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The Dwarfie Stane, Hoy, Orkney: Its Period and Purpose

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The Dwarfie Stane, Hoy, Orkney: Its Period and Purpose E DWARFITH E STANE, HOY, ORKNEY. 217 I. THE DWARFIE STANE, HOY, ORKNEY: ITS PERIOD AND PURPOSE. BY CHARLES S. T. CALDER, A.R.I.A.S., F.S.A.SCOT. WIT NOTHA "Jo N O E.DWARFIE BENTH D "EAN STANE. BY SIR GEORGE MACDONALD, K.C.B., PRESIDENT. During the summer of 1935, when engaged on work of investigation for the Royal Commission on Ancient Monuments, I had an opportunity of inspecting, along with Professor Bryce, the curious monument in the islan f Hoydo , well know e Dwarfith s na ehuga Stanes i e t I isolate. d Dwarfie Th Pig . 1 .e Stane fro north-weste mth . block of old red sandstone (fig. 1), lying one mile and a half south-south-east of Quoyness, in the valley between the Ward Hill of Hoy and the Dwarfie Hamarsn anciena s t bafflinA bu t. g featur f interesto ed bee ha n t i , described agai d agaian n n long befor r WalteSi e r Scott enhances dit "Thn familiarit i made t h i ee f ePirate.o us glamoud e yan th y "b r e immensTh e mas f roco s k rests broadside-dow e slopesth 0 n no 30 , yards e Hamarsnortth f s shapho It .roughls ei y tharectangulaa f o t r prism, broken here and there, and also much weathered through long ages of exposure, particularly on the top where the forces of disinte- gratio destructiod nan n have been peculiae aideth y db r stratificatiof o n 218 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 10, 1936. the whole. A cavity in the west side has been laboriously hollowed out from the solid by human agency (fig. 2). This has clearly been done with a definite object, for the space has been subdivided into three parts—a central passag corridorr eo recessea d an , d cel eithen o l r side. The general dimensions have frequently been statede th but n i , majority of instances, with a varying amount of error. The stone measure feefee8 4 lengt s2 n 1 inchei t8 t d hbreadtan n si e southth n ho , BREAKAGE C.ST CALDER Pig. 2. The Dwarfle Stane: Plan, Sections, and Elevation. decreasin northe th fee3 n 1 o , t o whilgt heighe eth t also decreases from 6 feenorthe inchesoute th 8 tfee 3 th n o ,to n h t wherso lowee eth r edge is sunk below the ground. The difference in height is accentuated by e anglth f reposeo e whichn e stonea th s f judgo t ha o ,, p e to fro e mth inclination of 9 or 10 degrees from the horizontal. That the rock was already in its present position before the hewing was begun is proved e facth t e hollowed-ouy thab th flooe f th to r e levelt th portio n ,o s ni and confirmation might be found in the lop-sided impression produced by the position of the entrance. The south jamb is only 9 feet distant, but the north jamb is 16 feet distant, from the ends to which they are respectively nearest. It was probably the need for providing convenient E DWARFITH E STANE, HOY, ORKNEY. 219 headroom that led to the doorway being placed nearer to the higher end rather than in the middle. The opening (fig. 3) is 2 feet 10 inches wide by 2 feet 4 inches high, while its sill rises 5 inches above the ground. The interval between the soffit of the lintel and the top of the stone has been about 1 foot 8 inches, but the front part of it has been destroyed and wasted passagawaye Th . e _ ^^ __ (A) penetrate a distanc r fo s f o e ,jts~ — ^m/f fully 2J feet before reachine gth /////*• ~.. lateral cells (B and C). Thereafter it extends for 5 feet or so farther between thema corridor, s a e th roof of which is 2 feet 11 inches abov floore eth . southere Th n ) appearcel(B l s e morth e b important o t , being comparatively elaborate in execu- tion and exhibiting detail that is entirely absent in its neighbour. It is entered through a rectangular openin feeg4 inc1 t h 1 wid y b e foot 8 inches high, which has slightly rounded s corneri d an s framed within two jambs, an up- rising kerb, and a quasi-lintel, the las inchet3 1o ^t s lower thae nth ceiling of the corridor. The inside projectio e easth tf o njam 8 s bi inches, as against 