Spring 2000 Gems & Gemology

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Spring 2000 Gems & Gemology SPRING 2000 VOLUME 36 NO. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL 1 Breakthrough Technology William E. Boyajian FEATURE ARTICLES 2 Burmese Jade: The Inscrutable Gem Richard W. Hughes, Olivier Galibert, George Bosshart, Fred Ward, Thet Oo, Mark Smith, Tay Thye Sun, and George E. Harlow pg. 4 28 Lapis Lazuli from the Coquimbo Region, Chile Robert R. Coenraads and Claudio Canut de Bon NOTES AND NEW TECHNIQUES 42 Spectroscopic Evidence of GE POL HPHT-Treated Natural Type IIa Diamonds David Fisher and Raymond A. Spits 50 Purple to Purplish Red Chromium-Bearing Taaffeites Karl Schmetzer, Lore Kiefert, and Heinz-Jürgen Bernhardt REGULAR FEATURES 60 Gem Trade Lab Notes 66 Gem News pg. 35 79 The Dr. Edward J. Gübelin Most Valuable Article Award pg. 43 81 Gems & Gemology Challenge 83 Book Reviews 85 Gemological Abstracts 93 Guidelines for Authors ABOUT THE COVER: Jadeite has long been the most prized gem in the Far East, par- ticularly China. The primary source of top-grade material lies in the remote jungles of pg. 51 Burma (now Myanmar). The lead article in this issue, written by the first foreign gemologists allowed access to Myanmar’s jadeite mines in over 30 years, reports on current activity at these mines and the evaluation of rough and fashioned jadeite. These pieces, set with diamonds, illustrate the special quality of Myanmar jadeite. The carving is approximately 4.9 cm high, the butterfly is 8.5 cm wide from wing tip to wing tip; the earrings are 17 mm in diameter, and the oval cabochon is about 15 mm × 11 mm. Courtesy of Ho’s Jewelry, San Gabriel, California. Photo © Harold & Erica Van Pelt––Photographers, Los Angeles, California. Color separations for Gems & Gemology are by Pacific Color, Carlsbad, California. Printing is by Fry Communications, Inc., Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania. © 2000 Gemological Institute of America All rights reserved. ISSN 0016-626X BreakthroughBreakthrough TechnologyTechnology n March 1, 1999, General Electric Company many sleepless nights, too. But we publicly stated (GE) and Lazare Kaplan International (LKI) then—as we have always believed—that the level of Orocked the jewelry industry when the newly technology used to create new synthetics and treat- formed LKI subsidiary Pegasus Overseas Limited ments would eventually also yield evidence for (POL) announced that it would market diamonds their identification. De Beers has produced quantifi- processed by GE to improve their color, brilliance, able results that, only one year after the introduc- and brightness. The impact of such a claim was par- tion of GE POL diamonds, represent an important ticularly disturbing to firms holding millions of dol- step toward establishing detection criteria. lars of diamond inventory. Even more troubling was the assertion that GE’s process was permanent, irre- This is not, however, the end of the story. It is a versible, and unidentifiable. For years we at GIA had solid beginning to a global effort to solve a poten- heard rumors of such a “whitening” process—and tially devastating problem. GIA has had close coop- had even investigated such claims. But we had not eration with De Beers on this issue for many yet seen definitive proof of such a treatment. months, looking at both gemological and spectral features. De Beers is also working with other Soon after the POL announcement, GIA began a research laboratories in a collaborative effort to series of meetings and discussions with GE and LKI develop the instrumentation needed to produce officials, which yielded a temporary, but somewhat these high-sensitivity spectra for routine use in dia- settling result: LKI would inscribe all such diamonds mond identification and grading. They are testing with “GE POL” on their girdles and submit them to more stones, both HPHT-treated and natural color, GIA for Diamond Grading Reports. The Comments to determine if the criteria will hold for all type IIa section of each report would include the following: diamonds processed in this fashion. “’GE POL’ is present on the girdle. Pegasus Overseas Limited (POL) states that this diamond has been pro- This is also the beginning of a new paradigm in cessed to improve its appearance by General Electric gemology. Of course, there will continue to be Company (GE).” When removal of the inscriptions more and “better” synthetics and treatments. But on some stones was detected last summer, GE and we are confident that, with the right resources, LKI sought a safer, more disclosure-friendly way to detection methodology will keep pace with these bring their diamonds to market, later determining to sophisticated materials and processes. sell the goods directly to select retailers, rather than on the open market in Antwerp. We applaud De Beers for their achievement and, especially, for their support of all research labora- But why am I rehashing something that our astute