DOCSLIB.ORG

Residential Building Electrification in California

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Residential Building Electrification in California Residential Building Electrification in California Consumer economics, greenhouse gases and grid impacts April 2019 Residential Building Electrification in California Consumer economics, greenhouse gases and grid impacts April 2019 © 2019 Copyright. All Rights Reserved. Energy and Environmental Economics, Inc. 44 Montgomery Street, Suite 1500 San Francisco, CA 94104 415.391.5100 www.ethree.com Project Team: Amber Mahone Charles Li Zack Subin Michael Sontag Gabe Mantegna Alexis Karolides (Point Energy Innovations) Alea German (Frontier Energy) Peter Morris (AECOM) © 2019 Energy and Environmental Economics, Inc. Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................ ii ES Executive Summary and Recommendations ................................................. i 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Study motivation ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Building electrification market overview ......................................................... 7 1.3 Report contents ................................................................................................. 10 2 Modeling Approach .......................................................................................... 11 2.1 Methods Overview ............................................................................................ 11 2.2 California Housing Stock and Market Potential .......................................... 12 2.3 Building Simulations and End Use Technologies ...................................... 18 2.4 Upfront equipment costs and efficiencies .................................................... 23 2.5 Customer Costs and Savings ......................................................................... 36 2.6 Greenhouse Gas Emissions ........................................................................... 41 2.7 Grid Impacts ...................................................................................................... 45 3 Results ................................................................................................................ 47 3.1 Greenhouse gas emissions ............................................................................ 47 3.2 Capital Cost Comparisons .............................................................................. 49 3.3 Consumer bill impacts ..................................................................................... 56 3.4 Lifecycle costs and savings ............................................................................ 69 3.5 Grid Impacts ...................................................................................................... 81 4 Discussion ......................................................................................................... 86 4.1 Building Electrification Consumer Economics for Individual Appliances and Electrification Packages .......................................................................... 86 4.2 Understanding Drivers of Differences in Consumer Economics ............. 89 4.3 Market adoption barriers ................................................................................. 90 4.4 Further Research Needs ................................................................................. 91 5 References ......................................................................................................... 93 6 Appendix A: Technology Characterization and Screening ........................ 98 6.2 Overview of Technology Selection and Efficiencies ................................ 106 7 Appendix B: Building Simulation Descriptions ......................................... 113 Thermostat Schedules as Modeled ....................................................................... 113 8 Appendix C: Additional Methods Detail ...................................................... 122 8.1 Fossil emissions from electricity .................................................................. 122 8.2 Methodology for methane and refrigerant leakage calculations ............ 124 9 Appendix D: Market Adoption Barriers and Potential Solutions ............. 126 10 Appendix E: Additional Results .................................................................... 131 10.1 Electricity load shapes for individual homes simulated ........................... 131 10.2 Site energy savings ........................................................................................ 