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The Second Industrial Revolution Has Brought Modern Social and Economic Developments
Munich Personal RePEc Archive The Second Industrial Revolution has Brought Modern Social and Economic Developments Mohajan, Haradhan Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Premier University, Chittagong, Bangladesh 21 October 2019 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/98209/ MPRA Paper No. 98209, posted 20 Jan 2020 13:37 UTC Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1-14. The Second Industrial Revolution has Brought Modern Social and Economic Developments Haradhan Kumar Mohajan Department of Mathematics, Premier University, Chittagong, Bangladesh Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Cell: +8801716397232 Abstract The American Industrial Revolution (IR) is considered as the Second IR (IR2) which creates rural to an urban society. Great inventions during the IR2 are electricity, internal combustion engine, the chemical industries, petroleum and other chemicals, alloys, electrical communication technologies, and running water with indoor plumbing. The development of steel and oil refining has affected US industry. Transportation and communications technology has changed business practices and daily life style of many people. Inventions of medicine and medical instruments have reduced the rates of infections and death from many diseases and public health has improved greatly. Global political, economic, and social systems have widely changed very rapidly. Between 1820 and 1920 about 33 million people, mainly labors, have migrated to the USA for seeking greater economic opportunity and cities become overcrowded. Low wage, dangerous working conditions, long working hours, child labor, discrimination in wages, etc. have created labor dissatisfaction. Moreover jobless and wage cut of labors railroad strike has broke out in many cities of the USA. -
"DEAR MUSHET" Part Two of a History of the Whitecliff Ironworks in the Forest of Dean, 1808-1810
Reprinted from: Gloucestershire Society for Industrial Archaeology Journal for 1981 pages 32- 71 (paginated here as 1-38) "DEAR MUSHET" Part Two of a History of the Whitecliff Ironworks in the Forest of Dean, 1808-1810 - by I.J. Standing The first part of the history of the Whitecliff Ironworks published by the present author (1) traced events from 1798 to 1808 by which time they were owned by Teague and Co. As noted in that account, the information available to earlier research- ers and writers had been very limited. In 1970 a collection of 170 letters to David Mushet was discovered (2) and by the generous consent of their owner, Miss G.M. Pye-Smith, was deposited in the Gloucestershire Records Office under reference D2646. Over half of them cover the period 1808 to 1810 and were written to David Mushet by Thomas Halford. They relate to the Whitecliff Ironworks and contain a mass of additional material dealing with collieries, tramroads and other matters both in and beyond Dean Forest. But the letters convey far more than local hist- orical fact; for they permit an insight, via the hands of their writers, into the character and personalities of themselves and other parties. The letters vividly illustrate the expectations of rich capitalists in pursuit of the mineral wealth of the Dean at the beginning of the 19th century. As such, they relate a one-sided story because the minerals belonged to the crown and through it, in theory at least, to the free miners of the Forest of Dean. Most of the free miners, however, interpreted their privileges and operated their pits on a scale more suited to previous centuries and were thus unprepared to comprehend or to cope with the events about to unfold around them. -
SUIAG Journal No 8 1999
ISSN 0967-3474 Southampton University Industrial Archaeology Group Journal Downloaded from www.hias.org.uk No. 8 1999 Downloaded from www.hias.org.uk Cover photo: Babcock and Wilcox water tube boiler of 1916 at Twyford Waterworks 1 Contents Contributors .............................................................................................................................................................i Editorial and Acknowledgements.........................................................................................................................ii Paddle Steamers built in Southampton and Cowes by Bert Moody..............................................................1 A Note on Stationary Boilers by Dr Martin Gregory.....................................................................................3 The Tram Shelter at the Junction, Southampton by Tram 57 Project.......................................................... 9 Industry in a Small Wiltshire Town by Michael Tighe ................................................................................14 Along the Right Lines (Darkhill Ironworks) by Keith Lloyd Webb ......................................................... 19 Bricks at Twyford Waterworks by Dr Rodney Hall ......................................................................................23 SUIAG Surveys by Dr Edwin Course .............................................................................................................26 SUIAG Publications .......................................................................................................................................... -
British Iron and Steel AD1800-2000 and Beyond
British Iron and Steel AD 1800-2000 and Beyond British Iron and Steel AD 1800-2000 and Beyond Edited by C. Bodsworth Book 742 Published in 2001 by rOM Communications Ltd 1Carlton House Terrace London, SWI Y 5DB © rOM Communications Ltd 2001 rOM Communications Ltd is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Institute of Materials ISBN 1 86125 119 X Typeset by Fakenham Photosetting, Fakenham, UK Printed and bound at The University Press, Cambridge, UK CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter 1 Nineteenth Century Developments, by C. Bodsworth 1 1. Introduction 1 2. Ironmaking Processes 4 3. Steelmaking Processes 34 4. Fabrication 68 5. Physical Metallurgy 81 6. References 87 Chapter 2 Technological Developments in Iron and Steel During the Twentieth Century, by T. Gladman and F. B. Pickering 91 1. Introduction 91 2. A View of AD2000From the Perspective of AD1900 93 3. Iron and Steel Manufacturer, Circa AD1900 97 4. Hot Rolling Processes, Circa AD1900 103 5. Forging, Circa AD1900 105 6. Tube- and Pipe-making, Circa AD1900 106 7. Cold Working Processes, Circa AD1900 107 8. Heat Treatment, Circa AD1900 108 9. Investigational Techniques, Circa AD1900 109 10. Concepts, Circa AD1900 110 11. Alloy Steels, Circa AD1900 111 12. Developments in Ironmaking and Steelmaking in the Twentieth Century 113 13. Developments in Mechanical Working in the Twentieth Century 131 14. Heat Treatment in the Twentieth Century 141 15. Welding Developments in the Twentieth Century 145 16. Surface Engineering in the Twentieth Century 151 17. The Developments of Investigational Techniques in the Twentieth Century 154 18. Conceptual Developments in the Twentieth Century 166 19. -