tories and of the diamond and jewelry trade at Gems & Gemology readers already know? This large. As research continues and further break- issue contains a rather technical article on dia- throughs are made in refining identification crite- mond spectroscopy that may, at first glance, go ria and developing instrumentation, these efforts unnoticed. Yet it is of the highest importance: De will undoubtedly play an important role in ensur- Beers researchers have identified a combination of ing the integrity of the diamond industry to both spectral features that is rarely seen in untreated the trade and the consuming public. type IIa diamonds—and that may prove character- istic of HPHT-treated type IIa’s. De Beers’s breakthrough, part of their massive Gem Defensive Program, appears at this early stage to be pivotal. Last year, many people were in a state of panic over the possibility that the new GE process William E. Boyajian, President could not be detected. Truth be told, we at GIA had Gemological Institute of America Editorial GEMS & GEMOLOGY Spring 2000 1 BURMESE JADE: THE INSCRUTABLE GEM By Richard W. Hughes, Olivier Galibert, George Bosshart, Fred Ward, Thet Oo, Mark Smith, Tay Thye Sun, and George E. Harlow The jadeite mines of Upper Burma (now Myanmar) occupy a privileged place in the If jade is discarded and pearls destroyed, petty thieves world of gems, as they are the principal source of top-grade material. This article, by the first will disappear, there being no valuables left to steal. foreign gemologists allowed into these impor- — From a dictionary published during the reign of tant mines in over 30 years, discusses the his- Emperor K’ang Hsi (1662–1722 AD) , as quoted by Gump, 1962 tory, location, and geology of the Myanmar jadeite deposits, and especially current mining erhaps no other gemstone has the same aura of mys- activities in the Hpakan region. Also detailed tery as Burmese jadeite. The mines’ remote jungle are the cutting, grading, and trading of location, which has been off-limits to foreigners for jadeite—in both Myanmar and China—as P well as treatments. The intent is to remove decades, is certainly a factor. Because of the monsoon rains, some of the mystery surrounding the Orient’s this area is essentially cut off from the rest of the world for most valued gem. several months of the year, and guerrilla activities have plagued the region since 1949 (Lintner, 1994). But of equal importance is that jade connoisseurship is almost strictly a Chinese phenomenon. People of the Orient have developed jade appreciation to a degree found nowhere else in the world, but this knowledge is largely locked away ABOUT THE AUTHORS in non-Roman-alphabet texts that are inaccessible to most Mr. Hughes ([email protected]) Westerners, adding further to jadeite’s inscrutable reputa- is an author, gemologist, and webmaster at tion. The mines of Burma (now Myanmar∗) are the primary Pala International, Fallbrook, California. Mr. working deposits for the most prized gem in the Far East Galibert (FGA, hons.; ING, AG) is a gemolo- gist and Hong Kong–based dealer in colored (figure 1), a stone exceeded in price only by diamond. stones and pearls. Mr. Bosshart is chief This article will draw back the curtain on this enigmatic gemologist, Research and Development, at gem, revealing the manner in which Burmese jadeite is the Gübelin Gem Lab, Lucerne, Switzerland. Mr. Ward, a gemologist, writer, and photog- mined, traded, graded, cut, treated, and faked. Since the rapher, owns Gem Book Publishing, major gemological features of jade have already been exten- Bethesda, Maryland. Dr. Thet Oo is a gemol- sively covered in the literature (Hobbs, 1982; Fritsch et al., ogist and Yangon-based dealer in colored stones. Mr. Smith is a gemologist and 1992; Wang, 1994), emphasis here will be on these lesser- Bangkok-based dealer in colored stones. known aspects. An understanding of jadeite is not limited to Dr. Tay is president of Elvin Gems and Far the technical or exacting, but it also requires a feeling for the Eastern Gemmological Lab of Singapore. Dr. Harlow is curator of Gems and Minerals cultural, textural, and ephemeral qualities that make the at the American Museum of Natural History, study of jade unlike any other in the world of gemstones. New York City. Jade has a rich history in the Orient, especially China Please see acknowledgments at the end of (Box A). Historically, the term jade was applied to any of a the article. number of ornamental materials that could be carved, but Gems & Gemology, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 2–26 most importantly amphibole jade, or nephrite. The rich © 2000 Richard W. Hughes green material subsequently found in Myanmar proved to be composed primarily of a different mineral (a pyroxene) and 2 Burmese Jade GEMS & GEMOLOGY Spring 2000 Figure 1. “Windows” cut into this otherwise undis- tinguished boulder from the Myanmar Jade Tract reveal the presence of a rich green in the jadeite beneath the skin.
