JMGC, Vol 2, Is 2
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THE JOURNAL of MILITARY AND GOVERNMENT COUNSELING EDITOR Benjamin V. Noah, PhD, Core Faculty Department of Counseling, Capella University, Minneapolis, MN EDITORIAL BOARD Lynn Boyd, PhD, Assistant Professor of Counseling & Michael A. Keim, PhD, Assistant Professor, College of Psychology Education, University of West Georgia, Carrollton, GA Troy University, Montgomery Campus, AL Tracy Luoma, MS, MDiv, Dept of Veterans Affairs, Keith Cates, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Dayton, OH Counseling and Special Education, University of Alaska, Janet M Fain Morgan, EdD, Private Practice, Columbus, Anchorage, AK GA Claire Cole Curcio, EdD, Professor Emerita of Samuel Odom, PhD, Adjunct Professor, Southern Educational Leadership and Policy Studies, Polytechnic University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA Institute and State University, Fredericksburg, VA Christopher Roseman, PhD, Assistant Professor, William J. Davis, Jr., PhD. Associate Professor, Joint, University of Toledo, OH Multinational, and Interagency Operations, U.S. Army Chanpreet Singh, PhD, Department of Veterans Affairs, Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, New York, NY KS Nikki Vasilas, PhD, Assistant Professor of Counseling Christian Dean, PhD, Core Faculty, Department of & Clinical Coordinator, Lenoir-Rhyne University, Counseling, Walden University, Minneapolis, MN Hickory, NC Neil Duchac, PhD, Core Faculty, Department of Angie Waliski, PhD, Polytrauma Post Doctoral Fellow, Counseling, Capella University, Minneapolis, MN University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Karena J. Heyward, PhD, Assistant Professor, Rock, AR Counseling and Student Affairs, Western Kentucky Heather Zeng, PhD, Core Faculty, Department of University, Bowling Green, KY Counseling, Capella University, Minneapolis, MN The Journal for Military and Government Counseling (ISSN: 2165-7726) is published tri-annually in January, May, and September by the Association for Counselors and Educators in Government. Copyright © 2014, Association for Counselors and Educators in Government. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted, or disseminated in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the Association for Counselors and Educators in Government. The Association for Counselors and Educators in Government grants authorization for individuals to photocopy copyright material for private research use o the sole basis for requests for such use are referred directly to the requester’s local Reproductions Rights Organization (RRO), such as the Copyright Clearance Office (www.copyright.com) in the USA or the Copyright Licensing Agency (www.cla.co.uk) in the UK. This authorization does not extend to any other kind of copying my any means, in any for, and for any purpose other than private research use. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any statements of fact or opinion expressed in the published papers. Permissions. For further information, please contact the editor at [email protected]. August, 2014 Volume 2, Number 2, 2014 Journal of Military and Government Counseling 75 Letter from the Editor Benjamin V. Noah 76 Gone But Not Forgotten: The Impact of Fathers’ Military Deployment on Their Sons Timothy P. Pagano 88 Developing an Interview Guide to Evaluate Non-Fatal Suicide Attempts in Veterans: Use of a Modified Delphi Method Angie Waliski, James C. Townsend, Maria Castro, and Ann M. Cheney 107 The Influence of Social Support in Caregivers of Veterans with Dementia Jane Roberts 119 Culturally Competent Therapy with Military Veterans: Identifying and Overcoming Issues Facing Providers Aaron J. Smith 136 Graduate Student Paper – Is There More to the Experience of War Trauma than PTSD? The Development of Moral Injury and its Impact on Soldiers Lisa E. Kruger Journal of Military and Government Counseling 75 Volume 2, Number 2 2014 Letter From the Editor Welcome to the fifth issue of the Journal of Military and Government Counseling (JMGC). JMGC is the official journal of the Association for Counselors and Educators in Government (ACEG). This journal is designed to present current research on military, veteran, the military family, and government topics. ACEG was established to encourage and deliver meaningful guidance, counseling, and educational programs to all members of the Armed Services, to include veterans, their dependents, and Armed Services civilian employees – this mission was later expanded to include all governmental counselors and educators. The ACEG board has approved a name change – from the Association for Counselors and Educators in Government to the Military and Government Counseling Association. This moves the focus of our name from who