THE CONCEPT OF MANLINESS OF THE WORKING CLASS SOCIETY IN GREENWOOD’S LOVE ON THE DOLE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented in the Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
Raulina Oktavia Br. Sibuea
Student Number : 984214056 Student Registration Number : 980051120106120056
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2007
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They said that you wouldn’t make it But never mind! Cause you have never it let go inside You have wotrked real hard to what you want So believe and never give up! You can reach your goals
I believe I can I believe I will I believe my dreams are real I believe i’ll reach my goals real soon That is what I do believe!
(“I believe”-Yolanda Adams)
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all I would like to thank my heavenly Father for guidance and love and blessing during the hard days. My deepest gratitude goes to my beloved dad in heaven. I also like to thank my dearest mom for her endless love, pray and support. I am sorry for making you in tears so many times. I do not mean it. I love you, Mom. I also thank my beautiful sisters: Duma and “Butet” who patiently warn me to finish my thesis and never let me give up. I would like to thank Drs. Hirmawan Wijarnaka, M.Hum, my major advisor and my co-advisor Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M. Hum., for being patient, careful and wise during the long days of working my thesis. I am sorry for wasting your time to read and to examine my thesis. I also would like to express my gratitude to Mas Didit for his ‘sms’ correcting and warning toward my thesis. My gratitude also goes to all the lecturers and Secretariat staffs of the Faculty of Letters who have taughed and served much knowledge with me. My deepest gratitude also goes to all my sisters: Ka Yuyun and Mba Gabi, both of you have been my real older sisters. Yona and friends, thanks for sharing nice time about the life. I deeply appreciate what you have done to me. Indra, thanks for your confusing jokes. You remain me to “Chandler”. I also would like to thank to ex all members in Gang Cabe 21d Susi, Ica, Ike, Eta and many friends for making me comfortable in the boarding house. My gratitude also goes to all of my ‘98’ friends. My study would have been boring without you all. I appreciate the wonderful friendship along my study. The last but not the least, I would like to thank my four best friends Ika, Helga, Asti and Herning. You all inspire and teach me about ‘true friendship. All of you are the sunshine of my life.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ------i APPROVAL PAGE ------ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ------iii MOTTO ------iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ------v TABLE OF CONTENTS ------vi ABSTRACT ------vii ABSTRAK ------viii CHAPTER: I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ------1 B. Problem Formulation ------5 C. Objectives of the Study ------5 D. Definition of Terms ------6 CHAPTER: II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies ------8 B. Review on Related Theories ------10 1. Theory of Character and Characterization ------10 2. Theory of Setting ------11 3. Men in Perspectives------12 4. The Relation between Character, Setting and Society ------15 5. Theory of British Working Class ------16 C. Theoretical Framework ------18 CHAPTER: III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study ------20 B. Approach ------21 C. Method of the Study ------22 CHAPTER: IV ANALYSIS A. Maliness Seen in the Characters ------24 1. Harry Hardcastle ------25 2. Ned Narkey ------29 B. The General Condition of the Society on the Novel ------30 C. The Concepts of Manliness ------39 1. The Occupation ------40 2. .Workplaces ------42 3. Physical Appearances ------44 CHAPTER: V CONCLUSION ------46 BIBLIOGRPHY ------50 APPENDICES Appendix 1 ------55 Appendix 2 ------57
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ABSTRACT
Raulina Oktavia Br. Sibuea, (2007). The Concept of Masculinity of the Working Class Society in Greenwood’s Love on the Dole: Yogyakarta: English Letters Departments, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.
