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Response of the Small Hive Beetle (Aethina Tumida) to Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera) and Beehive-Produced Volatiles

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Response of the Small Hive Beetle (Aethina Tumida) to Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera) and Beehive-Produced Volatiles Response of the small hive beetle (Aethina tumida) to honey bee (Apis mellifera) and beehive-produced volatiles Alonso Suazo, Baldwyn Torto, Peter Teal, James Tumlinson To cite this version: Alonso Suazo, Baldwyn Torto, Peter Teal, James Tumlinson. Response of the small hive beetle (Aethina tumida) to honey bee (Apis mellifera) and beehive-produced volatiles. Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 2003, 34 (6), pp.525-533. 10.1051/apido:2003043. hal-00891804 HAL Id: hal-00891804 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00891804 Submitted on 1 Jan 2003 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie 34 (2003) 525–533 © INRA/DIB-AGIB/ EDP Sciences, 2003 525 DOI: 10.1051/apido:2003043 Original article Response of the small hive beetle (Aethina tumida) to honey bee (Apis mellifera) and beehive-produced volatiles Alonso SUAZO, Baldwyn TORTO, Peter E.A. TEAL, James H. TUMLINSON* Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1600/1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA (Received 15 October 2002; revised 18 February 2003; accepted 20 February 2003) Abstract – The response of male and female Small Hive Beetle (SHB), Aethina tumida, to air-borne volatiles from adult worker bees, (Apis mellifera), pollen, unripe honey, beeswax, wax by-products (“slumgum”), and bee brood, was investigated in olfactometric and flight-tunnel choice bioassays. In both bioassay systems, males and females responded strongly to the volatiles from worker bees, freshly collected pollen and slumgum but not to those from commercially available pollen, beeswax and bee brood. The response to pollen volatiles was dose dependent, while response to volatiles from worker bees increased with both the number and age of the bees. Females were more responsive than males to the different volatile sources, with greater response in tests with unripe honey. In flight-tunnel choice tests, Super Q-trapped volatiles from worker bees elicited a response comparable to the response to living workers, while trapped volatiles from other sources were not attractive. small hive beetle / Aethina tumida / hive volatiles / olfactometer / flight-tunnel 1. INTRODUCTION have been reported to damage both weak and strong colonies (Sanford, 1998). Defense The small hive beetle (SHB, Aethina tum- mechanisms have yet to be demonstrated in ida Murray; Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), a newly European bees. Damage to honey bee colonies introduced pest of honey bees in the United is caused mainly by beetle larvae, which feed States, was first reported in 1998 in Florida on honey, pollen, and brood. In addition, larval (Thomas, 1998). Since then, it has spread excrement tends to ferment honey, rendering it throughout most of the eastern and mid-west- unsuitable for human consumption. In highly ern United States, causing considerable dam- infested colonies, where larval feeding is age to honey bee colonies and negatively extensive, bees generally abscond. impacting the beekeeping industry (Morse and The available literature on the biology of Calderone, 2000). In sub-Saharan Africa, the the SHB is scanty and is based primarily on beetle’s native home, they are not considered a work carried out several decades ago on the major pest of honey bees (Lundie, 1940). SHB life cycle of the beetle in Africa (Lundie, 1940; attack primarily weak and/or small colonies Schmolke, 1974). The paucity of biological (Lundie, 1940), but in strong colonies, worker information for SHB in the United States has honey bees encapsulate groups of SHB with hindered its management there. It has also propolis (Neumann et al., 2001). However, in limited the understanding of factors mediating the United States, where honey bee colonies attraction of the beetle to honey bee colonies. are predominantly of European origin, SHBs In recent field trapping studies conducted in * Corresponding author: [email protected] 526 A. Suazo et al. Florida, Elzen et al. (1999) reported that SHBs 2.3. Olfactometer bioassays are attracted to a combination of honey, pollen and adult bees. Elzen et al. (1999) also Bioassays were conducted in a four-arm olfactometer (Fig. 1A) (Vet et al., 1983). Charcoal- reported that small numbers of beetles were filtered, humidified air was delivered into the captured in traps baited with adult bees, but olfactometer at a rate of 0.25 L/min/quadrant. The not in traps baited with honey and pollen, or air was drawn from the center of the olfactometer brood alone. Thus far, there has been no (vacuum line) at approximately 1 L/min and was attempt to identify