we are to those we serve. I like that the new name is in line with the name of this journal. The hope is that the name will give the association more visibility as the military division of ACA. This issue is an eclectic collection of articles in practice, theory, and research. The lead article touches on the father/son relationship during deployment. The second article is pure research toward developing an interview guide for non-fatal Veteran suicide. The third article focuses on the social support of caregivers of Veterans with dementia. The fourth article reviews culturally competent therapy with Veterans. The graduate student article examines the issue of PTSD and moral injury. I need more submissions for the JMCG – as of today, I have enough articles on-hand for one more issue. I want to always have at least five articles for each issue. So, ask around where you work – or try writing yourself. I’m advertising for submissions through ACA channels. I hope to have the journal listed in Google Scholar by the end of the year and I will working on getting the JMGC listed in a database (such as ERIC, SocINDEX, or PsychARTICLES) and assigning Digital Object Identifiers. Once JMGC is established, I’ll work to have us listed in databases such as PubMed. Benjamin V. Noah, PhD JMGC Founding Editor © 2014 Journal of Military and Government Counseling ISSN: 2165-7726 Journal of Military and Government Counseling 76 Volume 2, Number 2 2014 Gone But Not Forgotten: The Impact of Fathers’ Military Deployment on Their Sons TIMOTHY P. PAGANO University of North Dakota Abstract Guided by the understanding of the unique problems faced by children of deployed military parents and boys who grow up with an absent father, this theoretical study examines their convergence. This study presents an understanding of the psychological, emotional, and psychosocial development of children with deployed parents and the current approaches utilized to address their problems. Current research treats military children as a singular entity and does not consider the gender of the child and the deployed parent. The areas of mental health, socialization, and masculinity of sons of absent fathers are examined. By incorporating additional theoretical orientations, mentor programs, and differentiated family systems counseling, many of the clinical inadequacies for this population may be addressed. KEYWORDS: military, deployment, fathers, sons Numerous studies and reports indicate that the military deployment of a parent impacts each member of a family in a myriad of ways (Kaslow, 1993; Richardson et al., 2011; Buddin, Gill, & Zimmer, 2001). Such impacts stem far beyond simply missing a loved one and worrying about his or her safety in a war zone. The absence of a parent due to military deployment presents numerous difficulties in the lives of children (Richardson et al., 2011). Impact of Military Deployment on Children Three crucial areas of impact stemming from a parent’s military deployment are children’s’ emotional, psychological, and psychosocial wellbeing. Children of all ages with deployed parents experience more emotional difficulties when compared to nationwide samples, with adolescents and females experiencing the highest levels (Chandra et al., 2010). These difficulties include higher levels of anxiety as well as academic, familial, developmental, and social problems (Chandra et al., 2010). High levels of anxiety stem from a variety of sources including a lack of understanding why a parent left, missing the parent, a fear of losing the deployed parent (Richardson et al., 2011), uncertainty regarding the possible extension of the deployment (Pincus, House, Christensen, & Adler, 2001), and Timothy P. Pagano is a PhD student in counseling psychology at the University of North Dakota. Address correspondence to Timothy P. Pagano. Email: [email protected] © 2014 Journal of Military and Government Counseling ISSN: 2165-7726 Journal of Military and Government Counseling 77 Volume 2, Number 2 2014 excessive worrying about the well-being of the parent who remains at home. This ongoing anxiety may lead to problems with children and adolescents’ behavioral health (Richardson et al., 2011). Psychosocial problems, including problems in the development of platonic and romantic relationships and sibling and parental relationships are also evident, as one in three children are at psychosocial risk during a military deployment (Flake et al, 2009). Again, adolescents and females experience the greatest number of difficulties (Flake, Davis, Johnson, & Middleton, 2009). A parent’s deployment also appears to have a wide-reaching, negative impact on the family unit. Not surprisingly, the spouse who remains home to raise the children and manage the home often experiences increased levels of stress