Escher String Quartet String Quartets: No
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MENDELSSOHN · ESCHER STRING QUARTET STRING QUARTETS: NO. 5 IN E FLAT MAJOR & NO. 6 IN F MAJOR Front cover from left: Pierre Lapointe, Adam Barnett-Hart, Aaron Boyd, Dane Johansen BIS-2160 BIS-2160 booklet cover.indd 1 2016-01-29 14:29 MENDELSSOHN BARTHOLDY, Felix (1809–47) Quartet No.5 in E flat major 34'50 Op.44 No.3, MWV R28 (1837–38) 1 I. Allegro vivace 13'22 2 II. Scherzo. Assai leggiero e vivace 4'05 3 III. Adagio non troppo 8'34 4 IV. Molto allegro con fuoco 8'40 from Four Pieces for String Quartet, Op.81 5 3. Capriccio (Andante con moto – Allegro fugato assai vivace) in E minor, MWV R32 (1843) 5'37 6 4. Fugue (A tempo ordinario) in E flat major, MWV R23 (1827) 5'00 Quartet No.6 in F minor, Op.80, MWV R37 (1847) 25'02 7 I. Allegro vivace assai – Presto 7'05 8 II. Allegro assai 4'14 9 III. Adagio 7'52 10 IV. Finale. Allegro molto 5'44 TT: 71'17 Escher String Quartet Adam Barnett-Hart violin · Aaron Boyd violin Pierre Lapointe viola · Dane Johansen cello 3 he quartet has always been regarded as the purest and noblest of mu sical genres, which in particular heightens, educates, refines our appre cia tion ‘Tof music and, with the tiniest of means, achieves the ut most. Its clarity and transparency, which no trickery can cloak, make quartet music the surest yard- stick for measuring genuine composers; in renouncing the sensual lures of sound effects and contrasts, it highlights the gift of musical invention and the art of exploiting a musical idea. The foremost masters have always relished doing their utmost in this genre.’ These words by Haydn’s bio grapher Carl Ferdinand Pohl express what was common knowledge among musical connois seurs in the nine- teenth century – and this remains the case today. The string quartet is seen as the ‘most intricate form of chamber music’ (Guido Adler), but for that very reason also as the most exalted branch of composition. Few composers will have been as aware of the heavy responsibility associated with the genre as Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, well versed as he was in the history of music. None the less this prodigy, whose prowess in almost every mu sical genre was aston ish ing, turned relatively early to this ‘most sublime form of com- position’ (as Hugo Botstiber described it) and, in the course of his short career, produced seven complete examples (plus four separate movements and three fragments). Among these works, the set of three Op.44 string quartets assumes a special role. ‘Every musician who wishes to make profitable use of his time has good reason to take these works in hand and become acquainted with them’: with these words the music theorist and composer Gottfried Wilhelm Fink welcomed the appearance of the Op. 44 quartets – which had already won ‘very loud applause’ when they had been performed – with an extensive article in the Allgemeine Musi - kalische Zeitung. Robert Schumann’s three Op.41 string quartets (1842) also drew inspiration from Mendelssohn’s triptych: it was not for nothing that Schumann – 4 following the example of Mozart in the ‘Haydn’ Quartets – dedicated them ‘to his friend Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy with heartfelt reverence’. Although given the number three within Opus 44, the String Quartet No.5 in E flat major is chronologically the second of the quartets in this opus group (Nos 1 & 2: see BIS-1990 and 1960). Composed between November 1837 and February 1838, it was ded i cated to Crown Prince Oskar of Sweden –as indeed was the entire Op.44 set. From a compositional point of view this is the most advanced of the three. In the first movement (Allegro vivace) we enter a playground of motivic ideas and thematic dissolutions, headed by an upbeat circular gesture consisting of four semi quavers followed by a held note. This becomes especially prominent because it pro vides the impulse for the motivic development that follows immediately, and into the bargain becomes – almost by accident – the ‘main subject’ of the movement. In its after math, a subsidiary theme arises from sighing figures. This theme is related to the main thematic group – not only because of the entwined semiquaver motifs from the first violin; its conclusion is characterized by a new thematic variant that is more thoroughly taken into account in the development. For all its incessant activity, the eerily hurrying scherzo in 6/8-time (Assai leggiero e vivace) also exhibits great compositional refinement, spiked with canonic and contrapuntal ideas but ultimately coming together in an austere unison – the adversary of the contrapuntal ideal! By