Russia's Approach to Cyber Warfare
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Trolls Can Sing and Dance in the Movies
can sing and dance in the Movies TrollsBut let’s be clear! Internet Trolls are not cute or funny! In Internet slang, a troll is a person who creates bad feelings on the Internet by starting quarrels or upsetting people, or by posting inflammatory, extraneous, or off-topic messages with the intent of provoking readers into an emotional outburst. 01. The Insult Troll 06. The Profanity and All-Caps Troll The insult troll is a pure hater, plain and simple. They will This type of troll spews F-bombs and other curse words with his often pick on everyone and anyone - calling them names, caps lock button on. In many cases, these types of trolls are just accusing them of certain things, doing anything they can to bored kids looking for something to do without needing to put too get a negative emotional response from them. This type of much thought or effort into anything. trolling can be considered a serious form of cyberbullying. 02. The Persistent Debate Troll 07. The One Word Only Troll This type of troll loves a good argument. They believe they're There's always that one type of troll who just says "LOL" or "what" or right, and everyone else is wrong. They write long posts and "k" or "yes" or "no." They may not be the worst type of troll online, they're always determined to have the last word - continuing but when a serious or detailed topic is being discussed, their one- to comment until that other user gives up. word replies are just a nuisance. -
Dialectical Versus Empirical Thinking: Ten Key Elements of the Russian Understanding of Information Operations
WARNING! The views expressed in FMSO publications and reports are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. Dialectical Versus Empirical Thinking: Ten Key Elements of the Russian Understanding of Information Operations CALL Publication #98-21 by Mr. Thimothy L. Thomas Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth, KS. This article was previously published in The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Vol. 11, No 1 (March 1998), pp. 40-62. and Conflict Studies Research Centre, RMA Sandhurst, England, July 1997, Report AA29 Introduction Finding similarities in the Russian and U.S. approaches to information operations (IO) is not a difficult task. Both countries' specialists closely study electronic warfare and command and control systems of other countries, and both stress the importance of the use of computers and information management in the preparation and conduct of modern combat operations. This includes the use of information to conduct psychological operations (PSYOP). Upon closer examination, however, the Russian approach to the information warfare (IW) aspect of IO has several elements that makes it unique and different. There are three principal reasons for the distinct Russian method. First, there is the issue of overall context. The Russian state, economy, and society are in a transition period resulting in institutional and philosophical instability. Russian mass consciousness, according to many prominent scientists and government officials, is vulnerable to manipulation by slick marketing campaigns and to exploitation by promises of economic and social prosperity during this transition period. -
Online Harassment: a Legislative Solution
\\jciprod01\productn\H\HLL\54-2\HLL205.txt unknown Seq: 1 11-MAY-17 15:55 ONLINE HARASSMENT: A LEGISLATIVE SOLUTION EMMA MARSHAK* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .......................................... 501 II. WHY IS ONLINE HARASSMENT A PROBLEM?................ 504 R a. The Scope of the Problem ............................ 504 R b. Economic Impact .................................... 507 R i. Lost Business Opportunities ...................... 507 R ii. Swatting ........................................ 510 R iii. Doxxing ........................................ 511 R III. CURRENT LAW .......................................... 512 R a. Divergent State Law ................................. 512 R b. Elements of the Law ................................. 514 R IV. LAW ENFORCEMENT AND INVESTIGATIVE PROBLEMS ........ 515 R a. Police Training ...................................... 515 R b. Investigative Resources .............................. 519 R c. Prosecutorial Jurisdiction ............................ 520 R V. SOLUTION ............................................... 521 R a. Proposed Legislation ................................ 521 R b. National Evidence Laboratory ........................ 526 R c. Training Materials ................................... 526 R VI. CONCLUSION ............................................ 528 R VII. APPENDIX ............................................... 530 R I. INTRODUCTION A journalist publishes an article; rape threats follow in the comments.1 An art curator has a conversation with a visitor to her gallery; -
Counter-Insurgency, Human Rights, and the Law of Armed Conflict Federico Sperotto