Recommended publications
  • Chemical Composition of Mn-And Cl-Rich Apatites from the Szklary
    minerals Article Chemical Composition of Mn- and Cl-Rich Apatites from the Szklary Pegmatite, Central Sudetes, SW Poland: Taxonomic and Genetic Implications Adam Szuszkiewicz 1,* ID , Adam Pieczka 2, Bozena˙ Goł˛ebiowska 2, Magdalena Duma ´nska-Słowik 2 ID , Mariola Marszałek 2 and Eligiusz Szeł˛eg 3 1 Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Wrocław, pl. M. Borna 9, 50-204 Wrocław, Poland 2 Department of Mineralogy, Petrography and Geochemistry, AGH University of Science and Technology Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (B.G.); [email protected] (M.D.-S.); [email protected] (M.M.) 3 Department of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, B˛edzi´nska60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 July 2018; Accepted: 9 August 2018; Published: 14 August 2018 Abstract: Although calcium phosphates of the apatite group (apatites) with elevated contents of Mn are common accessory minerals in geochemically evolved granitic pegmatites, their Mn-dominant M1 M2 X analogues are poorly studied. Pieczkaite, Mn2 Mn3(PO4)3 Cl, is an exceptionally rare Mn analogue of chlorapatite known so far from only two occurrences in the world, i.e., granitic pegmatites at Cross Lake, Manitoba, Canada and Szklary, Sudetes, SW Poland. In this study, we present the data on the compositional variation and microtextural relationships of various apatites highly enriched in Mn and Cl from Szklary, with the main focus on compositions approaching or attaining the stoichiometry of pieczkaite (pieczkaite-like apatites).
    [Show full text]
  • The Journal of Gemmology Data Depository Photomicrographs To
    The Journal of Gemmology Data Depository Photomicrographs to accompany the article: Hänni H.A., Brunk R. and Franz L. 2021. An investigation of grinding hardness of some ornamental stones. Journal of Gemmology, 37(6), 2021, 632–643, https://doi.org/10.15506/JoG.2021.37.6.632. The following photomicrographs of thin sections of the samples were made with a Leica DFC490 camera mounted on a Leica DMRD polarising microscope with transmitted light. For each sample, figure A shows the sample in plane-polarised light (II Pol.) and figure B with crossed polarisers (X Pol.); the sample numbers correspond to those in the article. Photomicrographs © L. Franz. 1 1 Aventurine quartz, green: Foliated matrix with aligned quartz (Qz) grains, fuchsite (Fu) tablets and accessory zircon (Zrn). 2 2 Aventurine quartz, orangey red: Mylonitic fabric with quartz (Qz) ribbons and recrystallized grains as well as intergrowths of muscovite with hematite (Ms & Hem). 3 3 Chalcedony, light grey: Intensely interlocked chalcedony (Chc) crystals with random orientation. 4 4 Chrysoprase: In a matrix of tiny chalcedony (Chc) and quartz (Qz) crystals, larger quartz aggregates occur. In microfractures, palisade-shaped chalcedony crystals and quartz grains formed. 5 5 Dumortierite: A banded texture with layers rich in dumortierite (Dum), dumortierite and quartz (Dum & Qz), quartz (Qz) and tourmaline (Tur). 6 6 Granite: The holocrystalline fabric is made up of subhedral plagioclase (Pl), orthoclase (Or), biotite (Bt) and anhedral quartz (Qz). 7 7 Green quartz: A granoblastic texture made up of large quartz (Qz) crystals as well as a microfolded layer of fuchsite (Fu). 8 8 Heliotrope (bloodstone): Green, brown and colourless accumulations of chalcedony (Chc) are recognizable.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnetic Susceptibility Index for Gemstones ©2010 Kirk Feral Magnetic Responses Are Standardized to 1/2" X 1/2" N-52 Magnet Cylinders