contrast the slow move ment (Adagio non troppo) blossoms with beguiling songfulness, opening with a chromatically flavoured main theme in A flat major, surreptitiously blending Lied form and sonata form. The exuberant finale (Molto allegro con fuoco) sets off at full speed in the best of moods – and ensures, for instance by means of the cyclical reappearance of a motif from earlier in this movement (there confronting the main theme), that there is a surprising formal effect. At its first performance in Leipzig on 3rd April 1838 the work earned ‘after each 5 movement the loudest of applause from everybody; in general the scherzo made the most vivid impact’ (Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung). In 1839 Mendelssohn recom mended the Op.44 set of quartets to his friend, the composer and pianist Ignaz Moscheles, with the modest words: ‘there are one or two amongst them I am pleased with myself, and I should like to know that I am right, and that you too are satisfied with them.’ Alongside the six string quartets with opus numbers and the unpublished Quartet in E flat major from 1823, Mendelssohn composed four individual movements for string quartet at different times in his life. After his death, the publisher Breitkopf & Härtel issued these, gathered together as Op.81. The pieces are an Andante soste - nuto in E major (No.1, 1847), a Scherzo in A minor (No.2, 1847), a Capriccio in E minor (No.3, 1843) and a Fugue in E flat major (No.4, 1827). The Capriccio in E minor, written on 4th/5th July 1843 and dedicated to Baron de Trémont, is Men- delssohn’s only piece for quartet between Op.44 No.1 (1838) and the final quartet works from 1847 (Op.81 Nos 1 and 2, and Op.80). The bipartite work is to some extent laid out like a prelude and fugue. The first section (Andante con moto) proves to be a wonderful Venetian gondolier’s song in miniature, with all the features of this type of ‘song without words’: Lied form without a proper contrasting episode, 12/8-time, constantly maintained accompanimental rhythm. This is followed by an agile fugue, introduced by the second violin (Allegro fugato, assai vivace) in 4/4- time. Mendelssohn evidently planned to compose a number of Capriccios of this type (‘In addition I intend to write some Caprices for quartet’, he wrote in August 1843), but with the exception of the present work he seems not to have followed this particular byway of the string quartet genre. The Fugue in E flat major, com posed around 16 years earlier, goes back to an earlier type of fugue – at least to begin with. Its weighty main theme, presented in accordance with all the rules, alludes to baroque fugal rhetoric. The beginning of 6 the theme even corresponds to the already backward-looking theme of the finale in Mozart’s ‘Jupiter’ Symphony (No.41 in C major, K551) although it soon dev - elops a profile of its own, for example by means of an expressive rising leap of a seventh. A second theme appears, but this does not in any way extend the structure into that of a strict double fugue; on the contrary, it consciously causes it to dis- sipate. In the way he increasingly turns away from the fugal idiom, it is clear that Mendelssohn was not aiming for a stylistic exercise but rather, so to speak, for a study of transition, the metamorphosis of a traditional form from within – from archaic counterpoint to a Romantic character piece. Among Mendelssohn’ works for quartet, the String Quartet No.6 in F minor, Op.80, written between July and September 1847, occupies a special place. To an extent otherwise unknown in Mendelssohn’s music, this breathtaking work is an expression of biographical events. It deals with his grief at the passing of his sister Fanny, who died unexpectedly from a stroke in May 1847 and who had been his close confidante, not only in musical matters. At the beginning of October he wrote to his friend Karl Klingemann: ‘Now I must gradually begin to come to terms, in my life and in my music, with the knowledge that Fanny is no longer there; and that is so bitter that I cannot yet attain a proper perspective and tranquillity’ Musically he reacted by composing an instrumental ‘requiem’ of a kind that takes an unconventional path right from the very outset. Whipped up by an excited tremolo, the first movement only gets to touch fleetingly on its themes; even in its lyrical moments it smoulders inscrutably, and the pull of an un controllable despair keeps making its presence felt. The quick second move ment (Allegro assai) does not pause for breath – the hunt goes inexorably onwards, the music staggers forwards with fast-moving, syncopated energy. Here there are no shimmering elves but rather armed demons.