Human Rights Brief Volume 17 | Issue 1 Article 3 2009 Counter-Insurgency, Human Rights, and the Law of Armed Conflict Federico Sperotto Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief Part of the Human Rights Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Sperotto, Federico. "Counter-Insurgency, Human Rights, and the Law of Armed Conflict." Human Rights Brief 17, no. 1 (2009): 19-23. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Human Rights Brief by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sperotto: Counter-Insurgency, Human Rights, and the Law of Armed Conflict Counter-Insurgency, Human Rights, and the Law of Armed Conflict by Federico Sperotto* introduCtion ounter-insurgency is the dominant aspect in the United States-led Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in CAfghanistan, and, since the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) has assumed growing respon- sibility throughout insurgents’ sanctuaries, also a mission for Europeans. According to the U.S. military, insurgency represents an intermediate step in the spectrum of conflict, which ranges from stable peace to general war.1 The frame in which military opera- tions are conducted is known as irregular warfare, a violent struggle among state and non-state actors for legitimacy and influence over a population.2 This form of conflict is charac- terized by three principle activities: insurgency, counter-insur- gency, and unconventional warfare, referring to the avoidance of Association of the Courtesy of the Revolutionary Afghanistan. -
International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed
INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND THE CHALLENGES OF CONTEMPORARY ARMED CONFLICTS RECOMMITTING TO PROTECTION IN ARMED CONFLICT ON THE 70TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS REPORT INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND THE CHALLENGES OF CONTEMPORARY ARMED CONFLICTS RECOMMITTING TO PROTECTION IN ARMED CONFLICT ON THE 70TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................................5 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................9 CHAPTER 2: CONTEMPORARY AND FUTURE CHALLENGES IN THE CONDUCT OF HOSTILITIES ........15 1. Urbanization of armed conflicts ........................................................................................................ 16 A) The protection of civilians against the effects of hostilities during urban warfare ..................................16 B) The use of explosive weapons in populated areas ....................................................................................................19 C) The protection of the civilian population during sieges .......................................................................................22 2. New technologies of warfare .............................................................................................................26 A) Cyber operations, their potential human cost, and the protection afforded by IHL .................................26 -
Open Letter on CIA MDR Regs- Final.Pdf
To: Director of National Intelligence, James Clapper Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, David Petraeus Director of the Information Security Oversight Office, John Fitzpatrick February 23, 2012 Re: CIA Regulation change to 32 CFR Part 1908 allowing the Agency to charge requesters as high as $72 per hour for Mandatory Declassification Review requests. To whom it may concern: We the undersigned would like to call to your attention an alarming regulation that the Central Intelligence Agency entered into the Federal Register on 23 September 2011. Finalized without any notice for public comment, this regulation could cut off access to the most effective tool the public can use to request declassification of the CIA’s secret documents, the Mandatory Declassification Review (MDR) program. The regulation states that declassification reviews will now cost requesters up to $72 per hour, even if no information is found or released. The public must now also agree to pay a minimum of $15 in duplication fees. Throughout the government, and previously at CIA, MDR fees are commensurate to FOIA fees. Under FOIA, Congress stipulated that public interest, educational, journalism, and other fee waivers must be granted, when applicable under the statute. Furthermore, agencies must forfeit their right to collect some FOIA processing fees when they miss their processing deadline. The effect of the CIA’s new policy will be to price the public out of submitting MDR requests, a result not at all consonant with Obama Administration transparency policy in general or its declassification policy under Executive Order 13,526 in particular. The MDR process is a popular and successful tool for researchers, historians, public interest advocates and others, in part because of the independent accountability and oversight the program provides. -
Inside Russia's Intelligence Agencies