132 © 2019 Energy and Environmental Economics, Inc. Acknowledgements The authors of this study would like to acknowledge the contributions of the staff of Southern California Edison, Sacramento Municipal Utility District and Los Angeles Department of Water and Power who have helped to inform and shape the study assumptions. Any errors or omissions are the authors’ own. Conventions All costs reported in this study are reported in real 2018 dollars. All references to quantities of greenhouse gas emissions are reported using units of metric tons (or tonnes), using a carbon dioxide equivalent metric with a 100-year global warming potential. © 2019 Energy and Environmental Economics, Inc. Abstract This study evaluates the consumer economics, greenhouse gas savings and grid impacts of electrification in residential low-rise buildings across six representative homes type in six climate zones in California. Consumer economics are evaluated in three ways, by comparing: 1) upfront installed capital costs, 2) energy bills, and 3) lifecycle savings between gas-fired and electric technologies. Prior research has suggested that electrification of buildings is likely to be a lower-cost greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation strategy over the long-term than a heavy reliance on renewable natural gas. This study takes a closer look at the near-term consumer economics of building electrification than prior work, considering both commonly available and best-in-class electric equipment options, as well as expected near-term increases in electric and natural gas. We confirm that the electrification of buildings represents an important opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from buildings both in the near term and long term, and can lead to consumer capital cost savings, bills savings, and lifecycle savings in many circumstances. The most promising near-term opportunities for consumer cost savings among low-rise residential building electrification options can be found in all-electric new construction, and high efficiency air source heat pumps in homes where air conditioning can be replaced with heat pumps. However, for electrification retrofits to succeed at scale, the market for building electrification technologies should be further developed in California. Ensuring contractors understand best-practices during scoping and installation of heat pump equipment will be critical to the long-term success of an electrification market in California. Likewise, international markets in Europe and Japan offer a wider range of high-efficiency electric technologies to choose from than are available in the United States. Finally, California should encourage the development of “retrofit ready” heat pump water heaters and HVAC systems to provide consumers with more low-cost and high efficiency electric choices. This report is available to download at: https://www.ethree.com/wp- content/uploads/2019/04/E3_Residential_Building_Electrification_in_California_April_2019.pdf Acronyms AEO Annual Energy Outlook AFUE Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency AHRI Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute ASHP Air-Source Heat Pump CAISO California Independent System Operator CARB California Air Resources Board CCA Community Choice Aggregator CEC California Energy Commission CFC Chlorofluorocarbon CO2 Carbon Dioxide CO2eq Carbon Dioxide Equivalent COP Coefficient of Performance CPUC California Public Utilities Commission DHW Domestic Hot Water DOE Department of Energy DOF Department of Finance DSHP Ducted Split Heat Pump EE Energy Efficiency EER Energy Efficiency Ratio EF Energy Factor GHG Greenhouse Gas GRC General Rate Case GWh Gigawatt-hour GWP Global Warming Potential HCFC Hydrochlorofluorocarbon HFC Hydrofluorocarbon HPWH Heat Pump Water Heater © 2019 Energy and Environmental Economics, Inc. HRMF High-Rise Multifamily HSPF Heating Seasonal Performance Factor HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning IOU Investor-Owned Utility kWh Kilowatt hour LADWP Los Angeles Department of Water and Power LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LRMF Low-Rise Multifamily LSE Load Serving Entity MMBtu Million BTU MSHP Mini Split Heat Pump NGO Non-Governmental Organization NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory PG&E Pacific Gas and Electric PTHP Packaged Terminal Heat Pump RASS Residential Appliance Saturation Survey RNG Renewable Natural Gas RPS Renewable Portfolio Standard SB Senate Bill SCE Southern California Edison SCG Southern California Gas Company SEER Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio SF Single Family SMUD Sacramento Municipal Utility District TOU Time-Of-Use UEF Uniform Energy Factor VRF Variable Refrigerant Flow ZEV Zero-Emissions Vehicle © 2019 Energy and Environmental Economics, Inc. Executive Summary and Recommendations ES Executive Summary and Recommendations Study Overview Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions attributable to buildings in California currently represent about a
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pv/Battery Waste Management in the Context of Rural Electrification Support on Pv/Battery Waste Management for a Rural Electrification Program