Love on the Dole is the first novel of Walter Greenwood. This novel depicts the real condition of the working class society in the depression of the late ninetieth thirties. It is an important contribution to the literature about working class society. The analysis of Love on the Dole is based on three problems formulation. The first problem is to find out the characters represent the manliness in the novel. The second problem is to analyze the condition of working class society in the novel. The last problem is to figure out how manliness concept is established among the working class society. The theory on manliness, character and characterization are the best to explore to the analysis. There are two characters that are analyzed, Harry Hardcastle and Ned Narkey. Each character presents their manliness through their characterization. Harry describes the character who lacks in having the emblems of manliness and Ned Narkey is the opposite of Harry’s characterization. It can be seen from their job, Harry works as a clerk which is not regarded as a real man while Ned Narkey works at the factory, the place where people think a real man should work. The novel also explores the British working class people’s condition, the theory of British working class is required to be a guideline. To get the picture vividly about their condition, the theory of setting is crucial needed. Through the elements of setting, the condition of the society in Hanky Park is easier to analyze and to conclude. In order to reach the objectives above , the library research is used. The Novel “Love on the Dole is the primary source for this thesis. Other sources come from some books and criticisms applied as the secondary sources. In this analysis, the manliness is close to the working class people’s condition in the novel that is why it is important to apply Sociocultural approach. Finally, to conclude the concept of manliness that is established among the working class society, we have to find out the ideas of manliness itself. The idea of maliness is raised from the people who think that a man should deal with the power. That is why a real man has to be supported by the convincing physical which is strong, big and muscles or the job which is dealt with the power.
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ABSTRAK
Raulina Oktavia Br. Sibuea, (2007). The Concept of Manliness of the Working Class Society in Greenwood’s Love on the Dole: Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Love on the Dole merupakan karya novel pertama dari Walter Greenwood. Novel ini menggambarkan realita masyarakat kelas pekerja pada masa depresi akhir tahun 30an. Novel memberikan kontribusi yang penting bagi literature tentang masyarakat pekerja. Skripsi ini terbagi menjadi 3 pokok masalah. Pokok masalah yang pertama adalah pembahasan tentang karakter-karakter yang mencerminkan sikap seorang pria sejati yang digambarkan di dalam novel.pokok masalah yang kedua adalah membahasa tentang kondisi masayarakat pekerja yang terdapat di dalam novel. Dan yang terakhir adalah membahas tentang konsep pria sejati yang terdapat di dalam novel. Dalam skripsi ini teori tentang sikap laki-laki, karakter dan penokohan adalah teori yang tepat digunakan. Terdapat 2 karakter yang akan dianalisa, yaitu Harry Hardcastle dan Ned narkey. Tiap karakter menggambarkan identitas kelakian melalui penokohan mereka. Harry menggambarkan karakter yang kurang beruntung dalam memenuhi identitas sebagai pria sejati. Sedangkan Ned Narkey sebaliknya, Ia adalah seorang pria sejati. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari pekerjaan mereka, Harry adalah seorang pegawai kantoran biasa sedangkan Ned bekerja di pabrik, tempat dimana seorang pria sejati seharusnya bekerja. Novel ini juga membahas tentang kondisi masyarakat kelas pekerja Inggris, untuk itu teori tentang masyarakat kelas pekerja Inggris sangat layak sebagai garis besarnya. Untuk dapat menyimpulkan kondisi kelas pekerja Inggris sesungguhnya, teori setting sangat penting digunakan. Melalui elemen yang terdapat dalam teori setting, masyarakat di Hanky Park lebih mudah dianalisa dan disimpulkan. Studi pustaka digunakan untuk melengkapi tujuan-tujuan di atas. Novel Love on the Dole adalah sumber data primer. Selain itu beberapa buku dan kritik- kirtik sastra digunakan sebagai data sekunder. Dan dikarenakan analisa tentang sikap laki-laki sangat dekat dengan kondisi masyarakt pekerja dalam novel, sangatlah penting menggunakan pendekatan sociocultural. Untuk menyimpulkan suatu konsep tentang sikap laki-laki yang telah terbangun dalam masyarakat pekerja, kita harus mengetahui ide tentang seorang laki-laki. Ide tentang laki-laki lahir dari orang yang terbiasa berpikir seorang laki- laki seharusnya identik berhubungan dengan kekuatan. Karenanya seorang pria sejati harus memiliki tubuh yang menyakinkan dengan fisik besar, kuat dan berotot, selain tiu pekerja yang mereka harus juga berhubungan dengan kekuatan.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Graham Little defines literature as one of the elements of culture. It contains values, thoughts, problems and conflicts. Literature is considered as a tool to pass the experience from one generation to the next generation.
