-6AF276) andidentifiedasatypepreviouslyrecordedbyHattatt,datingtothe10th Rasen area(Lincolnshire).ThebroochwasrecordedbyWendyScott(LeicestershireFLO; The discoveryofthisunusualrectangularbroochwasmadebyMrBWallisintheMarket A rareMammen-stylerectangularbroochfromLincolnshire research reports Netherlands: so-called to rectangularandsquarebroochesfoundpredominantly innorthernGermanyandthe shape isnotScandinavianinorigin.Therectangularbrooch shapewouldappeartorelate currency oftheMammenstyle:secondhalf 10th century. art, theRingerikestyle.Onstylisticgrounds,brooch canbeassignedtotheperiodof 312 H Geake 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 Fuglesang 1980,17–18. Ibid, figs14a,b;24cand23b. Fuglesang 1991,84,100. Ibid; Hinton1974,62–3,PlXVIII, 35. Hattatt 1987,384,fig125,1426. Department ofArchaeology,University ofCambridge,DowningStreet,CambridgeCB23DZ,England, UK Accession number2073-1855.Thisobjectwasfoundinlate2010,and theparallelnotedbyGeoffEganjust Ward-Perkins 1940,fig56.1;accessionnumberA2647. 60 An unusualfoldingcandlestickintheMuseumofLondon’scollectionhasnowtwo Of lessobviousappealarethreeleadspindle-whorlswhichgiveevidenceformanu- The decorativetreatmentofthebird,particularlymovementandopen-ended However, whereasthebroochmotifisinfluencedby Scandinavianart-styles,its Semi-naturalisticbirdsarealsocarriedoverintothe next phaseofScandinavian 57 ) 56 ItissimilartotwootherexamplesfromEngland,BerghApton(Norfolk) . 54 AfigurinefromHartlebury(Worcestershire;WAW-47EC91)mayalso Rechteckfibeln portable antiquitiesscheme — atypealsorecordedindependentlyinEngland 55
59 61 Itissimilartothe
58 Allthree . Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology series. 10th centuries,withsquarerforms,likethatfromMarketRasen,beinglateoninthe SF-ED1145). Rectangular-shapedbroochesaredatedontheContinentto9thand from, forexample,Heighington(Lincolnshire;LIN-5FCA06)andPakenham(Suffolk; LE3 8RB,England, UK. ox.ac.uk. 906685; NMS-DC5234. 1991, catno34;Roesdahletal1981, YD41). Scott range ofculturalinfluencesatplayinthisarea10th-century England.( brooches appeartohavebeenmanufacturedintheDanelaw servesasareminderofthe of Carolingianmetalwork,includingmounts,strap-ends andbrooches. ing ofculturalstylesisinterestgivengrowingevidence fromEnglandforthecirculation Borre/Jellinge-style decoration,allfromtheThetfordarea (Norfolk). forms withScandinavianartstylesisparalleledbyagroup ofrectangularbroocheswith examples ofthestyleinthismediumtodate. on decorativemetalworkinBritainandthesethreebroochesprovidetheonlyknown 66 65 64 63 62 Mammen-style rectangularbrooch(LEIC-6AF276).Scale1:1(a),2:1(b). Kershaw: InstituteofArchaeology, 36BeaumontStreet,OxfordOX12PG,England,UK. See, forinstance,FAHG-123AB4; YORYM-EAF943;DENO-872273;SF-1E8422;ESS-BE9A25;SWYOR- Eg Wallis2004,38,plV,fig35. Mammen-style influencesmay,however, bepresentonaJellinge-styleswordchapefromYork(Fuglesang Wamers 2000,Abb175. ) 66 Although representedinsculpturetheIsleofMan,Mammenstyleisrare 62 Scott: FindsLiaisonOfficerLeicestershire andRutland,Room400,CountyHall,Glenfield,Leicester TheMarketRasenbroochthusfitscomfortablywithinthisperiod. [email protected]. medieval britainandireland fig 63 5 However,themixingofcontinentalbrooch 2011 Photograph anddrawingbyWScott. 64 Thisunusualblend- J KershawandW 65 jane.kershaw@arch. Thatsuch 313 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology Taburet-Delahaye 1996,315–7,no104). (top), VirginandStJohn(left right) andmalesaint(bottom). John (leftandright)malesaint (bottom),whileacrossinClevelandMuseumofArt(ibid,235)hastwo angels (Boehm andTaburet-Delahaye1996, 132–3,no26)hasrepresentationsofthesunandmoon(top),Virgin andSt obverse ofacross.Thedevicesthat decoratecrossobversesvary:aintheMetropolitanMuseum ofArt list symbolsbeingtransferredtothe frontofthecross.ThisterminalStPetermightthereforebe fromthe metal-detector users,andsuggested thatLimogescrucifixesinEnglandcouldhavebeenunifacewiththe evange- and mayoriginallyhavehadmore. the saint’shalo. 247E87. GLO-296B71, IOW-680721,NCL-EAF521,SF-B15AB4,SWYOR-167D66, WILT-635914andWMID- and terminalsforprocessionalcrosses,ofwhichthelatterformcorethisnote. rines (forcaskets,crucifixesandsuchlike),aswellmounts,buckles(somewithplates) ferrule fromCorpusty,Norfolk(NMS-CFA3A4).Theremainderconsistofvariousfigu- (probably fromareliquary)LongNewnton,Gloucestershire(GLO-296B71)and from acoffretAlbrighton,Shropshire(WMID-247E87),gildedangelfigurine highlighting therichnessofchurchespriortoReformation.Alsonotableareastrap (IOW-680721) andapyxlidfromnearArncliffe,NorthYorkshire(YORYM-58EB27), high-medieval art,suchasacross-staffterminaloraltarpiecefromtheIsleofWight particularly suitscopper-alloyobjects,whichlookgoldenincolourwhennew. surface remainedvisible,servingtoframetheenamelledareas.Thissortofenamelling enamel hardenedandtheobjectwaspolishedsothatraisedportionsoforiginal was thenfireduntiltheenamelpowdermeltedandflowedtofillcell.Whencold surface ofametalobjectandfilledwithenamel(madefrompowderedglass).The Furthermore, thedistinguishingdetailsofevangelistsymbols(suchashornsox in (continental)churchesormuseums,andhencethedesignsuponthemcanbeuncertain. existence —probablysincetheReformationinground)unlikethosethatsurvive recorded bythePASareoftenpoorlypreserved(giventheyhavespentmuchoftheir St Luke(ox),Matthew(angel)andMark(lion). determined patternonthereversearmsofcrosses(clockwisefromtop):StJohn(eagle), hand. standing figure,possiblyStPeter,sinceheisshownholdingakey(ofHeaven)inhisleft bols, althoughanexamplefromKnapton,Norfolk(NMS-94BDD2;Fig6b)depictsa to whichtheenamelsurvivesvaries.Theynormallyshowoneoffourevangelistsym- rated withengraveddesignsforenamellingonthedisplayside(front),thoughextent the mounttobefixedprocessionalcrosses.AllPAS-recordedterminalsaredeco- and onetrefoil(IOW-541F71;Fig6a); The techniqueusedis the townwheresuchenamellingwaspractisedfromsecondhalfof12thcentury. monly) dressaccessories,enamelledinatechniqueandstyleknownas‘Limoges’, Since 