the cues attracting SHBs to adjusted until a well-defined odor zone was formed honey bee hives. Therefore, we initiated a in each quadrant, as indicated by ammonium comprehensive investigation of the chemical chloride smoke (HCl and NH4OH). Beetles were ecology of the SHB. Here, we describe released one at a time at the center of the behavioral responses of adult, male and female olfactometer and their behavior recorded for 1 min using a hand-held computer. For each beetle, the beetles to volatiles from adult worker bees, time spent in each odor zone was recorded. The pollen, unripe honey, beeswax, wax by- total time spent in each zone was obtained for all the product (“slumgum”), and bee brood. beetles in each replicate and was expressed as a percentage of time spent in each zone. Data were recorded and analyzed with a computer software package (THE OBSERVER ver 3.0, Noldus, 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wageningen, The Netherlands). Responses to the different volatile sources (treatments) were tested 2.1. Beetles with male and female beetles in separate tests (20 SHBs per replicate). Each treatment was A colony of SHB was started from beetles that replicated three times. To minimize positional bias, were collected in the field in Umatilla, Florida dur- the olfactometer was rotated 90° after five beetles ing November, 1999. The beetles were maintained had been tested. Tests were conducted to compare in Plexiglas cages (25 × 25 × 25 cm) at room tem- beetle response when a 40-watt fluorescent or red perature (25 °C) with 14L: 10D photoperiod. Bee- light bulb was used. The light source was placed tles were fed on a mixture of pollen and honey 0.3 m above the center of the olfactometer to (referred to in this paper as pollen dough). Two provide uniform illumination. microscope slides separated by 1mm provided ovi- Odor sources included adult honey bee workers position sites for females. The slides were placed (200 foragers collected from the hive entrance or inside the cages and left overnight, allowing female frames in supers), freshly collected pollen (5 g), beetles to lay their eggs in the spaces created. Slides unripe honey (15 mL), honey bee pupae (10 g), wax with eggs were incubated at 28 °C in 6 cm plastic and slumgum (10 g). Pollen was collected daily petri dishes containing 20 g of pollen dough. Food from the hive entrance using standard pollen traps was provided as needed to ensure a constant supply (Brushy Mountain Bee Farm, Morovian Falls, NC) during larval development. After seven to ten days, and stored at –70 °C until use. Unripe honey was wandering larvae were transferred into plastic con- extracted by gently shaking uncapped honey combs tainers (35 × 25 × 10 cm), containing humidified over a sheet of household aluminum foil. Wax and sand as pupation medium. Newly emerged adult slumgum were obtained from honey cappings and beetles were sexed based on observations of their old combs, and were separated using a solar wax genitalia under a stereoscope. The genitalia were melter. The wax by-product commonly referred to exposed by applying slight pressure to the ventral as “slumgum” by beekeepers is a waste product obtained from the processing of honey, wax, and side of the abdomen. After sexing and prior to old combs. Small hive beetle attraction to honey bioassays, male and female beetles were kept in bees was also tested using adult workers that separate cages. emerged from sealed brood frames held in an incubator at 34 °C and fed with sugar candy 2.2. Odor sources (confectioner’s sugar and water) and water. This eliminated the possibility that attraction to adult Eight honey bee colonies were maintained at bees might be the result of pollen picked up by bees the USDA-ARS facilities in Gainesville, Florida as they forage. Olfactometric dose response tests and used as sources of honey bees, fresh pollen, were conducted using adult honey bee workers wax, brood, honey and slumgum. Colonies were and freshly collected pollen. One, 10, 25, 100 and managed without pesticides to avoid contamination 200 bees, and 0.1, 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 g of freshly of the volatile sources. collected pollen were used. Small hive beetle responses to honey bee hive volatiles 527 Figure 1. Diagrams of bioassay systems. (A) Four-arm olfactometer. The main arena of the olfactometer consisted of four odor zones. Odor sources to test were in zone “A”. OL = Olfactometer, TR = insect trap, OS = odor source, Fl = flowmeter, Hu = humidifier, and CF = Charcoal filter. Air flow was calibrated with ammonium chloride smoke. (B) Flight wind tunnel and beetle trap. 2.4. Flight tunnel bioassays provide a landing platform (Fig. 1B). Two traps, one for each odor source, were placed upwind, Behavioral assays were conducted in a 0.3 m above the floor and separated by 0.3 m from horizontal, dual choice flight-tunnel (1.85 × 0.66 × each other.
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