Sometimes, literature has a function as a description of the situation happening in certain of time and place (Little, 1963: 01). One of the genres of literary work is a novel. Abrams notes that literary works is viewed as an imitation, reflection, or representation of world and human life (Abrams, 1981: 36-37). Many novelists write their novels to express their experiences and total conception of life. A novel really reflects the situation in which the author lives. A novel may become the matter of the author to give criticism, satire to their society. The society presented in the novel is not seen simply as a faithful mirror of the reality, but it can be seen as a close description of it. It means that the novelist portrays the society based on his own imagination. The society may exist as a reality or simply an imagination of the author.
The livelihood of the working class people has inspired many novelists in writing their novels. One of the novelists who write the working class society as his general theme is Walter Greenwood. He is seriously concerned with the working class society. His own experience of being a member of the working class inspired him to write a novel entitled Love on the Dole. He wrote the novel
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about the debilitating effect of unemployment and poverty that happened in the working class people. Greenwood took the working class people who lived in the
1930s as his novel’s setting of time. The condition of working people is tragically described. They have to survive with having no job, money and foods. They are extremely sunk because the British government pays less attention to their life.
Their position seems ignored in many aspects, such as financial social and political. They also have to live in the harsh environment
(http://wcml.org.uk/greenwood.html).
Walter Greenwood’s wrote Love on the Dole in 1933. It is based on
Greenwood’s early years in Salford. He successfully recounts the livelihood of the working class people during the 1920s and ‘30s. In the first publishing, many publishers rejected Greenwood’s manuscripts. They thought Love on the Dole was only a story which was expressing pessimism and it was difficult to accept. In the following two years, the novel Love on the Dole was published. It was different when the novel has been played and filmed. Love on Dole was successful to be played than to be published. Greenwood and Ronald Gow worked together to take the novel into a play at Garrick Theater in 1934, London.
Love on the Dole presents the reality of working class people in natural view. Working class people have to live in an urban area namely it Hanky Park.
They live in poverty circumstances. They must survive with ridiculous small low wages. The general characters described in the novel are living with no hope.
Their difficulties and discontented lives throw them into misery. As workers, they do not have enough to maintain a standard living. They also have to face 3
government policy, the cutting of Unemployment Benefit or dole which brings them deeper in poverty and financial problem. Financial problem has driven those working people depend on their lives on the pawnshop and moneylender.
In the novel Love on the Dole, there are problems to discuss. They live in the poverty circumstances. They have to afford money at the plants, factories and the mills. Their money is not enough to survive. They work without thinking about the future or career. The working class people also have to face the unemployment, the sexual permissive and the debts. Those conditions raise many ideas and the ideas themselves become the concept that exists among the society.
Since the analysis discusses about working class people in Greenwood’s
Love on the Dole, setting and characters become the main focus of the thesis.
Many social problems happen among the society because of the discontented life.
Their condition is real and it can still be seen in our everyday life. Love on the
Dole is not only a portrait of British working society but also a conscious expression of reality.
Many problems exist in the novel, Love on the Dole, but the most interesting problem that the writer is concerned with is the manliness problem.
Greenwood seriously depicts the working class men who are trapped in ideas of being a masculine person. Its idea influences their choice of physical appearance and earning power. The working class has certain qualities of being a masculine person such as having strong body, heavy voice, moustache, muscular body, big brown shiny body and tremendous man power. Those qualities are defined by brawn rather than brain. Those qualities may strengthen their existence as 4
masculine man. The expected qualities as a masculine man establish the concept of manliness among the working people. To be considered as real men, a man should have strong body, heavy voice, moustache, muscular body and tremendous man power. The concept is difficult to apply because the working class men should face the real life that lives in the poverty circumstances. The fact explains that the working class men must have money to afford. It means that they have to work. They have to solve their economy problems and it makes them to gain any job that they can get. Although the working class men desire to have a job such as, working at plants, mills and factory, it is difficult to happen. Many working class men cannot choose their job and that is why some men do work such as clerk, choirboys. Those jobs do not represent the manliness idea.
To have a job that represents the manliness become the dilemma. Not all people can be selected to work the place that has the stamp of manliness. Only men who have the strong body, muscle and big can work at those plants, mills or factories. They work as manual worker that is to look at the machine running. The education is not important to have because they have no future or career. The owner of plants, mills or the factory just requires their power. If the worker is not strong anymore, they will be fired. These conditions are the main reason why the writer is interested to analyze its dilemma. Through Harry Hardcastle and Ned
Narkey, the writer wants to figure out how the characterizations of those characters represent the manliness and how the condition of working class society in the novel makes the concept of manliness raising.