1997thePAShasrecorded172smallcopper-alloymounts,fittingsand(lesscom- Limoges enamels:evangelistsymbolsoncrossterminals 314 72 71 70 69 68 67 Shaffery 1999,64–5.Seealsothe reverseoftheCrossBonnevalforacompleteexample(Boehm and Shaffery 1998,14–5,observedthattheterminalswithevangelistsymbols arethosemostcommonlyfoundby There areexceptions,forexampleNMS-566F60,whichisdamaged, hasatleastthreeremainingfixingholes, NMS-94BDD2 isdistinctfromtheotherssinceithasasemicircular protrusionatthe‘top’toaccommodate For abroaderdiscussionofLimogesenamelsrecordedbyPAS,seeLewis 2011. Accessed on24February2012.Tenofthesewerefoundin2011:BERK-2BA546, BH-83D7E2,BH-BF6A84, Amongst theLimogesenamelsrecordedbyPASareimpressiveexamplesof Following Limogesiconographictraditiontheterminalswereplacedinapre- Thirteen crossterminalshavebeenrecordedbyPAS,ofwhich12areT-shaped 71 chaplevé portable antiquitiesscheme enamelling, bywhichthecellsarecarvedorcastinto 69 theynormallyhavefour‘rivet’holes, 72 Unfortunately,Limogesenamels 70 enabling 67 after 68 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology evangelist symbolsareinvariablyshowntherightway up.Onlysixofthedesignson T-shaped natureoftheterminalsmakesitclearwhere theywereplacedonthecross; of Luke,orbeaktheeagleJohn)canbeunclear duetoartisticstyle, has notedthatthe evangelistsymbolistooworntobe identified. and therecordersmayhaveseendetails notobviousinadigitalimage.InthecaseofNMS-566F60 recorder author hasonlyseenimagesofthese finds,nottheactualartefactswhichareinvariablyreturnedtotheir finder, features thatdistinguishaneaglefrom alionarenotasobviousmightbeexpected.Itshouldnoted thatthe is onaterminalfromtherightside ofthecross(theplaceStMark);inthiscasedesignisworn andthe clearly fromthebottomofcross (theplaceofStMatthew).Likewise,NMS-07E5F4,alsointerpretedas StJohn, 94BDD2 —StPeter.(c)SUSS-54B2C4Luke(winged,nimbate bull).(d)HAMP-A33213(angel).Scale 73 For exampleIOW-541F71hasbeen interpretedasStJohn,thoughthisisnotobviousandtheterminal is Limoge crossterminalsdepictingtheevangelistsymbols.(a)IOW-541F71 —StJohn(eagle).(b)NMS- 1:1. Photographs: (a)FBasford,(b)EBales,(c)LBurnett,(d)RWebley. medieval britainandireland fig 6 2011 73 thoughthe 315 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology on thiscrossalsohaddownwardfacingarrows.Unfortunately,thePASsampleistoo the design(ofStLuke,rightwayup)ignoredthis,unlessallothermetalworkpieces to theleft-handsideofcross(inplaceStMark)butcraftspersonapplying has adownwardpointingarrowonthereverse:thisterminalwasoriginallytobeapplied as seemstobeconfirmedbyaterminaldepictingStLuke(WILT-45FC93;Fig7b)that fixed thewrongwayup.Arrowswerelikelyaddedbeforedisplayfacewasdesigned, may haveaidedthecrossmaker,althoughpresumablysaintwouldneverbeen the reverseofStPeterterminal(NMS-94BDD2;Fig7a)pointsupwards,andtherefore their reverse(ienon-displayside),asfoundontwoPAS-recordedexamples.Thearrow damaged andfragmentaryterminals)isprovidedbysmallarrowsoccasionallyfoundon terminals thanpreviouslythought. ‘rules’ werenotalwaysfollowed,withmetalworkershavingmorelicencetoplacecross designated aseagles(ofStJohn)orangels(StMatthew).PASfindssuggestthatplacement diagnostic featuresmaybelessobviousthanexpected),uncertainsymbolscaneasily most evangelistsymbolsarewingedandtheirdesignsstylisticallyindistinct(eventhe another asSt the leftterminalsoneisdescribedasStLuke(DOR-C06CB4),whichpossible,and and LON-71F0A3);another,thoughveryworn,isrecordedasStJohn(IOW-541F71).Of Matthew (KENT3396),buttwoothersarestrongpossibilities(Fig6d;HAMP-A33213 54B2C4, WILT-45FC93andSF-8AE233).OnlyonelowerterminaliscertainlySt and theterminalsideisnotstated.AllthreerightterminalsareofStLuke(Fig6c;SUSS- (NMS-566F60); afurtherterminal(NMS1177)isrecordedasStJohnbutlacksanimage 94BDD2), oneisStJohn(NMS-07E5F4)andanother,whichworn,uncertain PAS-recorded crossterminalsarecertain.OfthetoponeisStPeter(NMS- 316 Reverses ofcrossterminalsshowing alignmentarrows.Inbothcasesthearrowsarelocatedinbetween the two toprivetholes.(a)NMS-94BDD2. (b)WILT-45FC93.Scale1:1. A furthercluetoidentifyingevangelistsymbols(andaidingwiththeorientationof
John (GLO-B28210),butinbothcasesthedesignisunclear.Since portable antiquitiesscheme fig 7 Photographs: (a)EBales,(b)KHinds. Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology thrown upbythePAS.( of theseobjects.Itishopedthatinfuturefurtherexamplesmedievallocalismwillbe A ruralworkshop,orperhapsoneinthemarkettownofAylsham,ismostlikelysource objects werethenorminHighMiddleAges,andindividualtasteisrarelyencountered. ham. Standardised,nationalandtoacertaindegreeinternationalstylesofsmallmetal north-eastern partofthecounty,withtwoexamplescomingfromparishHeving- inely localisedconcentration,withalltenbeingfoundintheeasternhalfandnine within thecounty,whererecordinghasbeenquiteevenlyapplied,doesindicateagenu- objects recordedthereinthelast30yearsthanelsewhere.However,distribution allocated, tothe14thor15th. dated tothe15thcentury,butNorfolkandKentexamplesshouldbemorebroadly Perkins TypeVI,withshanksthataresolidexceptattheendnexttobit.Theywere has acruciformdesigninopenworkonthebow. keys fromLondonthatshareasimilarhollowknopor‘tubularloopatthetop’,onealso decorated withfiledgroovesandengravedlatticeontheknopcollar(Fig9).Oftwo apertures, aretheresultofvariationsinpost-castingfettlingprocess.Oneexampleis the bitiscomplex.Minorsurfacedifferences,particularlyindetailsofopenwork is hollowthroughoutmostofitslength,collaredandsub-rectangularcross-section, with aroundapertureineachangleandanadditionaltwocorners.Theshank lozengiform bowistoppedbyahollowknopandcarriesopenworkdecoration,cross very similarcharacteristicsandaremostlikelyproductsofthesamemould.Oneach in Norfolk(Fig8) Since 1992adistinctivegroupoftenmedievalcopper-alloyrotarykeyshasbeenrecorded A distinctivegroupoflate-medievalkeys:aNorfolkspeciality? seemingly insignificantfeatureswillnodoubtbecomeclearer.