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Microbiological Investigations of Geophgay in Chimpanzees

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Microbiological Investigations of Geophgay in Chimpanzees INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. 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Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Abr, MI 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 LAURIE ALLYSON KETCH A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Graduate Department of Botany University of Toronto 0 Copyright by Laurie Allyson Ketch 1998 National Library Bibliotheque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. we Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 OttawaON K1AON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une Iicence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prster, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/^, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format electronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protege cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de cekine doivent eke imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT Microbio~ogicalInvestigations of Geophagy in Chimpanzees Degree of Master of Science, 1998 Laurie Allyson Ketch Department of Botany, University of Toronto Chimpanzees in East Africa are known to eat soil fiom Macrotermitinae mounds, but the reasons for and possible benefits of this behaviour are not well-understood. The purpose of this project was to use a microbiological approach to study geophagy. More specifically, it was to examine soils eaten by chimpanzees (Patroglodytes schweinpirrfhiz] in the Mahale Mountains and Gombe areas of Tanzania to determine if the soils had a characteristic or unusual microflora. Results showed higher numbers of bacteria and lower numbers of hngi in most termite mound soils compared to control soils. These findings can be correlated to the activities of the termites and the clay mineralogy of the soils. The most commonly isolated fbngal genus was Penicillium with over 500 isolates and 44 species. Penicillium cifrrfrrmrmwas isolated almost exclusively fiom termite mound soils and is considered a dominant member of the community. Termite mound soils were found to exhibit greater similarity to each other than to control soils in hngal species composition. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. David Malloch for the opportunity to work in his lab and for suggesting such an interesting project idea. His generous financial support as well as his help subculturing isolates and counting colonies is greatly appreciated. Thank you to the other members of my supervisory committee; Dr. Frank DiCosmo for allowing use of his lab equipment and Dr. Tim Myles for identification of termite samples. Thank you to Dr. William Mahaney for use of particle size and clay mineralogical data in this thesis. This project would not have been possible if it had not been for the collection of soil and termite samples by Dr. Michael Huffman and Mohamedi Kalunde and they are gratefully acknowledged. I would especially like to thank my fellow graduate students: Cameron Currie, Michelle Hendrie and James Scott. Cameron Currie was a fiiendly and hn office mate and offered valuable help with statistical analyses. Thank you to Michelle Hendrie for her suppoG kindness and generosity. I am especially indebted to James Scott for patiently answering numerous questions, offering ideas and guidance, helping with identification of isolates and reviewing the thesis. I would also like to thank all three for their friendship over the past two years. I would like to thank Brenda Koster for help subculturing isolates and in identifying Chaetmium species. Thank you to Wendy Untereiner for help in EupenicilZiunz measurements and also for her kind words of encouragement. Nazanin Alasti-Faridani, Swarnely Modi and Debbie Komlos are gratehlly acknowledged for plating PeniciIIium isolates. Thanks goes to Alice Cheung and Bess Wong for always greeting me with a smile when I came knocking on their doors to borrow chemicals or equipment. - I would like to thank Carolyn Hutcheon and Jackie Wolfe for the many insightfd conversations pertaining to graduate work. Thank you to my parents, Lome and Gladys Ketch, for their love and support. I am especially gratefbl to my father for continually helping with my numerous computer problems. Last but not least I thank my partner, Brad Conrad, for his friendship, support and continued commitment and love. TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE .....................................................................................*....................................... i ... ABSmCT.........*..............*.....................*.................*.............*................*............................. 111 ACKNOmEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................*...................................................v . LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. VII ... LIST OF PLATES ................................................................................................................. VIII LIST OF FIGURES ......................*........................................................................................... x CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................ 1 WHAT ARE PICA AN11 GEOPHAGY? .......................... ... ......................... I GEOPHAGY IN HUMANS ..................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Medicinal Purposes of Geophagy ............................................................... 4 1.2.2 Geophagy During Pregnancy ............................................................... :... 4 1. 2.3 Geophagy During Famine ...................................................................... 5 1.2.4 Soil As a Food Additive or Condiment ..................., .................................. 5 1.2.5 Geophugy in Religion and Ceremony............. .. ............. ........... 7 ETIOLOGY OF GEOPHAGY ...................................~......................................~.~.....7 1.3.1 Humans ...................................................................................................... 7 I .3.2 Animals ..................................................................................................... 9 GEOPHAGY IN EAST AFRICA ................... .. .................................................... 9 GEOPHAGY IN CHIMPANZEES ...................................................................... 10 CHIMPANZEE DIET ............................................................................................. 10 MEDICINAL USE OF PLANTS BY CHIMPANZEES ......................................... -11 SOILS EATEN FROM TEMTE MOUNDS AND ANT HILLS .......................... 12 TERMITES ........................~................................................................................. 15 1.10 SCOPE OF PROJECT .......................................................................................... 16 1.11 LITERATURE CITED ..................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 2: CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROBIAL FLORA OF TANZANIAN SOILS ................ 23 2.1 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... 23 2.2 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. -23 2.3 METHODS ......................................... .. ............................................................. -24 2.3.1 Studysites ..................., ......................................................................... 24 2.3.2
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