    Magnetic Susceptibility Index for Gemstones ©2010 Kirk Feral Magnetic responses are standardized to 1/2" X 1/2" N-52 magnet cylinders. Colorless and extremely pale stones of any species tend to be Inert (diamagnetic). Black opaque stones of many species are strongly magnetic and may Pick Up or Drag. Pick Up and Drag responses are weight-dependent. Direct responses on the Index apply to gems 1-4cts. Larger gems may be too heavy to Pick Up or Drag. Smaller non-Garnet gems with strong magnetism may Pick Up. Gemstone Response Range SI X 10 (-6) Range Cause of Color Actinolite Nephrite Jade (black) Strong to Drags 321-577 SI Iron Nephrite Jade (green) Moderate to Drags 91-343 Iron, Chromium Nephrite Jade (white, yellow) Inert < 0 (diamagnetic) Iron Pargasite (green) Inert < 0 (diamagnetic) Iron, Vanadium Pargasite (orangey brown) Weak 35 SI Iron Afghanite (blue) Inert < 0 (diamagnetic) Chromium, Vanadium Amber (any color) Inert < 0 (diamagnetic) Charge Transfer involving Organic Compounds Amblygonite-Montebrasite (blue, green) Inert < 0 (diamagnetic) Iron, Manganese Andalusite Inert to Weak < 0 -26 Iron-Oxygen-Titanium Charge Transfer Apatite Transparent blue, green, yellow Inert (Weak in rare cases) < 0 (diamagnetic) Mang., Rare-earth, Charge Transfer, Color Centers Cat's eye translucent yellow, yellowish brown Weak to Strong < 20 - >120 Rare-earth Metals Astrophyllite Strong 1146-1328 Iron, Manganese Axinite Drags 603-616 SI Iron Azurite (opaque) Strong 382 SI Copper Barite (pale brown, blue) Inert < 0 (diamagnetic) Color Centers Bastnasite
    [Show full text]
  • An Exploration of Jade Maria Jones
    Eastern Michigan University DigitalCommons@EMU Senior Honors Theses Honors College 2004 An Exploration of Jade Maria Jones Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.emich.edu/honors Recommended Citation Jones, Maria, "An Exploration of Jade" (2004). Senior Honors Theses. 85. http://commons.emich.edu/honors/85 This Open Access Senior Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at DigitalCommons@EMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@EMU. For more information, please contact lib- [email protected]. An Exploration of Jade Abstract Abstract: This is a research paper studying the history of Jade carving during the Chinese Han Dynasty from 206 B.C to 220 A.D. The ap per explains the meaning of jade to the Chinese people and examines the origin of the precious stone for the Han people and other generations of dynasties. There is an accurate telling of Han beliefs followed by a descriptive passage on the history of religious influence on the Han people. There is an extensive study on the history of the Han people in general and a lengthy report on the different forms of jade and their functions for the Han people. Degree Type Open Access Senior Honors Thesis Department Art First Advisor Dr. Richard Rubenfeld Second Advisor Leslie Atzmon Keywords Jade art objects, Art objects, Chinese, Jade This open access senior honors thesis is available at DigitalCommons@EMU: http://commons.emich.edu/honors/85 AN EXPLORATION OFJ/\DL: by :'vlariaJones A St~nior ThcsIs Submitted to the !:astern tv1ichigan Umversny 1ionors Program In Partial Fulfillment of the Requiremems for Graduation With Honors in Fine Art: CcHJCcntratinnin Graphic Design 1 I I ! ~--'~""'-"""'- ,,=..