( small tobedefinitive,but,asfuturepiecesarediscovered,sothemeaningofsuch(atfirst) apologies foranyconfusionthismayhavecaused.( The locationdetailsshouldhavereadMiltonII,nearAbingdon(Oxfordshire).Our parallels fortheWestHanneybroochwerecitedasAventnos182–3fromMilton(Kent). In theabovenotein‘PortableAntiquitiesScheme2010’( Erratum: AnAnglo-SaxonburialfromWestHanney,Oxfordshire [email protected]. [email protected]. (HER 23485)andWoodbastwick 55011,PASNMS-C92422). PAS NMS-A154D6),Sall(HER31178),StokesbywithHerringby 41137,PASNMS-BAD0F6),Swafield ham (HER39947),Hevingham41687,PASNMS-9E9D00), Letheringsett withGlandford(HER33796; 74 80 79 78 77 76 75 Department ofPortableAntiquities&Treasure,BritishMuseum, LondonWC1B3DG,England,UK. Avent 1975. Address asabove. Historic EnvironmentService,Union House,Gressenhall,Dereham,NorfolkNR204DR,England, UK. Ward-Perkins 1940,140–1,plXXIX nos13and14. PAS KENT367. Aldborough (HER55452),BraconAsh55518),Hainford 50072,PASNMS-D5ABD1),Heving- This strongemphasisonNorfolkmightbeskewedbythelargernumberofmetal [email protected]. 75 andaneleventhhasbeenfoundatBrookland(Kent).
medieval britainandireland A Rogerson 78
and SAshley ) 79 77
J Naylor Theyboth,however,areofWard- Medieval Archaeol and 2011 M Lewis AByard ) 74 ) 55 76 , 294–6),close Theseshare 317 80
Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 318 portable antiquitiesscheme
fig 8 Five keys from Norfolk. (a) Bracon Ash. (b) Hevingham. (c) Aldborough. (d) Hevingham. (e) Stokesby with Herringby. Scale 1:1. Photographs: E Whitcombe (a) and (c), E Bales (b) and (e), E Darch (d). Images (a), (c) and (d) © Historic Environment Service, Norfolk County Council. Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology Avent R1975, Allen, M,Leins,I,Moorhead,S,etal(eds)forth- Abdy, R2005,‘Afterpatching:importedandrecy- Birch, WdeG1887, Bruce-Mitford, RLS1959,‘Comments onthe Boughton, D,Williams,Gand Ager,B2012, Boehm, BDandTaburet-Delahaye,E(eds)1996, A keyfromHevingham,Norfolk(HER41687).Scale1:1. posite Brooches 82 coming, ‘CoinRegister2012’, Marion Archibald History intheNorthSeaWorld.EssaysHonourof in BCookandGWilliams(eds), cled coinageinfifth-andsixth-centuryBritain’, ment ofManuscriptsintheBritishMuseum conclusions’, inA CO’Dell,RBKStevenson, bowls andmiscellaneoussilver, andgeneral 26–31. North West’, ‘Viking hoards.Buriedwealth oftheNorse Metropolitan MuseumofArt. Enamels ofLimoges1100 British Museum. . , BritArchaeolRepSer Anglo-Saxon GarnetInlaidDiscCom- Curr Archaeol , Leiden:Brill,75–98. Catalogue ofSealsintheDepart- – 1350 medieval britainandireland
264 , NewYork:The (March2012), Brit NumisJ Coinage and , London: Norfolk CountyCouncil. BIBLIOGRAPHY 11 . fig 9 Danet, AandPérin,P1992, Cook, B1999,‘ForeigncoinsinmedievalEng- Egan, G1998, Elias, ERD1984, Egan, G2007,‘ByzantiuminLondon?New Drawn byJGibbons.©HistoricEnvironmentService, Numismatica eScienzeAffini Società NumismaticaItaliana,Collanadi Coins: ItalyandEurope11th–15thCenturies land’, inLTravaini(ed), rouennaise Rouen: del’EgypteancienneàlaRenaissance Spink. Wissenschaften, 111–17. Verlag derÖsterreichischen Akademie der Well-Being inByzantium(400 –1453) D Stathakopoulos(eds), M Grünbart,EKislinger,AMuthesius and between EnglandandtheByzantineWorld’,in archaeological evidencefor11thcenturylinks Office. c.1150 Hoard’, T NBrownetal, – c.1450 Antiquity , Rouen:MuséedesAntiquités. The MedievalHousehold:DailyLiving 2011 , London:TheStationery The Anglo-GallicCoins 33
‘The StNinian’sIsleSilver , 241–68,257–68. Material Cultureand Local Coins,Foreign Musée desantiquités, 2 , 231–84. , Vienna: , London: , Milan: 319 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology Milne, GandRichards,JD 1992, Menghin, W1983, Gilchrist, R2008,‘Magicforthedead?The Fuglesang, SH1980, Evison, VI1994, Lewis, M2011,‘HeavenlyTreasures:Limoges Koch, A1998, Kelleher, R2010,‘The“EnglishCustom”.Bent Hinton, DA1974, Hills, C,Penn,KandRickett,R1994, Hattatt, R1987 Geake, H2010,‘Viking-Agecubo-octahedral Fuglesang, SH1991,‘TheaxeheadfromMam- Hills, CandPenn,K1981, Hendy, MF1999, Hawkes, SC(withCameron,EandHamerow, 320 Two Anglo-SaxonBuildingsandAssociated Finds, A StudyofSettlementontheYorkshire WoldsVII: Stuttgart: KonradTheissVerlag. rites’, archaeology ofmagicinlatermedievalburial 91 Chesterford, Essex Scheme’, enamels recordedbythePortableAntiquities Germanisches Zentralmuseum. im westlichenFrankreich Apr 2010 coins inmedievalEngland’, Press. ties, AshmoleanMuseum Ornamental MetalworkintheDepartmentofAntiqui- ol Rep V: CatalogueofCremations Saxon CemeteryatSpongHill,NorthElmham,Part Archaeol Geake, ‘PortableAntiquitiesScheme’, and weight-standards’,inJNaylorH weights recordedonthePASdatabase: Højbjerg: Jyskarkeologiskselskab,83–107. (ed), men andtheMammenStyle’,inMIversen Odense: OdenseUniversityPress. Style: APhaseof11thCenturyScandinavianArt of Cremations etery atSpongHill,NorthElmham,PartII:Catalogue University. Byzantine Studies,TrusteesforHarvard Washington: DumbartonOaksCenterfor Collection, 4:AlexiusItoMichaelVIII,1081 in theDumbartonOaksCollectionandWhittemore Kent’, Bifrons, intheparishofPatrixbourne,East H) 2000,‘TheAnglo-Saxoncemeteryof Oxbow. . Mammen: Grav,KunstogSamfundiVikingetid Medieval Archaeol Anglo-Saxon StudArchaeolHist