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B. Problem Formulation
1. How do the characters represent manliness in the novel?
2. How is the society described in the novel?
3. How is the concept of manliness seen as in the British working class society?
C. Objectives of the Study
The writer formulates the first question in order to know the characters that represent manliness. Characters, shown by Harry Hardcastle and Ned Narkey, are a significant to know what kind of ideas that raise the concept of manliness.
Since those two characters above are a part of the working class society, the society itself can not be ignored. To discuss about the manliness is represented by the characterization of Harry Hardcastle and Ned Narkey, the society has a big contribution. Among the working class people believe that a real man should have some certain standardization of being masculine. They conclude that a real man physically has to have a strong body, muscle and big size. The working class society considers the plants, mill or factories are the place where the men should have or work. A real man must work with machine, gigantic tools or the thing that need power to operate it. The novel takes the setting in the early 1930s. The history record influences the circumstances of working class society in the novel.
Working class people in the novel live under the depression era after the First
World War took place. The condition of society is revealed through their daily livelihood. The harsh life result many suffering among the people and their 6
suffering have become the social problems that are difficult to solve. The social problems such as, unemployment, and poverty, make the increasing of many ideas that the society believe and there happen as the consequences of circumstances around them. One of ideas that people believe is manliness.
In the third question, the concept of manliness among the British working class people will discuss. Through this discussion that it will be found the same concept that exist in the working class society in the novel.
D. Definition of Terms
Everyone has their own interpretation about something. Social scientists must have an agreement about the terminology in social science itself. In order to strengthen my thesis, I choose several terms that are needed to explain. They aim to avoid ambiguity interpretation:
1. Concept
In Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary Unabridged (1993: 1268), a concept is an idea, especially a generalized idea of a class of an object. After the people can accept that idea in the real life and believe it. It can be defined as a concept.
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2. Manliness
Based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (1987:
523), manliness is defined as the qualities traditionally attributed to a man or befitting a man; masculine. They can be concluded that the concept of manliness means the idea of being male; something is proceeding from the characteristic of being male.
3. Working Class Society
According to New Encyclopedia Britannica (1925: 749), the working class is the class of people who work for wages and do not own properly, chiefly manual worker in mining and manufacturing. In Webster’s New Twentieth Century
Dictionary Unbridged (1993: 1723), the society is the system or condition of living together as a communication, or a group of people lives together under the same environment and regarded a homogeneous unit or entity.
From both explanations above, it can be concluded that the working class society is a group of people who lives in the manufacturing and mining system and under the same environment. In this thesis, the society lives under the same circumstances and environment; poor, gloomy, slummy, helplessness and hopelessness. They also have to work hard and most of their jobs do not require higher education, special skills and they are also paid low wages. CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
Love on the Dole is one of Greenwood’s works in the late twenties. This novel was his first novel, and then was followed by other novels such as There
Was a Time; his autobiography, His Worship, the Major, The secret Kingdom, and
The Cure of Love (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/greenwood.html). He also wrote several articles for the Picture Post. Most of his works focus on the workers’ life which is caught in hopelessness and helplessness. He was really concerned about the working class people and then he wrote a novel which told about working class people who lived in an urban area in Northern England.
William (1992: 41) says that the life experience of working class people is extremely powerful to be expressed in the work of writers who grew up in working class communities and one of those writers is Walter Greenwood.
Greenwood is an English novelist who comes from a poor working class family. Inspired by his reality experiences as a member of working class, he wrote his first novel. He is able to describe the bitterness of working class people life that is trapped many poverty and unemployment. He succeeded in portraying vividly the depressed condition in his first novel. After years of unemployment and dole cut, Greenwood finally received his news on his first novel. In 1933,
Love on the Dole was published for the first time after long observation. Even this novel finally had been published, and it did not make an immediate impact to get
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its popularity. Then, when it came to be played by Roland Gow at the Garrick
Theater in 1934, Love on the Dole was accepted by the public. Thus, it was followed by the novel, and it became the best seller
(http://wcml.org.uk/greenwood.html).
