Influencia De La Nocion De Libertad De Gregorio Niiseno Sobre La Filosofía Del Siglo XV En Italia a Través De La Recepción De

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Influencia De La Nocion De Libertad De Gregorio Niiseno Sobre La Filosofía Del Siglo XV En Italia a Través De La Recepción De Influencia de la nocion de libertad de Gregorio Niiseno sobre la filosofía del siglo XV en Italia a través de la recepción de sus textos Bastitta Harriet, Francisco D'Amico, Claudia F. 2015 Tesis presentada con el fin de cumplimentar con los requisitos finales para la obtención del título Doctor de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en Filosofía UIVERSIDAD DE BUEOS AIRES Facultad de Filosofía y Letras TESIS DE DOCTORADO Título : “Influencia de la noción de libertad de Gregorio Niseno sobre la filosofía del siglo XV en Italia a través de la recepción de sus textos” Directora : Dra. Claudia D'Amico Co-Director : Dr. Pablo Cavallero Doctorando: Lic. Francisco Bastitta Harriet ° de Exp.: 0843448/2008 Buenos Aires, noviembre de 2015 IDICE GEERAL ITRODUCCIÓ ..................................................................................................................... 3 Sección I - La concepción de la libertad de Gregorio de isa y su suerte medieval en Occidente CAP. 1) LA TEORÍA GREGORIAA DE LA LIBERTAD PERSOAL 24 1.1. El puesto del hombre en el cosmos ....................................................................................... 25 1.2. La imagen de Dios en el hombre como libertad. Su carácter cuasi divino .......................... 41 1.3. La nueva noción de hipóstasis aplicada a Dios y a los hombres .......................................... 49 1.4. Hacia un sentido ‘personal’ y creativo de la decisión y el albedrío ..................................... 58 1.5. Autoridad y decisión más allá de la necesidad y del orden causal ....................................... 73 CAP. 2) PRESECIA DE LA TEORÍA DE LA LIBERTAD DEL ISEO E LOS AUTORES MEDIEVALES....................................................................................................... 92 2.1. Las dos primeras traducciones latinas del De opificio hominis ........................................... 93 2.2. La teoría de la libertad del iseno en los autores medievales bizantinos ............................ 96 2.3. El círculo de Alcuino y los Libri Carolini ............................................................................. 107 2.4. La antropología del iseno en Eriúgena y en Honorius Augustodunensis .......................... 111 2.5. La escuela cisterciense: Guillermo de St. Thierry y Bernardo de Claraval ......................... 120 2.6. Los autores del siglo XIII ...................................................................................................... 126 2.7. El siglo XIV y los principios del XV ...................................................................................... 131 Sección II - La recepción y traducción de los textos de Gregorio de isa en el siglo XV italiano CAP. 3) LAS UEVAS TRADUCCIOES DEL ISEO REALIZADAS E ITALIA E EL SIGLO XV...................................................................................................................... 142 3.1. El ‘renacimiento’ humanista de las traducciones de los Padres griegos ............................. 142 3.2. La versión latina del De vita Moysis por Jorge de Trebisonda ............................................ 148 1 3.3. Pietro Balbi, traductor del Dialogus de anima et resurrectione y del De vita Macrinae ............ 159 3.4. La traducción del De oratione dominica por Atanasio Chalkeopoulos ................................ 161 CAP. 4) LA CIRCULACIÓ DE LOS TEXTOS DEL ISEO E EL QUATTROCETO . PRESECIA DE LAS OBRAS Y TRADUCCIOES DEL ISEO E BIBLIOTECAS PÚBLICAS Y PRIVADAS..................................................... 169 4.1. El manuscrito florentino de Santo Spirito y el círculo de Luigi Marsili ............................... 169 4.2. La recepción textual en Traversari. El códice del In Canticum canticorum ........................ 175 4.3. Recepción directa e indirecta de los textos del iseno en icolás de Cusa ......................... 178 4.4. Los manuscritos griegos en la ‘Academia romana’ de Bessarion ........................................ 184 4.5. Algunos textos del iseno en Roma, Florencia y Urbino ..................................................... 187 4.6. Los manuscritos presentes en la biblioteca piquiana ........................................................... 197 Sección III - La influencia filosófica de la teoría de la libertad del iseno sobre los autores del Quattrocento CAP. 5) ICOLÁS DE CUSA. ................................................................................................. 203 5.1. La imago Dei viva y la naturaleza de la mente ..................................................................... 203 5.2. La concepción del libre albedrío ........................................................................................... 