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Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology Wallis, H2004, Webster, L2011,‘Style:influences,chronology, Weber, M2000, Ward-Perkins, JB1940, Wamers, E2000‘Karolingerzeit’,inRMüller London SE141TN,England, UK; Tiziana Vitali,Pre-Construct ArchaeologyLtd,9CranfieldRoad,Brockley Cross, British sites For futuresubmissions,pleasecontact: conscientious workontheIrishentries. of excellentservice,andlikewisetoKieranO’Conor RorySherlockfortheirfulland itude toMäritGaimster,whoissteppingdownasMB&I Britishcompileraftermanyyears of summariesonannualfieldworkactivitiesanddiscoveries. TheEditorextendshisgrat- present andfuturefortheirefforts,textssupportin maintainingthisinvaluablesource will eventuallyincludeallbackissuesandentriesofMB&I. Wethankallcontributorspast, refer toentriesthatappearinprintthisvolumeasHighlights. Thesearchabledatabase signify thefullsequentialcountyandcountrylistings;however, onlythosenumbersinbold accessible viatheSociety’swebpages.ThusIndex listedbelowusesthenumbersto these arehousedandaccessibleonanonlinedatabasedirectoryhostedbyADS maximum offour).Thedeadlineforsubmissionsis1Marcheachyear. bibliography whereappropriate;goodqualityb&wand/orcolourplatesandfigures,toa to offerpotentialextendedsummaries(ofmaximum2,000wordswithshortsupporting regional ornationalsignificanceinmedievalarchaeology.Contributorsarewelcome ongoing) fieldwork(whetherexcavation,landscapeorbuildingsarchaeology)whichhas texts. Theselectioneachyeargivesscopetoidentifyresultsandfindingsfrom(sometimes Britain andIrelandin2011,withextendedillustratedoverviewsofresults,findscon- This sectioncomprisesaselectionofhighlightedprojectsordiscoveriesmadeacross editor’s note: MEDIEVAL BRITAINANDIRELAND—FIELDWORKHIGHLIGHTSIN2011 College Cork,Ireland; Tomás ÓCarragáin,with PatrickGleeson,DepartmentofArchaeology,University Irish sites 1995 and SCrawford(eds), and meaning’,inHHamerow,DHinton Catalogue 176–92. Fibel undFibeltracht (ed), zur Sachsenforschung dorf, LandkreisStade,Niedersachsen,Teil2 MB&I entries(withillustrations)oftraditionalformatarestillrequired;since2008, , EastAnglianArchaeolRep Reallexikon derGermanischenAltertumskunde. , London:LondonMuseum. Excavations atMillLane,Thetford, Das sächsischeGräberfeldvonIssen-
, Berlin:WalterdeGruyter, 9 :2. London MuseumMedieval The OxfordHandbookof [email protected]; [email protected] medieval britainandireland 108 = . [email protected] Studien Youngs, S2001,‘“FromIrelandComing”:fine Williams, G2001,‘Coin-broochesofEdward Webster, LandBackhouse,J(eds)1991, Princeton UniversityPress,249–60. Gothic PeriodanditsEuropeanContext Coming: IrishArtfromtheEarlyChristiantoLate England’, inCHourihane(ed), Irish metalworkfromtheMedway,Kent, 60–70. the ConfessorandWilliamI’, AD 600 Making ofEngland:Anglo-SaxonArtandCulture sity Press,460–500. Anglo-Saxon Archaeology, – 900 , London:BritishMuseumPress. 2011 Oxford:OxfordUniver- Brit NumisJ From Ireland ,
Princeton: 321 The 71 , Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology boats: 267,285–6. assembly site/thingsite: 264. amber artefacts: agriculture: 194. I. PRE-CONQUEST tool set: sunken-featured buildings: 9–10, 39,132,155, stone, funerary(cross-slabs,grave-markers,grave- 264. stone carving: 231, stone artefacts: souterrain: 256, 284. 74,85,102. settlements, urban: 6, 140,160,255,264, 278, settlements: scientific dating(archaeomagnetic,dendro,radiocar- 256,260–2. ringfort, hillfort: Pictish features: 264, 297–8,301,303,311,317, 255. ovens, kilns: 103,321,331. monastic sites: 20, 155,160,255,264,278, metal artefacts: leather: 74. industrial sites: hacksilver: 290. 310. glass bead: 264,298. glass (vessel,window): 178. environmental evidence: earthworks: 11. coins: 99. 23,268. churches andchapels: 9,20,29,31–2,36,38,44,47,65,85,95, ceramics: 99,118,195,255, burials, cemeteries: buildings: 178, 264, 298. 118,144,200,213, boundaries, ditches,enclosures: 74,103,298. bone/antler artefacts: weapons: waterworks: 147. 103, 267, 278, Viking-period features: 322 *
Nos inboldindicate theirinclusionasHighlightsfollowing thisIndex. 160–1. 301,317. covers, headsupports): 290, 292,295,298. bon): 260–2. 321. 283, 290,292,295,298. 39,102,155. textile: 155,160,181–2,260,262,264. metal: jet: 39. ceramic: 231. 180–2, 186,194,213,231,264,270,284. 99, 101–2,112,115,140,147,155,167,175, 255, 264. 290, 297–8. 282 282 282 . . INDEX FORMEDIEVALBRITAINANDIRELAND2011 282 . fieldwork highlights 282 282 282 , 303. , 285–6, , 283, 282 , ate: 149,164,175,186,214, castles: 28, 34,63,76,113,176,222, burials, cemeteries: buildings, domestic: 62, 102,128,136,142,150, 53, buildings, defensive(peeltowers,towerhouses): 274. buildings, civic/public: 8,21,90,141,144, boundaries, ditches,enclosures: 74,79,81, bone/antler artefacts: 86,208. boats, ships: barns: 57. almshouse: 334. agriculture: 194. II. POST-CONQUEST earthworks: 11, 45, 137, dovecote: 14, 235, 197, deserted medievalvillage(DMV): 89. deer park: 50,221–2,334. college, school: 314. coin weight: 310,313,318,322–3,328,334. coins, jetons: 23,28,50,63,66,82–4,102, churches andchapels: 10,176,185,217. cesspit, latrine,garderobe: ceramics (pottery,tiles);1,4–5,8,14,19–20,22, 3,39,63,83,113,258,330. ceramic floortile: 29, 42,61,67,71,145, ceramic buildingmaterial: cathedrals: 252. field systems: 7, 13,15–16,24,26–27,30,45,48, field systems: farmsteads: 68, 124. 157. environmental evidence: gardens: 333. 329. gaming board: 281. fish weir: 234, 247,251,328. 158, 189,197,213,319. 272, 296. 183–4, 200,205,215,218,254. 268, 294,308,320,336,338. 111, 113,151,193,212,243,245,251,259, 332, 334,337. 257–8, 263,270–1,277,279,310,319–21,330, 224–5, 227–8,232,237,241, 187–9, 192–4,196–7,200,204,209,213–18, 144–8, 152,156,159,162,165,170–1,173–5, 105–10, 112,114–17,119–21,123,125,140–1, 67, 71–72,78,80–1,85,88,90–1,93,95,99, 24–6, 33,35–40,44,46,53–5,58,60,64–5, 175, 275,330. 287, 289,291,333. 191–2, 198–9,201–2,206,240, 153–4, 156,163,166,168–9,177,180,184, 55, 60,69–70,109,122,130–32,134–5,138–9, 242 . 242 . * 244 244 244 , 246,250,273, 242 , 279. , 248,253–4, 242 , 300. . Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology aosadmae ie: 6,14,31,143,156,165, manors andmoatedsites: 73–75,78,86,172,249. leather: kitchen: 211. industrial sites: hospitals: 97, 222. 142. hearths, fireplaces: grange: 51. 63,99, glass (vessel,window): ea reat: 6,20,59,81,86,99,175, metal artefacts: reliquary: 212. 