    PV/BATTERY WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF RURAL ELECTRIFICATION SUPPORT ON PV/BATTERY WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR A RURAL ELECTRIFICATION PROGRAM Amy Author, Bode Author, and Catherine Author National Renewable Energy Laboratory David Author and Emily Author Other Organization Document elaborated by Factor November 2016 PV/BATTERY WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF RURAL ELECTRIFICATION SUPPORT ON PV/BATTERY WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR A RURAL ELECTRIFICATION PROGRAM Document elaborated by Factor November 2016 This publication was reproduced from the best available copy submitted by the subcontractor and received no editorial review at NREL. NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Available electronically at SciTech Connect http:/www.osti.gov/scitech Available for a processing fee to U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • 620-100531B E3 Emerge UL Installation Instructions.Indd
    PRINTER’S INSTRUCTIONS: e3 eMerge Access Control System Document Number: 620-100531, Rev. B Installation Instructions SIZE: FLAT 17.000” X 11.000”, FOLDED 8.500” X 11.000” - FOLDING: ALBUM FOLD - BINDING: SADDLE STITCH - SCALE: 1-1 SADDLE STITCH - SCALE: FOLD - BINDING: ALBUM - FOLDING: X 11.000” X 11.000”, FOLDED 8.500” 17.000” FLAT SIZE: MANUAL,INSTALLATION,E3 EMERGE,UL - P/N: 620-100531 B - INK: BLACK - MATERIAL: GUTS 80G WOOD FREE, COVER 157G COATED GLOSS ART 157G COATED FREE, COVER WOOD GUTS 80G - MATERIAL: BLACK 620-100531 B - INK: EMERGE,UL - P/N: MANUAL,INSTALLATION,E3 Notices All rights strictly reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, copied, adapted, or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from Nortek Security & Control LLC. Standards Approvals This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense. e3 eMerge systems are Level I UL 294 listed devices and must be installed in controlled locations. Corporate Office Nortek Security & Control LLC 1950 Camino Vida Roble, Suite 150 Carlsbad, CA 92008-6517 Tel: (800) 421-1587 / 760-438-7000 Fax: (800) 468-1340 / 760-931-1340 Technical Support Tel: (800) 421-1587 Hours: 5:00 AM to 4:30 PM Pacific Time, Monday - Friday Notice It is important that this instruction manual be read and understood completely before installation or operation is attempted.
    [Show full text]
  • CO2 Heat Pump Water Heater 2014 Building Technologies Office Peer Review
    CO2 Heat Pump Water Heater 2014 Building Technologies Office Peer Review Evaporator Evaporator Kyle Gluesenkamp, [email protected] Oak Ridge National Laboratory Project Summary Timeline: Key Partners: Start date: Oct 1, 2009 GE Appliances CRADA partner Planned end date: Sep 30, 2015 Key Milestones 1. Optimize wrap-around coil; Dec 2013 2. Achieve EF>2.0; March 2014 Budget: Project Goal: Total DOE $ to date: $2,147k Develop CO2 heat pump water heater that Total future DOE $: $200k meets Energy Star standards for HPWHs at an installed cost that will enable widespread adoption in US residential market. Target Market/Audience: Residential electric water heating 2 Purpose and Objectives Problem Statement: - Heat pump water heaters can save significant energy, however they currently use refrigerants with high GWP. - Low-GWP heat pump water heaters based on CO2 exist, but first cost of existing products is too high to enable widespread adoption in the US residential market. Target Market and Audience: Electric water heaters currently use 1.4 Quads/yr. Impact of Project: - CO2 heat pump water heater at price point viable for the US residential market - Technical potential of increasing EF from 0.92 to 2.0 is savings of 0.8 Quads/yr - Using CO2 as a refrigerant, this can be done with near-zero GWP and zero ODP 3 Approach Approach: Utilize low cost components; maintain Energy Star performance - Single-speed compressor, single expansion device - Optimized wrap-around gas cooler instead of double-wall external gas cooler Key Issues: Cost of CO2
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Natural Gas Networks in a Low-Carbon Future
    The Role of Gas Networks in a Low-Carbon Future December 2020 Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 3 The Role of Natural Gas ............................................................................................................................... 6 Natural Gas Today .................................................................................................................................... 6 The Potential Role of Natural Gas Networks in a Low-Carbon Future .................................................... 7 Local Distribution Company Strategies to Decarbonize Gas ....................................................................... 8 Increasing Energy Efficiency and Optimizing Energy Use ...................................................................... 9 Reducing Methane Emissions Across the Value Chain .......................................................................... 15 Decarbonizing Gas Supply ..................................................................................................................... 19 Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Sequestration .......................................................................................... 24 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 26 M.J. Bradley & Associates | Strategic Environmental Consulting Page | 1