The Second Industrial Revolution Has Brought Modern Social and Economic Developments
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Vol. 6, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1-14 http://www.aiscience.org/journal/jssh ISSN: 2381-7763 (Print); ISSN: 2381-7771 (Online) The Second Industrial Revolution has Brought Modern Social and Economic Developments Haradhan Kumar Mohajan * Department of Mathematics, Premier University, Chittagong, Bangladesh Abstract The American Industrial Revolution (IR) is considered as the Second IR (IR2) which creates rural to an urban society. Great inventions during the IR2 are electricity, internal combustion engine, the chemical industries, petroleum and other chemicals, alloys, electrical communication technologies, and running water with indoor plumbing. The development of steel and oil refining has affected US industry. Transportation and communications technology has changed business practices and daily life style of many people. Inventions of medicine and medical instruments have reduced the rates of infections and death from many diseases and public health has improved greatly. Global political, economic, and social systems have widely changed very rapidly. Between 1820 and 1920 about 33 million people, mainly labors, have migrated to the USA for seeking greater economic opportunity and cities become overcrowded. Low wage, dangerous working conditions, long working hours, child labor, discrimination in wages, etc. have created labor dissatisfaction. Moreover jobless and wage cut of labors railroad strike has broke out in many cities of the USA. An attempt has taken in this study to discuss aspects of the IR2. Keywords Second Industrial Revolution, Innovation and Invention, Electricity, Steel, Oil and Petroleum, Economic Development, Railroad Strike Received: October 21, 2019 /Accepted: December 26, 2019 /Published online: January 14, 2020 @2019 The Authors. -
Bessemer Process (Edited from Wikipedia)
Bessemer Process (Edited from Wikipedia) SUMMARY The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten. Related decarburizing (removing carbon) with air processes had been used outside Europe for hundreds of years, but not on an industrial scale. One such process has existed since the 11th century in East Asia, where the scholar Shen Kuo describes its use in the Chinese iron and steel industry. In the 17th century, accounts by European travelers detailed its possible use by the Japanese. The modern process is named after its inventor, the Englishman Henry Bessemer, who took out a patent on the process in 1856. The process was said to be independently discovered in 1851 by the American inventor William Kelly, though there is little to back up this claim. HISTORY Sir Henry Bessemer described the origin of his invention in his autobiography written in 1890. During the outbreak of the Crimean War, many English industrialists and inventors became interested in military technology. According to Bessemer, his invention was inspired by a conversation with Napoleon III in 1854 pertaining to the steel required for better artillery. Bessemer claimed that it "was the spark which kindled one of the greatest revolutions that the present century had to record, for during my solitary ride in a cab that night from Vincennes to Paris, I made up my mind to try what I could to improve the quality of iron in the manufacture of guns." At the time steel was used to make only small items like cutlery and tools, but was too expensive for cannons. -
Industrial Revolution Days Agricultural Revolution
Pre- industrial revolution days Farming was the first main occupation of majority of the people People lived closed to their food sources All commodities were local. Production of goods was for use rather than profit. Weapons which kill few people at once. Life expectancy – 35 years. Travel and communication between far off places extremely slow. The industrial revolution begins in Britain In 17th century Britain, the beginnings of an agricultural revolution would eventually lead to an industrial revolution, changing the country – and the world – forever. Agricultural Revolution The Agricultural Revolution was a period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity that occurred during the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe. Historians have often labelled the first Agricultural Revolution (which took place around 10,000 B.C.) as the period of transition from a hunting-and-gathering society to one based on stationary farming. During the 18th century, another Agricultural Revolution took place when European agriculture shifted from the techniques of the past. New patterns of crop rotation and livestock utilization paved the way for better crop yields, a greater diversity of wheat and vegetables and the ability to support more livestock. These changes impacted society as the population became better nourished and healthier. The Enclosure Acts, passed in Great Britain, allowed wealthy lords to purchase public fields and push out small-scale farmers, causing a migration of men looking for wage labour in cities. The Agricultural Revolution began in Great Britain around the turn of the 18th century. Several major events, which will be discussed in more detail later, include: 1. -
The Bessemer Process
The Bessemer process The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. The process is named after its inventor, Henry Bessemer, who took out a patent on the process in 1855. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten. The process is carried on in a large ovoid steel container lined with clay or dolomite called the Bessemer converter. The capacity of a converter was from 8 to 30 tons of molten iron with a usual charge being around 15 tons. At the top of the converter is an opening, usually tilted to the side relative to the body of the vessel, through which the iron is introduced and the finished product removed. The bottom is perforated with a number of channels called tuyères through which air is forced into the converter. The converter is pivoted on trunnions so that it can be rotated to receive the charge, turned upright during conversion, and then rotated again for pouring out the molten steel at the end. Oxidation The oxidation process removes impurities such as silicon, manganese, and carbon as oxides. These oxides either escape as gas or form a solid slag. The refractory lining of the converter also plays a role in the conversion—the clay lining is used in the acid Bessemer, in which there is low phosphorus in the raw material. Dolomite is used when the phosphorus content is high in the basic Bessemer (limestone or magnesite linings are also sometimes used instead of dolomite).