    [Show full text]
  • English-Spanish (Dictionnaire)
    English−spanish (dictionnaire) English−spanish Dictionary éditions eBooksFrance www.ebooksfrance.com English−spanish Dictionary 1 English−spanish (dictionnaire) Adapted from : http://www.freedict.com/dictionary/index.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Dimensions of Precious Metals, Stones, and Feathers: the Aztec State Society
    ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF PRECIOUS METALS, STONES, AND FEATHERS: THE AZTEC STATE SOCIETY FRANCES F. BERDAN In the spring of 1519, Hernán Cortés and his band of Spanish conquistadores feasted their eyes on the wealth of an empire. While resting on the coast of Veracruz, before venturing inland, Cortés was presented with lavish gifts from the famed Aztec emperor Mocte· zuma IV- While only suggestive of the vastness of imperial wealth, these presents included objects of exquisite workmanship fashioned of prized materials: gold, silver, feathers, jadeite, turquoise.2 There was an enormous wheel of gold, and a smaller one of silver, one said to represent the sun, the other the moon. There were two impressive collars (necklaces) of gold and stone mosaic work: they combined red stones, green stones, and gold bells. s There were fans and other elabo­ 1 Saville (1920: 20-39, 191-206) provides a detailed summary of the many accounts of the gifts presented to Cortés on this occasion. 2 Up to this point in their adventure, sorne of the conquistadores apparently had been sorely disappointed in the mainland's wealth. Bernal Diaz del Castillo repeatedly refers to the gold encountered by the Hernández de Córdova and Gri­ jalva expeditions (1517 and 1518, respectively) as "Iow grade" or "inferior", and small in quantity (Díaz del Castillo, 1956: 8, 22,23, 25, 28). While Díaz, writing many years after the events he describes, seems especially critical of the quality of the gold avaiJable on the coast, the friar Juan Díaz's account of the Grijalva ex­ pedition betrays no such dísappointment.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Processing
    Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19
    [Show full text]
  • Chromite Crystal Structure and Chemistry Applied As an Exploration Tool
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository February 2015 Chromite Crystal Structure and Chemistry applied as an Exploration Tool Patrick H.M. Shepherd The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Roberta L. Flemming The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Geology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Master of Science © Patrick H.M. Shepherd 2015 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Shepherd, Patrick H.M., "Chromite Crystal Structure and Chemistry applied as an Exploration Tool" (2015). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 2685. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/2685 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Western University Scholarship@Western University of Western Ontario - Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository Chromite Crystal Structure and Chemistry Applied as an Exploration Tool Patrick H.M. Shepherd Supervisor Roberta Flemming The University of Western Ontario Follow this and additional works at: http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Geology Commons This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Western Ontario - Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Chromite Crystal Structure and Chemistry Applied as an Exploration Tool (Thesis format: Integrated Article) by Patrick H.M.
    [Show full text]
  • Christie's Presents Jewels: the Hong Kong Sale
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE October 28, 2008 Contact: Kate Swan Malin +852 2978 9966 [email protected] CHRISTIE’S PRESENTS JEWELS: THE HONG KONG SALE Jewels: The Hong Kong Sale Tuesday, December 2 Christie’s Hong Kong Hong Kong – Christie’s announces the fall sale of magnificent jewellery, Jewels: The Hong Kong Sale, which will take place on December 2 at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre. This sale features an exquisite selection of over 300 extraordinary jewels across a spectrum of taste and style, from masterpieces of the Belle Époque to contemporary creations, and from the rarest of white and coloured diamonds to important coloured stones. COLOURLESS DIAMONDS Leading the auction is a rare pair of D colour, Flawless diamonds weighing 16.11 and 16.08 carats (illustrated right, estimate: HK$40,000,000-60,000,000 / US$5,000,000-8,000,000). These marvellous stones are also graded ‘Excellent’ for polish, symmetry and cut grade, making them exceedingly rare for their superb quality. Classified as Type IIa, these diamonds are the most the chemically pure type of diamonds known, with no traces of the colorant nitrogen. The absence of this element, seen in 98% of diamonds, gives these stones a purity of colour and degree of transparency that is observed only in the finest white diamonds. The modern round brilliant cut is the diamond’s most basic and popular shape, as it allows the potential for the highest degree of light return. But more importantly, the round diamond sustains the highest value as its production requires riddance of the greatest amount of diamond rough.