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Savings Potential and RD&D Opportunities for Non-Vapor
    Building Technologies Office Energy Savings Potential and RD&D Opportunities for Non- Vapor-Compression HVAC Technologies March 2014 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency, contractor or subcontractor thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/home/ i Energy Savings Potential and RD&D Opportunities for Non-Vapor-Compression HVAC Technologies Prepared for: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Building Technologies Office http://www.buildings.energy.gov Prepared by: Navigant Consulting, Inc. 77 South Bedford Street, Suite 400 Burlington, MA 01803 William Goetzler Robert Zogg Jim Young Caitlin Johnson March 2014 ii Acknowledgement We gratefully acknowledge the support of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Building Technology Office (BTO) in funding this assessment. In addition, we greatly appreciate the guidance and input provided by Antonio Bouza, Technology Development Manager at BTO, and technical review by Omar Abdelaziz, Senior Fellow at BTO.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrification Futures Study: Scenarios of Electric Technology Adoption and Power Consumption for the United States
    Electrification Futures Study: Scenarios of Electric Technology Adoption and Power Consumption for the United States Trieu Mai, Paige Jadun, Jeffrey Logan, Colin McMillan, Matteo Muratori, Daniel Steinberg, Laura Vimmerstedt, Ryan Jones, Benjamin Haley, and Brent Nelson Electrification Futures Study: Scenarios of Electric Technology Adoption and Power Consumption for the United States Trieu Mai, Paige Jadun, Jeffrey Logan, Colin McMillan, Matteo Muratori, Daniel Steinberg, and Laura Vimmerstedt National Renewable Energy Laboratory Ryan Jones and Benjamin Haley Evolved Energy Research Brent Nelson Northern Arizona University Suggested Citation Mai, Trieu, Paige Jadun, Jeffrey Logan, Colin McMillan, Matteo Muratori, Daniel Steinberg, Laura Vimmerstedt, Ryan Jones, Benjamin Haley, and Brent Nelson. 2018. Electrification Futures Study: Scenarios of Electric Technology Adoption and Power Consumption for the United States. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-71500. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/71500.pdf. iii This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. NOTICE This work was authored in part by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36- 08GO28308. Funding provided by U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Strategic Programs. The views expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S. Government. This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) reports produced after 1991 and a growing number of pre-1991 documents are available free via www.OSTI.gov.
    [Show full text]
  • REGAIN CONTROL, in the SUPERNATURAL ACTION-ADVENTURE GAME from REMEDY ENTERTAINMENT and 505 GAMES, COMING in 2019 World Premiere
    REGAIN CONTROL, IN THE SUPERNATURAL ACTION-ADVENTURE GAME FROM REMEDY ENTERTAINMENT AND 505 GAMES, COMING IN 2019 World Premiere Trailer for Remedy’s “Most Ambitious Game Yet” Revealed at Sony E3 Conference Showcases Complex Sandbox-Style World CALABASAS, Calif. – June 11, 2018 – Internationally renowned developer Remedy Entertainment, Plc., along with its publishing partner 505 Games, have unveiled their highly anticipated game, previously known only by its codename, “P7.” From the creators of Max Payne and Alan Wake comes Control, a third-person action-adventure game combining Remedy’s trademark gunplay with supernatural abilities. Revealed for the first time at the official Sony PlayStation E3 media briefing in the worldwide exclusive debut of the first trailer, Control is set in a unique and ever-changing world that juxtaposes our familiar reality with the strange and unexplainable. Welcome to the Federal Bureau of Control: https://youtu.be/8ZrV2n9oHb4 After a secretive agency in New York is invaded by an otherworldly threat, players will take on the role of Jesse Faden, the new Director struggling to regain Control. This sandbox-style, gameplay- driven experience built on the proprietary Northlight engine challenges players to master a combination of supernatural abilities, modifiable loadouts and reactive environments while fighting through the deep and mysterious worlds Remedy is known and loved for. “Control represents a new exciting chapter for us, it redefines what a Remedy game is. It shows off our unique ability to build compelling worlds while providing a new player-driven way to experience them,” said Mikael Kasurinen, game director of Control. “A key focus for Remedy has been to provide more agency through gameplay and allow our audience to experience the story of the world at their own pace” “From our first meetings with Remedy we’ve been inspired by the vision and scope of Control, and we are proud to help them bring this game to life and get it into the hands of players,” said Neil Ralley, president of 505 Games.