10,40,93,99–100,127. quarrying: 104. palaces, royal: 296. palaces, ecclesiastical: 39,117,133,157,324. ovens, kilns: 252. Norman features: 3,34,49, 56,61,83,92,95,99–100, monastic sites: 25. mills (wind): tigations, includingdocumentary research,additionalgeophysicalsurveyandtargeted attempting tounderstandthe site’sformanddevelopment.Furtherarchaeological inves- (Defra). Theresultsofthe surveys atHangingGrimstonhaveprovidedthefirst steps in European AgricultureFund andtheDepartmentforEnvironment,FoodRural Affairs LEADER Coast,Wolds,WetlandsandWaterways(CWWW) programme,financedbythe was followedinearly2012byanextensivegeophysical survey previously beenrecordedindetail,andtoinformthe futuremanagementofthesite.It was undertakentoassesstheformandconditionof surfaceremains,whichhadnot survey andinvestigationofthedesertedmedievalsettlement ofHangingGrimston. Heritage commissionedArchaeologicalServicesWYAS tocarryoutadetailedearthwork 242. NORTH YORKSHIRE 2 1 ASWYAS forthcoming. Pollington 2012. 230, unspecified: 41. shipbuilding: 86. salt: 60. mortar: 249. 6,219,249,253,277. metal: lime: 133, 246. ceramic (pottery,tiles): 12, 64,171–2,204, butchery: 58. baking: 125. 332, 335. 280, 293,307,309–10,321,324–7,329–30, 111, 119,170,179,212,253,258,263,269, 332, 335. 283, 302,304–6,309–10,321,324–7,329–30, QUESTIONING MEDIEVALSETTLEMENTDESERTION INTHEWOLDS 275. hanging grimston,nearkirbyunderdale 242 , 265. Mitchell Pollington(ArchaeologicalServicesWYAS) medieval britainandireland 244 . 244 , 253, ENGLAND refuse, domestic(pits,middens): 60, 67,78,175, roads, hollowaysandstreets: 52, 126,146,238, ad,mtle ufcs 10,94. yards, metalledsurfaces: 288. woodland, forests: wells: 129. 99,253. weights, scales: waterworks (conduits,dams,drains,ponds,tanks): waterfronts: 86. voussoir: 269. 137,171,174,180,207,276. villages: undercroft: 176. 81–2. town defences: textiles: 86. surgical instruments: sundial: 3. 329. stone, funerary: 79,84,186,243,266,269,280, stone, architectural: smithy: 219, 253. shrine: 329. 41–43, 72–87,96–7,102,110, settlements, urban: 2,4–6,10,12,17–18,37,71,115,122, settlements: 306. seal matrix: scientific dating(archaeomagnetic,dendro,radiocar- Saxo-Norman features(includingceramics): 75, 196, 242 147, 293, 319–20,326,329. 236–7, 248–9,277,279,334. 176, 190,196,210–11,221–4,228–9,233, 254, 263,271,299. 125, 140,152,185,187,189,220,226–7,239, bon): 246, 274–5. 78–9, 99,145,175,179,182. (SE79985991).In2011,English . 244 244 , 248–9,254,277. . 2011 244 2 fundedaspartofthe . 1 This 323 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology family. Despitetheearlierenclosure,a references relatingtoitfromtheearly13thcenturyonwards. taxable populationof79. of 1381providetheearliestdetailsoccupantsHangingGrimstonandrecorda the manorwasgrantedtoStMary’sAbbey,York, time, as withmanyofthevillagesinthispartYorkshire,itisrecordedbeingwasteat The earliestdocumentaryreferencetoHangingGrimstonisfromDomesdayBookand, Brief historyofthesite also containearthworkremains. Scheduled Monumentarea(SMno32665;NHLE1019093)andadjacentfields,which area encompassesc22.6haaroundMountPleasantFarm,includingthewholeof facing slopeandconsistsofanumberfieldspermanentsheeppasture.Thesurvey elements ofmedievalandpost-medievalsettlement.Thesiteissituatedonasteepsouth- Hanging Grimstoncomprisesanextensiveandcomplexseriesofearthworks,representing Fund fundedcommunity-basedprojectorganisedbytheHighWoldsHeritageGroup. excavation, willbeundertakenonthesiteinnearfutureaspartofaHeritageLottery boundaries mayhavebeenobscuredbylatermedieval ploughing. Twobuildingplatforms for croftboundariesextendingtotherearofthesetofts, althoughanyremainsofsuch and isseparatedfromthefieldstowestbyaheadland. Thereisnosurfaceevidence and sharingacommonfrontage.A2.5mwidebacklane runsalongtherearoftofts of atleastfivebroadlyrectangularplatforms,eachmeasuring c25mwideand42long, road tothenorth. before continuingnorthwardsasanarrowerhollowwhich joinsthelineofmodern 21 mwideand2.5deepatitsSend,butisdisturbed bylateractivityalongitscentre down thehillonbothsidesofasubstantialholloway.Thehollowayitselfsurvivesupto ant Farm,consistingoftworowstoftssurvivingasearthworkplatforms,alignedN–S The remainsofaplannedvillagearevisibletothesouthandsouth-westMountPleas- The plannedmedievalvillage(Figs1–2) any settlementonthesitehadbeenreducedtoasmallnumberoffarms. Petition showsthattherewasonlyalimitedareaofarableremaining,anditislikely pasture availableinthemid-1530s, a disputebetweentheAbbotofStMary’sandThomasCromwelloveramount to makewayforsheeppasture.Laterdocuments,especiallyanumberoflettersrecording 40 ha,witheightpeopledrivenfromthevillageandtwohousesdevastated, by atleasttheearly16thcentury,whenanInquisitionof1517recordsenclosure although thesemayhavebeenspreadthroughoutthetownship. ment stillexistedatthistime,apparentlycomprisingfortycottagesandawatermill, Edward Fiennes,LordClinton, economy inthearea.FollowingDissolution,HangingGrimstonwasgrantedto 324 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Beresford 1952,62. Collins 1888. National ArchivesrefLR15/151. Shepherd 1928,107–8. Leadam 1893,248. Beresford 1952,62. Eg Ellis1883,11andPRO1891, 396–7. Leadam 1893,248. Farrer 1912. 3 Located ontheNWedgeofYorkshireWolds,c20kmnorth-eastYork, The mostnortherlyrowoftoftsissituatedontheWside ofthehollowayandconsists probablyasaresultofthe‘HarryingNorth’byWilliamI.Inlate1080s 6 Aprocessofenclosureanddepopulationappearstohavebegun 9 fieldwork highlights and by the late 16th century it was held by the Bourchier andbythelate16thcenturyitwasheldBourchier 8 highlightthegrowingimportanceofsheepto Feet ofFines of1575recordsthatasubstantialsettle- 4 andtherearevariousdocumentary 5 10 ThePollTaxreturns By1619aChancery 11 7 presumably Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology west. ments ontheYorkshireWolds andcouldbeassociatedwiththe‘missing’tofts tothe appear similarinformtocrofts foundtotherearoftoftplatformsinotherdeserted settle- plots, whichwereseparated fromtheopenfieldsbyaditchornarrowlane.These plots remains. Totheeastofthis, aseriesofE-Walignedboundariesdefinenumber oflong farmstead andmorerecent drainagework,whichcouldeasilyhavedestroyed such disturbed