EUROPEAN COUNCIL ON FOREIGN BRIEF POLICY RELATIONS ecfr.eu PUTIN’S HYDRA: INSIDE RUSSIA’S INTELLIGENCE SERVICES Mark Galeotti For his birthday in 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin was treated to an exhibition of faux Greek friezes showing SUMMARY him in the guise of Hercules. In one, he was slaying the • Russia’s intelligence agencies are engaged in an “hydra of sanctions”.1 active and aggressive campaign in support of the Kremlin’s wider geopolitical agenda. The image of the hydra – a voracious and vicious multi- headed beast, guided by a single mind, and which grows • As well as espionage, Moscow’s “special services” new heads as soon as one is lopped off – crops up frequently conduct active measures aimed at subverting in discussions of Russia’s intelligence and security services. and destabilising European governments, Murdered dissident Alexander Litvinenko and his co-author operations in support of Russian economic Yuri Felshtinsky wrote of the way “the old KGB, like some interests, and attacks on political enemies. multi-headed hydra, split into four new structures” after 1991.2 More recently, a British counterintelligence officer • Moscow has developed an array of overlapping described Russia’s Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) as and competitive security and spy services. The a hydra because of the way that, for every plot foiled or aim is to encourage risk-taking and multiple operative expelled, more quickly appear. sources, but it also leads to turf wars and a tendency to play to Kremlin prejudices. The West finds itself in a new “hot peace” in which many consider Russia not just as an irritant or challenge, but • While much useful intelligence is collected, as an outright threat. -
Plaintiff's Exhibit 17
Case 1:15-cv-00662-TSE Document 168-21 Filed 12/18/18 Page 1 of 4 Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA No. 15-cv-0062-TSE (D. Md.) Plaintiff’s Exhibit 17 12/17/2018 IC ON THE RECORD • DNI Declassifies Intelligence Community Documents... Case 1:15-cv-00662-TSE Document 168-21 Filed 12/18/18 Page 2 of 4 IC ON THE RECORD Section 702 Overview CY2017 Transparency Report CY2016 SIGNALS INTEL REFORM REPORT IC TRANSPARENCY PLAN DNI Declassifies Intelligence Community Documents Regarding Collection Under Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Wednesday, August 21, 2013 In June, President Obama requested that Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper declassify and make public as much information as possible about certain sensitive NSA programs while being mindful of the need to protect sensitive classified intelligence and national security. Consistent with this directive and in the interest of increased transparency, DNI Clapper has today authorized the declassification and public release of a number of documents pertaining to the Intelligence Community’s collection under Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). DNI Clapper has determined that the release of these documents is in the public interest. These documents and other unclassified information related to foreign intelligence surveillance activities are available on a new Intelligence Community website established at the direction of the President. The new www.icontherecord.tumblr.com is designed to provide immediate, ongoing and direct access to factual information related to the lawful foreign surveillance activities carried out by the U.S. Intelligence Community. The Administration is undertaking a careful and thorough review of whether and to what extent additional information or documents pertaining to this program may be declassified, consistent with the protection of national security. -
The Siloviki in Russian Politics
The Siloviki in Russian Politics Andrei Soldatov and Michael Rochlitz Who holds power and makes political decisions in contemporary Russia? A brief survey of available literature in any well-stocked bookshop in the US or Europe will quickly lead one to the answer: Putin and the “siloviki” (see e.g. LeVine 2009; Soldatov and Borogan 2010; Harding 2011; Felshtinsky and Pribylovsky 2012; Lucas 2012, 2014 or Dawisha 2014). Sila in Russian means force, and the siloviki are the members of Russia’s so called “force ministries”—those state agencies that are authorized to use violence to respond to threats to national security. These armed agents are often portrayed—by journalists and scholars alike—as Russia’s true rulers. A conventional wisdom has emerged about their rise to dominance, which goes roughly as follows. After taking office in 2000, Putin reconsolidated the security services and then gradually placed his former associates from the KGB and FSB in key positions across the country (Petrov 2002; Kryshtanovskaya and White 2003, 2009). Over the years, this group managed to disable almost all competing sources of power and control. United by a common identity, a shared worldview, and a deep personal loyalty to Putin, the siloviki constitute a cohesive corporation, which has entrenched itself at the heart of Russian politics. Accountable to no one but the president himself, they are the driving force behind increasingly authoritarian policies at home (Illarionov 2009; Roxburgh 2013; Kasparov 2015), an aggressive foreign policy (Lucas 2014), and high levels of state predation and corruption (Dawisha 2014). While this interpretation contains elements of truth, we argue that it provides only a partial and sometimes misleading and exaggerated picture of the siloviki’s actual role. -