    [Show full text]
  • HIGH TEMPERATURE HEAT PUMPS for the Australian Food Industry: Opportunities Assessment
    HIGH TEMPERATURE HEAT PUMPS for the Australian food industry: Opportunities assessment August 2017 AUTHORSHIP OF THIS REPORT This report is published by the Australian Alliance for Energy Productivity (A2EP). A2EP is an independent, not-for profit coalition of business, government and environmental leaders promoting a more energy productive and less carbon intensive economy. The members of the project team that compiled this report are Jonathan Jutsen (A2EP), Alan Pears (Senior Consultant), Liz Hutton (Project Manager and Researcher). © Australian Alliance for Energy Productivity 2017 This publication is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), subject to the exemptions contained in the licence. The legal code for the licence is available at Creative Commons. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A2EP would like to thank the NSW Office of Environment and Heritage with Sustainability Victoria and RMIT University for supporting this work. A2EP would also like to thank the many stakeholders who generously gave their time to provide valuable input and insights in the preparation of this report. A full list of contributors to this report can be found in Appendix A: Heat pump stakeholder contributors. Note: Acknowledgement of this support does not indicate stakeholders’ endorsement of the views expressed in this report. The website www.industrialheatpumps.nl , published by De Kleijn Energy Consultants & Engineers of The Netherlands, is a source of technical information and diagrams contained in this report, and also the front
    [Show full text]
  • Innovating for Green Growth
    Innovating for green growth Drivers of private sector RD&D World Business Council for Sustainable Development 01-44_ARP.indd 1 24.11.2010 13:55:56 Contents Introduction Purpose 3 Framing the challenge 5 Drivers of private sector investment in RD&D 11 How RD&D public policies complement 13 private sector action The role of collaborative RD&D to fill the gaps 16 Cover image: Fuels from Biomass: New Technique Can Fast-Track Better Ionic Liquids for Biomass Pre-Treatments 01-44_ARP.indd 2 24.11.2010 13:56:09 Business Cases Power 20 Alstom global hydropower technology center 22 BASF new process for carbon capture from combustion gases 24 AEP carbon capture and sequestration demonstration project 26 TEPCO integrated coal gasifi cation combined cycle 28 AEP gridSMARTSM demonstration project Transport 30 TNT Dutch consortium for the tender of electric cars 32 TEPCO fast-charging technology for electric vehicles Industry 34 Asahi Glass Co glass melting technology Forestry 36 MeadWestvaco Corporation and Weyerhaeuser wood biofuel Residential 38 TEPCO heat pump water heater 1 2 01-44_ARP.indd 2 24.11.2010 13:56:26 Purpose Purpose By 2050, the world’s population will have increased to The World Business Council for Sustainable Development 9 billion, with most of the growth in developing countries. (WBCSD) has a track record for facilitating collaboration Increasing urbanization and efforts to combat poverty will between companies and promoting best practice sharing. In lead to rapid energy and infrastructure growth demand this publication, WBCSD members share their understanding in these countries. While this offers a huge growth of the environmental challenges at stake and the role of the opportunity for business, it also presents companies with private sector in low-carbon technology research, development the challenge to address the climate change.