210 5.3. La cuestión del carácter divino del hombre .......................................................................... 216 CAP. 6) GIOVAI PICO DELLA MIRADOLA.............................................................. 225 6.1. El Mirandolano y los Padres griegos .................................................................................... 226 6.2. El puesto del hombre en el universo ..................................................................................... 235 6.3. Virtualidad y auto-creatividad de la libertad humana .......................................................... 257 6.4. Simbologías de la paz y del camino espiritual ...................................................................... 268 COCLUSIÓ ........................................................................................................................... 274 Bibliografía .................................................................................................................................. 280 2 ITRODUCCIÓ Pocas veces en la historia del pensamiento la exaltación del ser humano se expresa a la vez con la profundidad de la especulación y con la belleza de la elocuencia. Al hombre le son dedicadas algunas de las páginas más ilustres del mundo de las letras y del de la filosofía. Pero estos mundos suelen permanecer aislados uno del otro a lo largo de los siglos, incluso oponerse entre sí, y son contados los autores que logran sobre lo humano una síntesis entre el pensar riguroso y el buen decir. Gregorio de Nisa bien puede considerarse uno de estos ejemplos excepcionales. Puesto que, sirviéndose de sus cualidades de maestro de retórica, filósofo y teólogo, hilvana y enlaza de modo original toda la riqueza de la tradición humanista helénica con la visión bíblica del ser humano como imagen y semejanza de Dios, como la han demostrado, entre otros, los clásicos trabajos de Gerhart Ladner y Alden Mosshammer. 1 Claro que Gregorio no es el primero en proponer tal síntesis, y resuenan en sus obras los ecos de Filón, Justino, Ireneo, Orígenes y Metodio. Pero el entusiasmo antropológico del Niseno y las tesis que de él se desprenden exceden los límites de esta tradición. Su inquietante discurso sobre el ser humano y sobre la libertad no puede rotularse como estrictamente exegético, filosófico o poético, pero es todos ellos a la vez. Como decía Martin Buber acerca de la antropología de Agustín, el hombre del Niseno se expresa en primera y segunda persona, se asombra ante sí mismo, ante su propio misterio. 2 Quizás sea por esta excepcional conjunción de cualidades que el Niseno se convierte en una fuente fundamental del movimiento filosófico y humanista en el Quattrocento italiano. 1 Cf. Gerhadt B. Ladner, “The Philosophical Anthropology of Saint Gregory of Nyssa”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 12 (1958), pp. 59-94; Alden A. Mosshammer, “Gregory of Nyssa and Christian Hellenism”, en E. A. Livingstone (ed.), Studia Patristica vol. XXXII , Peeters, Leuven 1997, pp. 170-195. A lo largo del texto, las primeras referencias a los textos de bibliografía secundaria se citan completas, y luego están abreviadas. 2 Cf. Martin Buber, ¿Qué es el hombre? , FCE, México, 1949, pp. 26-28. 3 a) Estado de la cuestión: la recepción de los autores patrísticos en el Renacimiento Mencionaré en primer lugar la situación de los estudios en torno a la concepción de la libertad del Niseno y, en una segunda sección, los diversas investigaciones referidas a las fuentes filosóficas de los autores del Quattrocento , prestando especial atención a aquellas que se centraron en la recepción de los autores de la Antigüedad tardía cristiana. Los estudios acerca de la obra de Gregorio de Nisa recibieron un gran impulso en la primera mitad del siglo XX con la edición crítica de sus obras, proyecto que encabezó el profesor Werner Jaeger junto a Hermann Langerbeck y Heinrich Dörrie.3 Entre los editores que continuaron con la labor de Jaeger hasta nuestros días están los profesores H. Musurillo, E. Mühlenberg, F. Müller, J. Mcdonough, G. Heil, P. Alexander y H. Horner. En 1988 se publicó una importante compilación bibliográfica de Gregorio Niseno, 4 que incluye las distintas ediciones de sus obras, las traducciones medievales y modernas y la bibliografía secundaria clasificada por temas y períodos. El primer estudio importante sobre la libertad en el Niseno lo ha llevado a cabo el académico francés Jérome Gaïth. 5 La estructura misma de la obra de Gaïth es de carácter teológico. Le dedica la primera parte a la libertad antes de los tiempos, la segunda al drama de la libertad en el tiempo y la tercera a la libertad después del tiempo. En el capítulo segundo de la primera parte se establece una distinción antropológica importante entre la ‘libertad estructural’ y la ‘libertad funcional’ en el Niseno. El
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