bylateractivity, includingthepresenceofalate-medievalorpost-medieval However, thisarea,totheimmediatesouthofMount PleasantFarm,hasbeenheavily of theholloway,oppositeNrow,althoughthere is noearthworkevidenceforthis. this ploughingcouldhavedestroyedanysurfaceevidence forearlierboundaries. crofts, althoughridge-and-furrowtotheeastappears to over-ploughthebacklane,and although abacklaneisalignedalongtheirrear.There isagainnoevidenceforassociated evidence foranybuildingsisslight.Theplatformsdo notshareacommonfrontage, these varyinsizeandplanbetween29–34mlong 13–23mwide,andearthwork aligned alongtheEsideofholloway.Thisrowcomprises sevenplatforms,although probable farmstead. Any continuationofthisrowtothesouthhasbeenobscured bythepresenceofalater north andarerepresentedbylevelplatformswithwalllinesalsoidentifiedasparchmarks. each about12–15mlongandupto10wide,arealignedacrosstwoofthetofts 6 mlong;theseappeartobetoosmallcontainhouses.Thesitesoftwolargerbuildings, are cutintotheEendofsouthernmosttofts,measuringonlyaround4mwideand Hanging Grimston:obliqueaerialphotographlookingnorth-east. It seemspossiblethatafurtherrowoftoftscouldhave beensituatedontheEside The remainsofaSrowtoftsaresituatedoutsidethe ScheduledMonumentarea, medieval britainandireland fig 1 Photograph ©EnglishHeritageNMR. 2011 325 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 326 fieldwork highlights
fig 2 Hanging Grimston: plan of the earthwork survey. Drawing © Archaeological Services WYAS. Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology focused ona routeway curvingupthehillside. Similarenclosures have beenidentified which appeartocomprisea possibleIron-AgeorearlyRomanperiod‘laddersettlement’ for aseriesofenclosuresbeneath theextantridge-and-furrowonWsideof the site, on theground.Themagnetometer surveyalsorecordedpreviouslyunexpectedevidence identifying thelikelyposition ofbuildingswithintheSrowwhichcouldnotberecognised firm theplanofmedieval villagerecordedasearthworksandparchmarks,while also Both magnetometerandresistivity surveyswereundertakenonthesite;theselargely con- Geophysical surveys(Fig3) this routewaswellestablishedandstillinusewhenthe enclosurewaslaidout. the factthatEsideofenclosurecurvesaroundto followthehollowaysuggeststhat between theNrowoftoftsandpossiblemanorial enclosuretothenorth.However, a modernfarmtrackalonglowembankmenthas severedanyvisiblerelationships tionships betweensurfacefeaturesareunclear,oftendue tolaterdisturbance.Forexample, that theformofvillagehadchangedsubstantiallyby this time.Otherstratigraphicrela- to thetypeof‘courtyard’farmsthatappearinWolds bythe16thcentury,suggesting contemporary inorigin.Thefarmsteadsthatoverlaythe earliervillageremainsaresimilar However, theycouldequallyrelatetolaterre-planning, andtherowsarenotnecessarily of the1060sandgrantingmanortoStMary’sAbbeyinlate1080s. organisation ofthevillageinlate11thorearly12thcenturies,followingupheavals It istemptingtoseetherowsoftoftsatHangingGrimstonoriginatingaspartare- Phasing theearthworks access tothisarea,andperhapsitselfformedpartoftheearlierfarmstead. east, hasablockeddoorwayinitsEsidesuggestingthatitmayhaveoriginallyrequired extant stone-builtpost-medievalbarn,nowassociatedwithViewCottagetotheimmediate an associatedyard,ontheNWsideofwhichareearthworkremainsabuilding.An Cottage, althoughtheremainsarelessclearlydefined.Alevelareatosouthmaybe probable farmsteadissituatedontheWsideofholloway,tonorth-eastView A largerectangularplatformtoitsnorthmaydenoteanassociatedbarn.Another range, probablyrepresentingafarmhouse,measuring40×14m,withyardtothesouth. ing totheearliermedievalvillage.ThefarmsteadconsistsofalargeU-shapedbuilding Pleasant Farm,eastofthelineholloway,andtheseclearlyoverlieboundariesrelat- The well-preservedearthworkremainsofafarmsteadlieinthefieldtosouthMount Later farmsteads a dovecote. bank, surroundingacentraldepression,c11.5mindiameter,whichcouldbethesiteof by bankssurvivingupto0.3mhighand2.5wide.Justthewestisalargecircular rectangular buildingsinanL-shapedconfiguration;thewallsofbotharedefined survive aslowbanks.OntheNsideofenclosurearewell-definedremainstwo the enclosure’sSedge.ThisisalignedN–Sandmeasures14×6m,wallsofwhich the remainsofanumberstructures,includingsiterectangularbuildingcloseto aries, aswellintosmallerplotsorcompoundswithinthese.Thesecontainevidencefor boundary andmayrepresentadifferentphaseofdevelopment. outside theenclosure’sWsideliesonaslightlydifferentalignmenttoenclosure and 140mE–W,coveringapproximately1.6ha.AlowsectionofbankalignedN–S high alongitsSside.Thesedefineasub-rectangularareameasuringatleast110mN–S by aboundaryconsistingofanalignmentprominentbanksandscarps,upto2.5m size andscaleofwhichsuggestthatthisrepresentsamanorialsite.Theenclosureisformed The Nsideofthesurveyareaisoccupiedbyasubstantialsub-rectangularenclosure, The manorialenclosure The interioroftheenclosureisdividedintotwomainareasbyinternalE-Wbound- medieval britainandireland 2011 327 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 328 fieldwork highlights
fig 3 Hanging Grimston: plan of the magnetometer survey. Image © Archaeological Services WYAS. Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology field walking,buildingrecordingandexcavationatthesite,followingonfromearlier Durham andNorthumberlandhavebeenengagedinaprogrammeoffieldworkinvolving of the16thcentury.Sincesummer2010ArchitecturalandArchaeologicalSociety conventionally assumedtohavebeenbuiltbyWilliamIstBaronConyersintheearlyyears of Leedsin1930(Fig4).OnthebasisareferenceLeland’s the NandEwingsGreatHallafterlossofestateby11thDuke north-west ofBedaleinWensleydale.Thesiteispartiallyruinousfollowingdemolition 244. post-medieval fieldpattern. had adirectinfluencenotjustontheplanofmedievalsettlementbuteven settlement atHangingGrimstonhaslateprehistoricroots,andthatthisearlierlandscape modern road.Thegeophysicalsurveyshavethereforeopenedupthepossibilitythat two routesmeetandcontinuenorthwardsalongadeephollowaywhichrunsthe ment oftheextantcurvingfieldboundariesonNsidesurveyarea,wherethese routeway, identifiedaspartofthegeophysicalsurvey,appeartohaveinfluencedalign- this routehasitsoriginsinthelaterprehistoricperiod.Indeed,bothhollowayand underlying theearthworkstoeastofexistingholloway,andonecanspeculatethat Hornby Castle:planshowingthe trench locationsrelativetothemainCastlebuilding(pre-1930demolition), FINE DININGANDWATERSUPPLYATALATE-MEDIEVAL‘PLEASAUNCE’IN Erik Matthews(TheArchitecturalandArchaeologicalSocietyofDurhamNorthumberland) hornby castle medieval britainandireland (SE 226937).HornbyCastleliesapproximatelysixmilestothe based ontheFirst Edition6-inchOSMap. WENSLEYDALE fig 4 2011 Itinerary theCastleis 329 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology — anelement knownfromeliteresidences ofthelate14th/15thcenturies. Furtheranimal inserted. Thesehavebeen interpreted asameanstosupportsuspendedtimber floor mortar surfacethroughwhich aconsiderablenumberoftimberstakeholeshad been recovered fromitssurface. with mortarwasrecorded at theNedgeoftrench;arazorwithbonehandle was ered togetherwithaparchment prickerinapplewood.Afurthertimberflooroverlain From here,twodressbucklesdatingfromthelate14th/early 15thcenturieswererecov- to thetrench,exposingtwofloorsurfacesofmedievaldate, onetimberandofmortar. however, subsequentdiscoveriesindicateittobeaninternal ‘spine’wall. thought thatthewallwasaboundarywall,oratvery leastanouterwallofabuilding; with theinitialletterEandsymbolofasunburst. Inviewofitsscaleitwasinitially found acopper-alloystylusandthepinfromsilver-alloy penannularbrooch,marked present. Afewcentimetresinsidethelineofwallat theNEedgeoftrenchwere exotic speciessuchascrane,peacock,beaveranddeep seaandcoarsefishwerealso many exceedinglylarge.Thebonewasmainlyfrom deerandboar,butothermore a NE–SWdirection,weresignificantquantitiesoffood wasteintheformofanimalbone, surface wasuncovered.Associatedwiththispartiallyrobbed wall,crossingthetrenchin in thevicinity. worked stonewereidentifiedwhichhadclearlybeenrobbedfromasubstantialwall Directly adjacenttothepath,towardsSedgeoftrench,threelargepieces piece oflate-medievalclayrooftile,subsequentlyidentifiedasoriginatinginFlanders. north-west. Thepathhadawell-madefoundationcoursewhichsignificantlyincluded (mainly 14th-century)potterywasrecoveredfromtheremainderoftrenchto embossed glassjarfromitssurface,althoughfurtherquantitiesofresiduallate-medieval century designedlandscapewasrecorded.Thisyieldedasinglesherdofan18th-century the trench. recovered a15th-centurywhalebonediceofFlemishmanufactureclosetotheWedge eval potterywererecovered.Indeed,atanearlystageofSeason2,ayoungvolunteer of die-backand,duringfieldwalkinginthepreviousyear,quantitieshigh-statusmedi- The locationwaschosensincesurroundingtreesandvegetationwereshowingevidence north-west ofTrench1,andclosertotheboundarysitewithchurchStMary. Work inSeason2focusedonasecond6×8mtrench(subsequentlyextended)set35 The 2011excavations which Season2hassoughttoanswer. This posedanumberofimportantquestionsinrespectthedevelopmentsite, open-sided buildingwereuncoveredbeneaththelatermaterialinbaseofTrench1. revetted flowerbed,asandpath,canalisedwatercourseandthemortarfloorofan season sometracesofadetachedlate-medievalformalgarden,includingpartstone- stone andpartofanearlyarchitecturalterracottafriezewererecovered.Attheend century andsubsequentrefurbishmentsofthecastle,quantitieslate-medievalworked building. Alongwithaconsiderablequantityofmaterialassociatedthemid-18th- 18th-century BanquetingHouse,locatedsome450mtothesouth-westofmaincastle mid-15th century. of SirJohnConyersKG,amajorpoliticalandmilitaryfigureonthenationalstagein instead suggestsasignificantperiodofexpansionthesiteduringownership 15th/early 16thcenturies,associatedwithWilliamIstBaronConyers.Theevidence which challengetheconventionalinterpretationofadevelopmentsiteinlate for aschemeofheraldicdecorationaswellsurvivingelementsthecastlechapel, building recordingatthesurvivinghousein2006/07.Thisearlierworkprovidedevidence 330 Over theremainderof trench,eithersideofthewall,wasanuneven,coarse Removal ofadeadpinetreeclosetotheNEedge trenchenabledanextension Subsequently, attheNEedgeoftrench,a1.5mwidesectionin-situstone Close tothesurfaceofTrench2aNE–SWgravelpathassociatedwith18th- Season 1oftheexcavationfocusedona5×7mtrenchadjacenttoruinedlate
fieldwork highlights Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology it underpressure. nicking thesideofpipewithhistrowelprovedwaterstilltoberunningthrough a muchnarrowerpipeleadingofftothesouth-east.Asmallleakcausedbyexcavator water systemwas construction alinkwasformedbetweenthetwotoallowfordrainflushout.The together withaformaliseddrainagesystemlaidinceramicpipes;subsequenttoits NE–SW direction.Thistooktheformofapressurisedpipedwatersupplyinelmpipes tem recordedrunningW–Eacrossthetrenchandthenparallelwithstonewallina Probably themostunexpecteddiscoveryatHornbysofarhasbeenwater-supplysys- The watersystem mid-15th-century dateandasurgicalinstrumentforbleedingknownasfleam. region ofSFrance.Moreunusualfindsincludeabarrelpadlock,rowelspur kilns andtheGainsboroughareaofLincolnshire,withsomeimportsfromSaintonge together withupwardsof60handlesfromceramicwinejugsmadeintheHumberWare quantity offragmentsmeat-servingceramicvessels,somewhichwereimported, bone wasrecoveredtogetherwithsmallfragmentsofimportedglassware,averylarge with anothersmallersectionofceramicpipetowardsthesouth-east length ofceramicpipelayattheNendtrenchandbeyondincludedajoin the trenchwaterwasidentifiedasflowingthroughceramicpipe.Afurthersignificant piped watersystemtotheceramicpipework,andbeyondjointowardsSendof later. Aceramicpipelyingroughlycentralwithinthetrenchwasdiscoveredtolink although conclusiveevidencethatthiswasindeedadrainagesystemdidnotcomeuntil the centralspinewall(Fig5).Ithadbeenlaidinamortarbeddingtominimiseleakage, The drainagesystemlaidinceramicpipeswasfirstdiscovered Hornby Castle:ceramic drainandmortarfloorfrom thenorth-east.