The Times Literary Supplement wrote that Greenwood had given the readers a terrible picture of people who were caught in hopelessness and helplessness. Reviewers in Letters and Life marked this novel had a quality of inevitable disaster from the beginning of the story. Started from the beginning the story, Love on the Dole tells about having no hope for the characters who shuffled toward their inevitable doom.
There are many criticisms toward Greenwood’s Love on the Dole. D.M.
Roskies, as adopted by There Was a Time (1967: 79) states that the movement of the novel’s action is based on Greenwood’s obsession with crushed, surrender, poisoned hope. His novel is regarded as a distrustful novel because it tells about his doubtful on any solution of economic problems which is offered by the government when he lived. Carole Snee also has the same opinion with Roskies, she thinks that Love on the Dole portrays the denial of future possibility to social problems that happened at that time (http://wcml.org.uk/greenwood.html). Many reviewers expressed their pessimistic about Greenwood’s novel theme. The reviewers felt disturbed by his novel’s bitterness because many readers hated to be reminded about human suffering.
Roland Gow was the one who sent Love on the Dole to get its popularity and it made John Baxter was interested to transfer it into a movie. In the 10
beginning, the British Board of Film censors did not allow that movie to be played but more than one million people had seen illegally that movie. Its decision did not take long time because two years later, many people had been allowed to watch Love on the Dole because the British government thought that movie was suitable to invite volunteers to fight in the Second World War.
(http://www.worldsocialism.org/SPGB/nov 99/theatnov.html).
In Love on the Dole, Greenwood has shown his attention on social problems. His own background encourages him having ability to reflect the realistic condition toward working class society even many reviewers disagree his story idea. Through Love on the Dole, Greenwood gives many information of working class society that happened his life time.
B. Review on Related Theories
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
Abrams conveys that his description of “characters” is Character are the persons, in a dramatic or narrative work, endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say, the dialogue and what they do the action” ( Abrams, 1981: 21).
Abrams divides the characters in literary work into two kinds. They are protagonist and antagonist. The chief character of a work, on whom our interest centers are called the protagonist or hero, and if he is pitted against an important opponent, that is called antagonist (1981: 128).
In An Introduction to Fiction, Stanton (1965: 170) says: 11
The term character is commonly used in two ways. It designates the individuals who appear in the story as in “How many characters are there?” and it refers to the mixtures of interests, desires, emotions, and moral principles that makes up each on these individuals, as in “How would you describe his character?
Stanton (1965:18) also states that there are central characters and minor characters. A central character is a character that is relevant to every event in a story. Usually, each event causes some changes either in them or in our attitude toward them. And minor characters are characters whose attitude is very important toward central characters.
Most literature ordinary focuses on the similarities and differences between one individual with special intensity. After finding the differences and the similarities, we can connect the message to what the author wants to talk. The capability of the author to describe is usual mentioned characterization. Jerome
Beaty says
Among the means of characterization, in addition to direct, is describing the way character look, their physical appearances, and their clothing, bearing, make up and so on; the way they speak, the way they think, or what they think, what they do, and what other people say about them (1984: 231).
It means that characterization may help us to recognize what the character in story is like.
2. Theory of Setting
In Glossary of Literary Terms, setting means the general local, historical time, and social circumstances in which its action occurs (Abrams, 1981: 192).
From definition above we can conclude that actually setting consists of setting of 12
place, setting of time, and setting of society. In other words society is included parts of setting.
The three principal elements (place, time and society) are related one to another. The setting of place refers to the place where the action of the novel occurs. The place can refer to the actual place with a certain place without a clear name. The description of place should reflect the condition and geographical circumstances of that place. The setting time refers to when the events of the story occurs; it is usually connected with the factual time which was a relationship with historical events. Social setting refers to the people in the novel, the social behavior, such as the habits, traditions, belief and moral values, and the social status of the characters. Society is used to reveal human relationships, characters, patterned interaction and common expectations (Nurgiyantoro, 1955: 6).
Yelland in his book A Handbook of Literary Terms states that setting is the element that gives reader an abstracts impression of the environment in which the characters move. The way in which characters fit the environment provides the setting. If they are depicted as living under a constant cloud misery, setting is drab. If they are shown leading a cheerful existence, in spite of their circumstances, the setting is bright (1953: 184).