2>\ inches of the one on the west. The kerb rises 1 foot on the outside, is 3 inches broad on the top and drops 5 Pig. 3. The Dwarfie Stane: Entrance and Opening inche e flooa curv f th n o i rso et to Cell B. e cellth , whic therefors hi inchee7 s higher thae corridor flooe th nth f o r . The cell roof, which is continuous with the soffit of the lintel, has an upwar d eastwaran d d trend, attainin ga maximu m heigh f 2-o t| feet abov e floorth e , wherea e heighe wes th sth s onl i t a feety2 inch1 t . The walls converge slightly towards the roof and, with an allowance for a varying degree of curvature, the cell has a maximum length of 5 feet and a maximum breadth of 3 feet. Across the east end a low ledge of the rock, 8 inches wide, rises 3| inches in front above the floor, sloping o 5t ^ p inchee backu th t sa . Thi s alwayi s s referrepilloa s a r wfo o t d 220 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , FEBRUAR , 1936Y10 . inhabitante th doubo n s t wasa i ,t , thoug sensa n hi e very different from the usual one. The opposite cell (C) is plainer. Its walls and roof are more curvilinear in outline and merge into one another gradually. It has no entrance in the ordinary meaning of that term, for it is entirely open on the side next the corridor, from which it is demarcated by nothing but a very shallow kerb, 4 inches wide, 2 inches high on the outsidinc1 hd an hige h inside, leavin a gdifferenc f onlo e inc1 y h betwee e floonth r level againss sa t 7 inchee southerth n i s ns i cell t I . approximately 4J feet fee2 lon y t gb wide t aboubu , t half-was it p u y height of 2 feet 3 inches these dimensions are exceeded owing to the curvature. Extending mainly over this cell, but partly over the passage, there is a rough, irregularly oval-shaped opening, the axes of which, between s brokeit n edges, measur feee3 inchefeet 9 3 179n tsais I i d .t d2 i san a diametehavo t d fee2 eha inches.f 9 to r increase Th doubo 1n s ei t du subsequeno et t wear throug s beinhit g usemeana s da accesf so y sb visitors, whose feet have also left their mark on the well-worn kerb below. Whes firsi t ti n mentioned, this openinn a s spoke i gs a f o n "impluvium, t therreaso o roof.e n hol r Bu th "s o e i believ o n et i e that it is anything els2 e but a breakage, or that it formed part of the original arrangement usualls ha t I y. been explaine escape th flua r f es o fo ed a smoke from a fire, the hearth being sometimes alleged to have been in norte th h celt morlbu e ofte havo nt e corridore othee beeth th n n ri O . hand, there is nowhere any indication of a hearth nor any sign of the stone having been subjected to the action of prolonged heat. Besides, y nothine opennessa th e suppose o f th t o g f o s d ven o inclement t t weather fira ,situateo s e d would have left rooo littl n r livin mr fo eo g or sleepin. gin A large squared bloc f stonko e (fig ) wit4 . ha roughl y rounded pro- jection at one end lies prostrate about 2 feet in front of the entrance. t measureI fees4 incheshouldee 2 t th fee5 inc o 1 t st t extremn hbu i r e length, while it is 2 feet 8 inches broad by 2 feet 1 inch high. It will be immediately obvious how closely the end dimensions correspond to those of the entrance. In view of this correspondence it is suggested that the ston s bee e dooreha nth e margi th , f clearancno s insertioit r efo n being just such as might be reasonably expected. The Dwarfie Stane was first described by "Jo. Ben," as long ago as the sixteenth century.3 For four centuries it has aroused the curiosity 1 Archceologia Scotica, . 265volp . i .. Barry's History of the Orkney Islands, Appendix VII. p. 445. 2 Note "Jon Se 3e o . Ben "an Dwarfie dth e r GeorgStanSi y eb e Macdonald, K.C.B., infra, 230. p . E DWARFITH E STANE, HOY,1 ORKNEY22 . of successive generation f antiquarieso s e purpos s meanth d wa t an e,i t to serve has been a matter of much conjecture. Legend has invariably been appeale e originath , dto l story being tha e rochews t th t kwa nou by a giant and his wife for their own accommodation.
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