Address Munging: the Practice of Disguising, Or Munging, an E-Mail Address to Prevent It Being Automatically Collected and Used
Address Munging: the practice of disguising, or munging, an e-mail address to prevent it being automatically collected and used as a target for people and organizations that send unsolicited bulk e-mail address. Adware: or advertising-supported software is any software package which automatically plays, displays, or downloads advertising material to a computer after the software is installed on it or while the application is being used. Some types of adware are also spyware and can be classified as privacy-invasive software. Adware is software designed to force pre-chosen ads to display on your system. Some adware is designed to be malicious and will pop up ads with such speed and frequency that they seem to be taking over everything, slowing down your system and tying up all of your system resources. When adware is coupled with spyware, it can be a frustrating ride, to say the least. Backdoor: in a computer system (or cryptosystem or algorithm) is a method of bypassing normal authentication, securing remote access to a computer, obtaining access to plaintext, and so on, while attempting to remain undetected. The backdoor may take the form of an installed program (e.g., Back Orifice), or could be a modification to an existing program or hardware device. A back door is a point of entry that circumvents normal security and can be used by a cracker to access a network or computer system. Usually back doors are created by system developers as shortcuts to speed access through security during the development stage and then are overlooked and never properly removed during final implementation. -
Internet Freedom in Vladimir Putin's Russia: the Noose Tightens
Internet freedom in Vladimir Putin’s Russia: The noose tightens By Natalie Duffy January 2015 Key Points The Russian government is currently waging a campaign to gain complete control over the country’s access to, and activity on, the Internet. Putin’s measures particularly threaten grassroots antigovernment efforts and even propose a “kill switch” that would allow the government to shut down the Internet in Russia during government-defined disasters, including large-scale civil protests. Putin’s campaign of oppression, censorship, regulation, and intimidation over online speech threatens the freedom of the Internet around the world. Despite a long history of censoring traditional media, the Russian government under President Vladimir Putin for many years adopted a relatively liberal, hands-off approach to online speech and the Russian Internet. That began to change in early 2012, after online news sources and social media played a central role in efforts to organize protests following the parliamentary elections in December 2011. In this paper, I will detail the steps taken by the Russian government over the past three years to limit free speech online, prohibit the free flow of data, and undermine freedom of expression and information—the foundational values of the Internet. The legislation discussed in this paper allows the government to place offending websites on a blacklist, shut down major anti-Kremlin news sites for erroneous violations, require the storage of user data and the monitoring of anonymous online money transfers, place limitations on 1 bloggers and scan the network for sites containing specific keywords, prohibit the dissemination of material deemed “extremist,” require all user information be stored on data servers within Russian borders, restrict the use of public Wi-Fi, and explore the possibility of a kill-switch mechanism that would allow the Russian government to temporarily shut off the Internet. -
Intelligence Community Presidentially Appointed Senate Confirmed Officials (PAS) During the Administrations of Presidents George W
Intelligence Community Presidentially Appointed Senate Confirmed Officials (PAS) During the Administrations of Presidents George W. Bush, Barack H. Obama, and Donald J. Trump: In Brief May 24, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46798 Intelligence Community Presidentially Appointed Senate Confirmed Officials (PAS) Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 2 Tables Table 1. George W. Bush Administration-era Nominees for IC PAS Positions............................... 2 Table 2. Obama Administration-era Nominees for IC PAS Positions ............................................. 5 Table 3. Trump Administration Nominees for IC PAS Positions .................................................... 7 Contacts Author Information ........................................................................................................................ 10 Congressional Research Service Intelligence Community Presidentially Appointed Senate Confirmed Officials (PAS) Introduction This report provides three tables that list the names of those who have served in presidentially appointed, Senate-confirmed (PAS) positions in the Intelligence Community (IC) during the last twenty years. It provides a comparative perspective of both those holding IC PAS positions who have