3. Men in Perspectives
Based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English
(1987: 523), manliness is defined as the qualities traditionally attributed to a man or befitting a man; masculine. They can be concluded that the concept of 13
manliness means the idea of being male; something is proceeding from the characteristic of being male.
Edley and Wetherell in their book, Men in Perspective (1995: 96) say that masculinity is dealing with social activities of men. Masculinity comes from the sum of characteristic of men at work, with their family, in their communities, and in the groups and institutions to which they belong. In many ways it is obvious, for example miners and men engaged in similar occupation, are likely to have very different senses of masculinity, different forms of fraternity and ways of behaving with other men and with women, compared with professional intellectuals paid for activities such as teaching, writing, research and study.
Masculinity was analyzed as a response to certain economic and domestic situations, and was seen as a consequence of men’s involvement in particular sets of social practices. Men become manly by learning social scripts. Social scripts can be found from customs, tradition and even language of a cultural community.
It was seen as the whole way of life of a society or group. Culture was able to understand as a framework, passed down from generation to generation, through which ordinary people and make sense of their everyday lives.
In Men and Perspectives, Edley and Wetherell (1995: 132) also explain that every culture in the world must embody a set of particular ideas or themes which relates to men and masculinity. Cult can be seen as providing members of the wider cultural community with a shared understanding of what is meant to be a man and masculinity, and the easiest way is to simply open a book on magazines. For example the figure of James Bond, he is familiar to most readers. 14
For several decades Bond has provided a very powerful and attractive model of masculinity. Bond is an archetypal hero, forever willing to risk his own life in order to defeat devil. As a man, Bond is portrayed as a charming and sophicated gentlemen with impeccable style and manners. He is courageous, loyal and romantic. In contrast, the image of manhood of another man who is represented more primitive, raw and rugged. He is no gentlemen, with no time for social graces and niceties. His masculinity is signified by his complete disregard of such convention. Those images are united by their presentation of men. They provide the readers with straightforward examples or illustrations of what a man should be like.
Gilmore in Manhood in the Making, the cults of masculinity is something understandable because it seems direct responses to particular social and environment. The meaning of masculinity in any given culture can be seen as solutions to specific social problem or need. Gilmore (1995: 223) states every society depend for survival on the successful propagation of future generation.
After giving birth, women put the children on men’s shoulder not only because of their greater physical size, strength and also their freedom from occupation of pregnancy and childbirth. Men are always engaged in dangerous and injurious activities. Cults of masculinity have to encourage men to deal with their natural instinct to avoid danger.
Relating to men performance, Simone de Beauvoir, as quoted by Carla J.
Mc Donough in Masculinity and Performance (Time, 05-17-93: 62), explains that manliness emerges because a man constantly challenged to enact his compulsory 15
masculinity, such as body shape, gesture, movement, strength and independence.
However the performance of manliness is something desirable because the performance makes the men in having power and privilege when they can be able to show their masculinity successfully. Men tend to exhibit their masculinity qualities so that they might act as guardians of society. It means being manly is something desirable, something worth trying to become.
4. The Relation between Character, Setting and Society
Character as protagonist in the novel reveals their perspective and values through action, speech and thought. To act and to reflect their perspectives the character need a medium. The medium is society to which they respond and in which they exist defining a set of values distinct from that of the characters
(Langland, 1984: 9).
Harvey (1965: 56) says that through social setting we can see how individuals in the society, how they group themselves, whether the individuals have classes or not how an individual have is influenced by another.
According to M.J Murphy (1972: 141), society, which is included in setting, has a great effect or influence upon the personalities, action and way of thinking of the character. If the society changed the personalities action and way of thinking of the character will be different.
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5. The Working Class in British Society
The First World War was a test of belief. Religious and moral ideas were challenged by the sufferings and separations of war. Young men left school or work at the age of eighteen to fight, young women left home to help in hospitals and factories. They never went back after war to the old ways of life; the old pattern of authority in State, church, and home never returned.
There was much more freedom, especially for women in leisure times with the popularity of mixed sports clubs and of the dancing and cinema habits. In some circles the search for pleasure was heitic, but fewer in a position to imitate the ‘smart set’. The war probably weakened the hold of religion where individuals could not reconcile their knowledge of its overwhelming evil with their faith in
God.
