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SfS ^-ko FM 55-70 FIELD MANUAL ^/C?< V >^^7^ Oyw'V'"L ARMY TRANSPORTATION ■r î' CONTAINER OPERATIONS -sT ■ HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT 0 Fv T H E ARMY RETURN TO ARMY LIBRARY ran nlsAGOi. FM 55-70 # /I t i S ■Hr Midi To get away from this! /(» k L vP I— \ O¿ ír: CppV. \rri\ io^ FM 55-70 C 2 ¿ CHANGE\ \f'l HEADQUARTERS 2 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY v(^\ ScH^is^i- WASHINGTON, DC, 2 May 1977 7-,?'77 ARMY TRANSPORTATION CONTAINER OPERATIONS FM 55-70,17 February 1975, is changed as follows: 1. Significant changes are— a. Chapter 12 is abided to reflect information on hazardous materials. b. Appendix F is added to show hazardous cargo labels, and truck and rail placards. 2. Table of contents page is revised to indicate addition of new material. 3. New material is indicated by a star. 4. Remove old pages and insert new pages as indicated below: Remove pages Insert pages 12-1 \ 12-1 through 12-14 \ I F-l through F-32 5. File this change sheet in front of the publication for reference purposes. By Order of the Secretary of the Army: BERNARD W. ROGERS General, United States Army r-x. Official: \ Chief of Staff r PAUL T. SMITH Major General, United States Army The Adjutant General Distribution: ACTIVE ARMY, ARNG, USAR: To be distributed i'n accordance with DA Form 12-11B requirements for Army Transportation Services in a Theater of Operations\Transportation Amphibian Operations: Army Ter- minal Operations. RCOr/j. 1A518^ ^PENTAGON ßftMY UßRARY^ - (GTOiY D.C. |0310 \\ » •1 FM 55-70 hfl C 1 CHANGE HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. l WASHINGTON, D. C., 30 September 1976 ARMY TRANSPORTATION CONTAINER OPERATIONS FM 55-70,17 February 1975, is changed as follows: 1. Paragraphs 5-5.1 through 5-5.4 are added to include Teams JB, Cargo Documentation; JC, Freight Consoli- dation and Distribution; JF, Container Handling—Ship; and JG, Container Handling—Shore. 2. Chapter 7, MARSHALING YARD OPERATIONS, is added in its entirety. 3. New material is indicated by a star. '*■ 4. Remove old pages and insert new pages as indicated below: Remove pages — Insert pages — ^^5-5 and 5-6 5-5 through 5-6.1 —7^! . 7-1 through 7-41 File this change sheet in front of the publication for reference purposes. ///f/rc By Order of the Secretary of the Army: FRED C. WEYAND General, United States Army Official: Chief of Staff PAUL T. SMITH Major General, United States Army The Adjutant General Distribution: Active Army, ARNG, USAR: To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-11B requirements for Army Transportation Services in a Theater of Operations; Transportation Amphibian Operations: Army Ter- minal Operations. RETURN TO ARMY LIBRARY m ROOM 1 A 518 PENTAGON * FOREWORD This manual provides commanders, staff officers, and others concerned with general guidance pertaining to transportation container operations in the Army. The manual is intended as interim guidance to serve until operational experience provides a basis for its revision. In using this manual, bear in mind that the discussion of equipment includes a number of items that are not in the Army system but are being considered for development or for procurement from commercial sources. Such developmental action may cause changes in items of equipment that are discussed or pictured in this manual. Also, a number of new terms have been introduced as a result of containerization. These terms are defined in the glossary. # I» s » FM 55-70 This manual contains copyrighted material. |ELD MANUAL HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 55-70 Washington, DC, i7Fe&rwart/1975 ARMY TRANSPORTATION CONTAINER OPERATIONS Paragraph Page CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1-1-1-15 1-1 2. TYPES OF CONTAINERS Section I. The Commercial Container 2-1 —2-4 2-1 II. The Container and Air Transport 2-5, 2-6 2-14 III. The Family of Military Cargo Containers 2-7—2-13 2-17 IV. Summary 2-22 CHAPTER 3. CONTAINER HANDLING EQUIPMENT Section I. Introduction 3-1,3-2 3-1 II. Materials Handling Equipment 3-3—3-8 3-2 III. Container Transport Equipment 3-9-3-16 3-8 IV. Summary 3-15 CHAPTER 4. TRANSPORTATION MODES-EFFECT OF THE CONTAINER 4- 4- 11—4-7 5. TERMINAL OPERATIONS Section I. General 5- 5- 11, 5-2 II. Terminal Service Organization 5-3—5-5.4 5-1 III. Types of Terminal Operations in a Theater of Operations 5-6-5-10 5-6.1 IV. Summary 5- 11 HAPTER 6. LOGISTICS OVER-THE-SHORE OPERATIONS 6-1—6-8 6- 1 7. MARSHALING YARD OPERATIONS 7- 7- 11-7-10 8. UNIT MOVES 8- 8- 11—8-5 9. CONTAINER DOCUMENTATION (STANAG 2023) 9- 9-1 1—9-6 10. MOVEMENT CONTROL AND CONTAINERS 10- 10-1 1-10-9 11. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 11- 11-1 1-11-11 ★ 12. HAZARDOUS MATERIAL 12-1-12-21 12-1 APPENDIX A. REFERENCES A-l B. STOWING CARGO IN CONTAINERS B-l C. SECURITY C-l D. MAINTENANCE OF CONTAINERS D-l E. STANAG 2023, MARKING OF MILITARY CARGO FOR INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT BY ALL INTERNATIONAL MEANS OF TRANSPORT E-l ★ F. HAZARDOUS CARGO LABELS, TRUCK PLACARDS, AND RAIL PLACARDS F-l # GLOSSARY Glossary 1 INDEX Index 1 I ) ï FM 55-70 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1. Purpose and Scope Less manpower The purpose of this manual is to— Rapid loading and discharg- Faster turnaround ing of equipment Improved service to • Provide doctrinal guidance to personnel customer engaged in transportation container operations. This manual covers — Less manpower • All phases of military and commercial Less documentation Reduced administrative Less time required to ac- container transport operations by all transport effort count for cargo modes and is applicable without modification to — Lends itself to ADP ap- Peacetime plication Cold war Limited war Basically, then, containerization has grown General war within the transportation industry because it is — •CHEAPÉR 1-2. Recommended Changes • FASTER Recommendations for changes to doctrine con- • MORE EFFICIENT tained in this manual as a result of operational than shipping by the break-bulk method. experience are encouraged and should be sub- mitted to Commandant, US Army Trans- 1-4. Early Developments portation School, ATTN: Deputy Commandant The first recorded major application of con- for Combat and Training Developments, Fort tainerized shipment occurred in 1834 when the Eustis, Virginia 23604. For your convenience, a state of Pennsylvania inaugurated what it called self-addressed DÁ Form 2028-1 (Recommended its Main Line of Public Works. An intermodal Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) is route connecting the cities of Philadelphia and available in the back of this publication. If this Pittsburgh, the system consisted of a total of 118 form has been removed, use DA Form 2028. miles of railroad and 276 miles of canal. It 1-3. Growth of Containerization required that cargo moving over the entire route Within the transportation industry, the be transferred several times between the two phenomenal growth of containerization is referred modes: rail and water. To overcome the difficulty to as the container revolution. This occurred and inconvenience involved, the canal boats were primarily in the 1960’s and continues today. constructed in detachable segments which could Carriers engaged in all transport mode operations be assembled and disassembled while loaded with are investing a larger percentage of their budget cargo. The segments were disassembled for in container-related equipment each year. The loading and movement by railcar and, after being basic reason for this is the savings in manpower, unloaded from the railcar, were reassembled for time, and money inherent in containerization. further movement by canal. These savings are accrued by— Containerization was accepted commercially in Less manpower the early 1900’s. However, before 1956 little was Reduced handling Less breakage done other than to reduce rates for carload and Less pilferage truckload shipments, to transport highway trailers on railcars (piggy-backing), and to Less manpower Reduced packaging Less freight cost palletize cargo. requirements Less time required to prepare shipment FM 55-70 'X U A, A Figure 1-1. Two legless type containers (circa 1920 ) on a truck. These containers measure 7 feet 2'A inches wide, 9 feet 3 A inches long, and 9 feet 4 1/16 inches hign. They have a single door opening in each short side. Capacity is 408 cubic feet or 7,000 pounds; empty weight is 3,020 pounds. Dimensions probably reflect a configuration compatible with container movement by railroad gondola car. if s. Figure 1-2. Three leg-type “merchandise” containers on a “highway trailer. ’ CONEXes and by mid-1955 had acquired more CONEX — Forerunner to Commercial Con- tainerization: than 10,000 of these containers. Meanwhile, the The forerunner of commercial con- Air Force had procured some 5,000 containers of a tainerization— and the first major effort toward smaller version of the Army type. By 1967, the any large scale application of containerization CONEX inventory had increased to over 200,000. was the Army container express (CONEX). In The real breakthrough in commercial con- 1947 the Army purchased 23 experimental type tainerization came in the mid-1950 s when two US 1-2 FM 55-70 shiplines engaged in intracoastal trade began related 'equipment is being achieved through carrying containers on spar decks superimposed development and implementation of stan- above the weather deck of tanker vessels. This dardization agreements.' experimental container service, which operated The purpose of standardization is to promote between New York and Houston, proved the compatibility of containers and container-related feasibility and practicability of cargo movement equipment within the industry on national and by container.

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