    [Show full text]
  • Translating Climate Change and Heating System Electrification
    Translating Climate Change and Heating System Electrification Impacts on Building Energy Use to Future Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Electric Grid Capacity Requirements in California Brian Tarroja*a,b, Felicia Chiangb, Amir AghaKouchak a,b, Scott Samuelsena,b,c, Shuba V. Raghavane, Max Weid, Kaiyu Sund, Tianzhen Hongd, aAdvanced Power and Energy Program, University of California – Irvine University of California Irvine, Engineering Laboratory Facility, Irvine, CA, USA, 92697-3550 bDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California – Irvine University of California Irvine, Engineering Gateway Building, Suite E4130, Irvine, CA, USA, 92697-2175 cDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California – Irvine University of California Irvine, Engineering Gateway Building, Suite E4230, Irvine, CA, USA, 92697-2175 dEnergy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA eEnergy and Resources Group, University of California – Berkeley 310 Barrows Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Ca, 94720 *Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected], Phone: (949) 824-7302 x 11-348 Abstract The effects of disruptions to residential and commercial building load characteristics due to climate change and increased electrification of space and water heating systems on the greenhouse gas emissions and resource capacity requirements of the future electric grid in California during the year 2050 compared to present day are investigated. We used a physically-based representative building model in EnergyPlus to quantify changes in energy use due to climate change and heating system electrification. To evaluate the impacts of these changes, we imposed these energy use characteristics on a future electric grid configuration in California using the Holistic Grid Resource Integration and Deployment model.
    [Show full text]
  • Key Challenges and Opportunities for Recycling Electric Vehicle Battery Materials
    sustainability Review Key Challenges and Opportunities for Recycling Electric Vehicle Battery Materials Alexandre Beaudet 1 , François Larouche 2,3, Kamyab Amouzegar 2,*, Patrick Bouchard 2 and Karim Zaghib 2,* 1 InnovÉÉ, Montreal, QC H3B 2E3, Canada; [email protected] 2 Center of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage (CETEES), Hydro-Québec, Varennes, QC J3X 1S1, Canada; [email protected] (F.L.); [email protected] (P.B.) 3 Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected] (K.A.); [email protected] (K.Z.) Received: 8 June 2020; Accepted: 15 July 2020; Published: 20 July 2020 Abstract: The development and deployment of cost-effective and energy-efficient solutions for recycling end-of-life electric vehicle batteries is becoming increasingly urgent. Based on the existing literature, as well as original data from research and ongoing pilot projects in Canada, this paper discusses the following: (i) key economic and environmental drivers for recycling electric vehicle (EV) batteries; (ii) technical and financial challenges to large-scale deployment of recycling initiatives; and (iii) the main recycling process options currently under consideration. A number of policies and strategies are suggested to overcome these challenges, such as increasing the funding for both incremental innovation and breakthroughs on recycling technology, funding for pilot projects (particularly those contributing to fostering collaboration along the entire recycling value chain), and market-pull measures to support the creation of a favorable economic and regulatory environment for large-scale EV battery recycling. Keywords: battery materials; recycling; electric vehicle (EV); life-cycle analysis (LCA); sustainability; policy 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Download a Transcript of the Episode
    Leora Kornfeld (00:09): Welcome to Now and Next. It's a podcast about innovation in the media and entertainment industries. I'm Leora Kornfeld. I think a lot of us have been asking ourselves what part of the pandemic are we now in? Yes, from a public health perspective, of course, but also from the learning to adapt to a new reality perspective. And this new reality means the world doesn't stop. It just moves in different ways. So on this episode, we're going to look at what some of those new ways are, specifically for the game industry, because it's an industry that historically has relied on big, I mean, really big industry events for meeting people, for exchanging new ideas and for seeing what the latest and greatest is. Leora Kornfeld (00:55): At events like GDC, the Game Developer's Conference, or E3. Every year, tens of thousands of game developers, publishers, and distributors, head to California and meet and greet each other, make deals, go for dinners, make more deals, then go to some parties, then meet more people. And then wake up and do it all over again the next day. Oh, and somewhere in there, they go to some conference events too, but not this year. Angela Mejia (01:23): It was a massive cancellation of physical events. Events are a big deal for the industry because that's really when developers get in contact with the players. And these events are like huge parties and people that go there is so much fun.
    [Show full text]