In relations among the member of the family, the working class people are influenced by the environment. The environment plays big part to determine the attitude of their family and their relationship as they do anywhere else. Many working class families expect rescues from their son because the family cannot do without help. The son of the working class has to help his family by bringing home wage-packet. A working chap is trained to give all the time, so he can not grow up selfish.
While the relationship between parents and children in the working class families deserve closer study than they have hitherto received (Zweig, 1952: 65).
The relationship between mother and the children is warm but the feeling of the father is cold, and often hostile. Some fathers of the working class often come 17
from their tired, dissatisfied, frustrated and thinking only escaping from the family life. That is why the working men, especially fathers struggle to keep emotional and mental balance impaired. This struggle sometimes prevents the fathers from their children as they would like to.
Drinking, gambling are kinds of working class pastime, which known as hobbies. Some working people confess that they spend their leisure time by gambling and drinking. Ironically, they regard their bad habits is a indulging way to spend their leisure time.
Drinking was unquestionably the favorite leisure time activity of working class people. The love of drinking has been a curse of the modern age and it is a sign of social dislocation and popular suffering. However, heavy “problem” drinking declined by the late nineteenth century, as it became less and less socially acceptable. At the same time drinking became more public and social.
Cafes and pubs went increasingly bright, friendly places. Working class political activities, both moderate and radical were also concentrated in tavern and pubs.
The two other leisure times passions of working classes were sports and music halls. The most popular sports were racing and soccer. There was a great deal of gambling on sport events, and for many working men the desire to decipher the racing forms was a powerful incentive toward literacy. Music hall audiences were thoroughly mixed, which may account for the fact that drunkenness, pregnancy before marriage, marital difficulties and mother in laws were favorite themes of broad jokes and bittersweet songs. 18
Zweig (1952: 210-1) describes the ideal for British working people. The model of a working class man must be “a good fellow”. He must not only friendly, but also generous. He has to rely on the help of his family and friends.
He should be a sociable person. He regards himself as part of community. A worker must be a reminder of a good turn done and fishing for thanks and gratitude, even are in bad taste because a man who is guilty will be finished in the good opinion of his friends.
Marriage was seen as a romantic scene for young couples but it was ordinarily for inclination and not for advantages (Mc Kay, 1983: 857). Sexual experimentation before marriage has triumphed as had illegitimacy. Although poverty and economic uncertainty undoubtedly prevented many lover from marrying, there were also many among the poor and propertuless who saw little wrong with having illegimate offspring. The pattern of romantic ideals, premarital sexual activity, and wide spread illegitimacy was firmly established by the mid- century among the urban working class.
C. Theoretical Framework
This thesis focuses on British working class society especially working men. Therefore, to support this analysis the writer needs some data, theories and information. They are needed as the framework to answer the problems that are formulated in the first chapter, besides they can be guidance in understanding this story further.
Many aspects of working people’s living become the main discussion of 19
this analysis, such as individual’s perspectives, the condition of their living, their social relationships and other aspects which are interesting to observe. Those aspects are explored through the formulated problems in the thesis.
The study of Walter Greenwood’s Love on the Dole reveals some aspects of working people’s living as the main focus of this analysis, examples are the daily lives of working people, the way they make their living under hard conditions, their social relationships, and also other aspects which are interesting to explore. Those aspects mentioned above are analyzed through the problems formulations formulated in this thesis.
This analysis based on theory character and characterization and theory of masculinity. The masculinity is employed as a guideline to analyze the character in the novel. The theory of setting is used because there is a close relation between character and setting. Setting has a great influence upon personalities and way of thinking of the characters. Setting is the medium to which the characters respond their perspective, speech, action and thoughts.
The theory of working class is used guidelines to understand the social background of this novel. It is that the selected theories are related to each other to support the analysis of this research. Finally, through analysis is beneficial for the readers and also it is beneficial in knowing the real condition of the working society in the novel. CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
Love on the Dole, the object of the study, is the first novel written by
Walter Greenwood after years of unemployment. Greenwood wrote this novel in
1933. He needed ten years to make his observation by spending his time in the slum area of Salford and also the fingers of the working class movements of the twenties and early thirties (http: //wcml.org.uk/greenwood.html).