    [Show full text]
  • List of New Mineral Names: with an Index of Authors
    415 A (fifth) list of new mineral names: with an index of authors. 1 By L. J. S~v.scs~, M.A., F.G.S. Assistant in the ~Iineral Department of the,Brltish Museum. [Communicated June 7, 1910.] Aglaurito. R. Handmann, 1907. Zeita. Min. Geol. Stuttgart, col. i, p. 78. Orthoc]ase-felspar with a fine blue reflection forming a constituent of quartz-porphyry (Aglauritporphyr) from Teplitz, Bohemia. Named from ~,Xavpo~ ---- ~Xa&, bright. Alaito. K. A. ~Yenadkevi~, 1909. BuU. Acad. Sci. Saint-P6tersbourg, ser. 6, col. iii, p. 185 (A~am~s). Hydrate~l vanadic oxide, V205. H~O, forming blood=red, mossy growths with silky lustre. Founi] with turanite (q. v.) in thct neighbourhood of the Alai Mountains, Russian Central Asia. Alamosite. C. Palaehe and H. E. Merwin, 1909. Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, col. xxvii, p. 899; Zeits. Kryst. Min., col. xlvi, p. 518. Lead recta-silicate, PbSiOs, occurring as snow-white, radially fibrous masses. Crystals are monoclinic, though apparently not isom0rphous with wol]astonite. From Alamos, Sonora, Mexico. Prepared artificially by S. Hilpert and P. Weiller, Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Ges., 1909, col. xlii, p. 2969. Aloisiite. L. Colomba, 1908. Rend. B. Accad. Lincei, Roma, set. 5, col. xvii, sere. 2, p. 233. A hydrated sub-silicate of calcium, ferrous iron, magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen, (R pp, R',), SiO,, occurring in an amorphous condition, intimately mixed with oalcinm carbonate, in a palagonite-tuff at Fort Portal, Uganda. Named in honour of H.R.H. Prince Luigi Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Abruzzi. Aloisius or Aloysius is a Latin form of Luigi or I~ewis.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology and Age of the Lac a La Perdrix Fenite, Southern Gatineau District, Quebec
    CA9700383 -4- Geology and age of the Lac a la Perdrix fenite, southern Gatineau district, Quebec D.D. Hogarth1 and Otto van Breemen2 Hogarth, D.D. and van Breemen, 0., 1996: Geology and age of the Lac a la Perdrix fenite, southern Gatineau district, Quebec; inRadiogenic Age and Isotopic Studies: Report 9; Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 1995-F, p. 33-41. Abstract: The Lac a la Perdrix fenite lies in the Central Metasedimentary Belt of the Grenville Province. This 30 m wide fenite, adjacent to a narrow calciocarbonatite sill, replaces diopside-oligoclase gneiss and is composed of magnesio-arfvedsonite, aegirine, microcline, albite, and fluorapatite. Near the contact with carbonatite, it contains appreciable monazite and barite whereas aegirine virtually disappears. Fenitization probably took place early in the igneous stage of carbonatite development. A Pb/U monazite age of 1026 ± 2 Ma is thought to date fenite formation. Together with published data, this age shows that carbonatite intruded metamorphic rocks near the close of the Grenville Orogeny. Resume : La fenite de Lac a la Perdrix s'observe dans la ceinture metasedimentaire de la Province de Grenville. Cette fenite, mesurant 30 m de largeur et en position adjacente par rapport a un etroit filon-couche de calciocarbonatite, remplace un gneiss a diopside-oligoclase et se compose de magnesio-arfvedsonite, d'aegirine, de microcline, d'albite et de fluorapatite. Pres du contact avec la carbonatite, la fenite contient de la monazite et de la barytine en quantite appreciable, tandis que l'aegirine disparait pratiquement. La fenitisation a probablement eu lieu au debut de l'episode igne durant lequel s'est form6 la carbonatite.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual, 2008
    U.S. Government Printing Offi ce Style Manual An official guide to the form and style of Federal Government printing 2008 PPreliminary-CD.inddreliminary-CD.indd i 33/4/09/4/09 110:18:040:18:04 AAMM Production and Distribution Notes Th is publication was typeset electronically using Helvetica and Minion Pro typefaces. It was printed using vegetable oil-based ink on recycled paper containing 30% post consumer waste. Th e GPO Style Manual will be distributed to libraries in the Federal Depository Library Program. To fi nd a depository library near you, please go to the Federal depository library directory at http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/public.jsp. Th e electronic text of this publication is available for public use free of charge at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/stylemanual/index.html. Use of ISBN Prefi x Th is is the offi cial U.S. Government edition of this publication and is herein identifi ed to certify its authenticity. ISBN 978–0–16–081813–4 is for U.S. Government Printing Offi ce offi cial editions only. Th e Superintendent of Documents of the U.S. Government Printing Offi ce requests that any re- printed edition be labeled clearly as a copy of the authentic work, and that a new ISBN be assigned. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001 ISBN 978-0-16-081813-4 (CD) II PPreliminary-CD.inddreliminary-CD.indd iiii 33/4/09/4/09 110:18:050:18:05 AAMM THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE STYLE MANUAL IS PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION AND AUTHORITY OF THE PUBLIC PRINTER OF THE UNITED STATES Robert C.
    [Show full text]