first identified medieval britainandireland
in theformofasubstantialhollowed-outtreetrunkwith fig 5 2011 Photograph ©Erik Matthews.
directly totheeastof
which hadbeen 331 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology Wingfield inDerbyshireat this time. of adeliberatelycreatedskyline oftowers,inthefashionsuggestedbyPhillipDixon for main castlecomplex.Alreadythepossibilityexiststhat the standing ofitsrelationshipwithboththeadjacentdeserted medievalvillageandthe can beseenverymuchasbeingatthe‘businessend’of powerandinfluence. high officeandpoliticalinfluenceinsuchavolatileperiod asthemid-15thcentury,and been ofgreatimportancetoanyonewiththewealth and aspirationstoholdretain Kenilworth, Warwicks,andBodiam,Sussex. elite guestswellawayfromthehubofprincipalresidence, comparabletoexamplesat ments, maybetentativelyidentifiedasa‘pleasaunce’ orplacefortheentertainmentof bearing inmindthetechnicalsophisticationofwater-supply anddrainagearrange- Scotland andalsotoBurgundy.Thestructureuncovered atHornbyCastle,particularly more, heisrecordedonseveraloccasionsinthe1470s engaging indiplomaticmissionsto Middleham andalsotheRoyaladministrationovera sustainedperiodoftime;further- 2 canbeascribed.SirJohnheldhighofficeintheextendedhouseholdofNevilles period thatmuchoftheexcavatedpotteryandmoreespeciallyartefactsfromSeason is documentaryevidenceofavisitbytheKingtositeinDecember1462.Itthis regional andnationalpoliticalsceneduringthereignofKingEdwardIV. Hornby wasownedbySirJohnConyersKG,amanwhoplayedpivotalroleinthe Calais in1346. in theearlystagesofHundredYearsWarbeforebeingacasualtyatsiege construction oftheworkatHornbywiththattime.SirRobertwasalsocloselyinvolved lover theEarlofMarch,forwhichhewasamplyrewarded.Wemaytentativelyassociate Nottingham Coupof1330inwhichKingEdwardseizedpowerfromhismotherandher hold ofEdwardtheBlackPrince.SirJohnwascloselyinvolvedwithso-called of KingEdwardIII,andlaterhisbrotherSirRobertNevillewhowaspartthehouse- courtly connections. other inthemid-15thcentury,bothassociatedwithownersofsignificantwealthand pottery indicatetwokeyphasesofoccupation:oneintheearly14thcenturyand inating inFlandersamongtheitemsrecovered.Thevariousfloorsurfaceswithassociated material isofimportance,withsherdsBohemianglasswareandred-clayrooftilesorig- but withevidenceofmusicandgamingtakingplaceaswell.Theoriginsomethe assemblage recoveredsofarindicatesausecentredonentertainment,primarilyfeasting national politicalconnectionsofseveraltheownersHornbyatthistime.Thefinds role itplayedasaresidence.Theanswermaybesoughtintherelativewealthand recorded raisethequestionofwhoownerwaslate-medievalbuilding,andwhat The newdiscoveriesatHornbyofanearlierphaseoccupationthanpreviously Hornby Castleasalate-medievalresidence century potterycamefromtheconstructioncutforceramicpipesystem. chambers atvariouspointswithinthesystem.Importantly,sherdsofearlytomid-14th- bones offishandpoultry.Therewasevenevidenceaseriestimber-linedinspection certain locationsasignificantbuild-upofgreencesswasobservedwhichincludedsmall that thiswasduetoleakagefromthepipethroughextremelycrudelymadejoints;at rous smellwasnoted,andwhenthenewsectionofpipeuncovereditbecameclear the lowerlevelsoftrenchextensionwerebeingexcavated,apungentalmostsulphu- broken andthenrathercrudelyblockedwithpartofan18th-centuryfielddrain.While 332 15 14 13 12 Dixon Goodall Pamela Marshallperscomm. Dockray Season 3(2012)willaimtouncovermoreofthebuilding andtoseekfurtherunder- Of potentiallymoresignificanceistheusageofsiteinmid-15thcenturywhen In theearly14thcenturycastlebelongedtoSirJohnNeville,ahouseholdknight
2011, 38
2011, 1986, 210
359 – 40. – – 60. 11. fieldwork highlights 15 13 Thepossessionofsuchafacilitywouldhave
castle mayhaveformedpart 12 Indeed,there 14 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology investigating theoccupation oftheArdnamurchanpeninsula,mostwesterly part of chan TransitionsProject(ATP) land andofthebroaderregional connectionswiththeVikingdiaspora. an importantcontributionboth toourunderstandingoftheVikingrelationshipwith Scot- burial isthefirstofitskindexcavatedbyarchaeologists ontheUKmainlandandsoforms ing discoveryofanintactVikingboatburialinArdnamurchan, westernScotland.The 282. HIGHLAND Hornby Castle. associated witheliteentertainment?Thishypothesiswillbeexploredinfutureworkat rare intheregionofexcavation.Mightthisdepositrelatetoanearlierbuilding from NEFrance.WhileoccurringinsomequantitySandSEEngland,itisextremely sherds ofearlier12th-centuryAndenneWare(Fig6),ahigh-statusfinewareoriginating Preliminary analysisofthepotteryin2012hasidentifiedasignificantresidualdeposit Postscript 17 16
(Archaeological , London:Yale Kings andNobles
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