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Diplomarbeit Neue Erkenntnisse zu Arzneipflanzen mit Verwendung in der Menopause DIPLOMARBEIT zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Magistra der Pharmazie an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von Carina HUDE Graz, April 2011 VORWORT Ich möchte mich als erstes bei Ao. Univ.-Prof. Franz Bucar für seine Unterstützung und Geduld bedanken. Großen Dank möchte ich meinen Eltern und meiner Familie, meinen Freunden und Arbeitskollegen aussprechen. Ohne Eure Unterstützung wäre mir das Studium nicht möglich gewesen. Ebenfalls bedanken möchte ich mich bei Frau Maria Lußnig, Herrn Bernhard Cerpes und Herrn Andreas Miklautsch für Ihre aufmunternden Worte, die Motivation und den guten Zuspruch in Krisenzeiten. Last but not least gilt mein Dank noch Frau Mag. pharm. Nora Anna Winkler und Frau Lydia Kucera, die mich immer wieder unterstützt, motiviert und aufgemuntert haben. Ohne sie wäre ich nie so weit gekommen. Graz im April 2011 Carina HUDE Verzeichnisse 3 Inhalt 1 EINLEITUNG UND PROBLEMSTELLUNG .................................................... 7 2 ALLGEMEINER TEIL ..................................................................................... 9 2.1 Menopause ................................................................................................. 9 2.1.1 Einleitung .............................................................................................................. 9 2.1.2 Symptome .......................................................................................................... 10 2.1.2.1 Vasomotorische Symptome .................................................................... 11 2.1.2.2 Vaginale Atrophie ...................................................................................... 11 2.1.2.3 Depression und Stimmungsschwankungen ......................................... 12 2.1.2.4 Osteoporose .............................................................................................. 12 2.1.3 Therapiemöglichkeiten ..................................................................................... 15 2.1.3.1 Hormonelle Therapie ................................................................................ 15 2.1.3.2 Phytotherapie ............................................................................................ 18 2.1.3.3 Andere Therapiemöglichkeiten ............................................................... 23 2.1.3.4 Andere medikamentöse Therapiemöglichkeiten .................................. 24 2.2 Sekundäre Pflanzenstoffe ....................................................................... 25 2.2.1 Einleitung ............................................................................................................ 25 2.2.2 Bedarf ................................................................................................................. 25 2.2.3 Gerbstoffe .......................................................................................................... 25 2.2.3.1 Biosynthese ............................................................................................... 25 2.2.3.2 Chemische Eigenschaften, Analytik und Gehaltsbestimmung .......... 26 2.2.3.3 Wirkungen .................................................................................................. 27 2.2.3.4 Nebenwirkungen ....................................................................................... 27 2.2.3.5 Beispiele für Gerbstoffdrogen ................................................................. 28 2.2.4 Flavonoide .......................................................................................................... 29 2.2.4.1 Allgemeines ............................................................................................... 29 2.2.4.2 Biosynthese ............................................................................................... 29 2.2.4.3 Chemische Eigenschaften, Analytik und Gehaltsbestimmung .......... 30 Verzeichnisse 4 2.2.4.4 Einteilung .................................................................................................... 31 2.2.4.5 Anwendung ................................................................................................ 35 2.2.4.6 Beispiele für Flavonoiddrogen ................................................................ 35 2.2.5 Phytoöstrogene ................................................................................................. 37 2.2.5.1 Isoflavone ................................................................................................... 39 2.2.5.2 Lignane ....................................................................................................... 39 2.2.5.3 Coumestane .............................................................................................. 39 2.2.5.4 Stilbene ....................................................................................................... 40 3 GRANATAPFEL – PUNICA GRANATUM .................................................... 41 3.1 Pflanze ...................................................................................................... 41 3.1.1 Allgemeines ....................................................................................................... 41 3.1.2 Botanische Beschreibung ................................................................................ 42 3.2 Inhaltsstoffe ............................................................................................. 43 3.3 Indikationen und Studien ........................................................................ 45 3.3.1 Granatapfel und die Wechseljahre ................................................................. 46 3.3.2 Granatapfel und Krebs ..................................................................................... 46 3.3.2.1 Brustkrebs .................................................................................................. 47 3.3.2.2 Prostatakrebs ............................................................................................ 47 3.3.2.3 Lungenkrebs .............................................................................................. 49 3.3.2.4 Dickdarmkrebs .......................................................................................... 50 3.3.2.5 Hautkrebs ................................................................................................... 51 3.4 Resümee ................................................................................................... 51 4 AFRIKANISCHE SCHWARZBOHNE – GRIFFONIA SIMPLICIFOLIA ........ 53 4.1 Pflanze ...................................................................................................... 53 4.1.1 Botanische Beschreibung ................................................................................ 53 4.2 Inhaltsstoffe ............................................................................................. 54 4.3 Indikation und Studien ............................................................................ 54 4.3.1 Griffonia und die Wechseljahre ...................................................................... 55 Verzeichnisse 5 4.4 Resümee ................................................................................................... 55 5 KUDZU-BOHNE – PUERARIA LOBATA ..................................................... 57 5.1 Pflanze ...................................................................................................... 57 5.1.1 Allgemeines ....................................................................................................... 57 5.1.2 Botanische Beschreibung ................................................................................ 59 5.2 Inhaltsstoffe ............................................................................................. 59 5.3 Indikationen und Studien ........................................................................ 61 5.3.1 Kudzu und die Wechseljahre .......................................................................... 61 5.3.2 Kudzu und der Alkoholmissbrauch ................................................................ 62 5.3.3 Kudzu und eine mögliche Interaktion mit Methotrexat ................................ 65 5.4 Resümee ................................................................................................... 67 6 MAGNOLIE – MAGNOLIA OFFICINALIS .................................................... 68 6.1 Pflanze ...................................................................................................... 68 6.1.1 Allgemeines ....................................................................................................... 68 6.1.2 Botanische Beschreibung ................................................................................ 69 6.2 Inhaltsstoffe ............................................................................................. 70 6.3 Indikation und Studien ............................................................................ 71 6.3.1 Magnolia und die Wechseljahre ..................................................................... 72 6.3.2 Magnolia zur Behandlung von Angstzuständen, Schlaflosigkeit und Gewichtszunahme ........................................................................................................ 73 6.3.3 Magnolia und Bluthochdruck ........................................................................... 75 6.3.4 Magnolia und Mundhygiene ............................................................................ 77 6.3.5 Magnolia und
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