Love on the Dole may be belittled because it was written as a novel rather than as a play, but on the evidence of this reading it is one of the most important pieces of drama of the century. Its authenticity is clear. Its characters are real, and their concerns are our concerns (http://wcml.org.uk/greenwood.html). It speaks to people because it paints a picture of life as it is. The setting time of the story happened periodically determine that countless millions of people will be thrown on the dole.
Love on the Dole was printed for the first time in July 1933. This novel was published by Jonathan Cape Ltd. 30 Bedford Square, London and 91
Wellington Street West, Toronto. And it consists of 347 pages and divided into three parts. Love on the Dole may be ignored because it was written as a novel rather than as a play. However, when it was dramatized by Roland Gow and shown at The Garrick Theather Altrincham in 1934. Then, it became a best seller.
This novel tells about the real life that happened in every daily life. Its characters
20 21
are real and this novel speaks to people and it paints a picture of life as it is, telling about countless millions of people will be thrown on the dole
(http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/greenwood.html).
Love on the Dole, yet has its popularity been performed in 1934, and in
1941 John Baxter was interested in transferring the novel into a movie. Love on the Dole is a story about the working class society in the urban area of Northern
England in the 1930s. It portrays the real condition of the working class in the depressed era. This novel can be regarded as a literary document that records the social movement at the time when it was written. The described setting presents the condition of the people.
B. Approach
Love on the Dole is a novel about working class society. It is used to record and criticize the decadent society of the 1930s by showing the condition of working class society. In analysing this novel I used to the sociocultural historical approach because it insists that the only way to locate the real work is in reference to the civilization that produced it (Roghberger, 1971: 9).
The sociocultural historical critics state that civilizations are made up of the attitudes and actions of a specific group of people and point out that literature takes these attitudes and actions as its subject matter. Holman (1986: 304) says that milieu is the political, intellectual, and cultural environment in which an author lives or in which a work is produced. It is important for those critics to observe the milieu since it is useful as the reference in analysing a literary work, 22
in which a work is created and which it necessarily reflects (Roghberger, 1971: 9).
When author decides to take s certain civilization, which means the attitudes and actions of a specific group of people, as the subject matter of his work, it means that his literary work expresses significant ideas about the society he presents. The sociocultural historical critics assert that literature is not created in a vacuum, and that literature expresses significant ideas of the culture that produces it. The sociocultural historical approach takes as its basis some aspects of the sociocultural frame of reference, combining it with an interest in the biographical as well as a knowledge of and interest in literary history
(Roghberger, 1971: 9).
C. Method of the Study
In this thesis, the writer uses two different sources. Primary source is a book, Greenwood’s Love on the Dole. The secondary sources are some books that help the writer to do the analysis as references, such as Edley and Wetherell’s
Men in Perspective, Wellek and Warren’s Theory of Literature, Zweig’s The
British Worker, Abram’s A Glossary of Literary and An Introduction to Fiction by
Robert Stanton and many books that support the writer to do the thesis.
In analyzing the novel, the first step that the writer did was to read the novel, to understand the story, and to identify aspects which were interesting to be analyzed. Then, the writer decided to analyze the character of the novel. At the second step the writer started formulating the problems to establish the topic for the thesis. The third step the writer searched reference data from literary books 23
which were applicable in analyzing the thesis. The writer also used some information to analysis the topics presented. The last step the writer made the conclusion of this study. CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
A. Manliness Seen in the Characters
Being masculine means having the qualities considered as typical of or suitable for a man. That is why it is important for a man to have some qualities.
To have some qualities are considered typical of real man, the men seem having their pride and identity among their society. The established qualities have emerged the concept of manliness. In this thesis of Love on the Dole, some expected qualities will be discussed. The condition of the working class society in
Love on the Dole is interesting to analyze because most of the working class people in this novel are dominated by men. They believe that men must have certain qualities of being men, such as working with gigantic tools or massive machines. Men are considered as real man when they can show themselves by having the qualities of men. They think that a masculine person physically should be ragged. They define manliness by brawn not brain. Every working class men in
Love on the Dole try to identify himself as a masculine person. They want to show to be considered as a masculine person. They do anything to strengthen their manliness such as smoking cigarettes, having a physical job.
The working class people believe that there are two important emblems of manliness. Firstly, they should have his physical appearances such as have strong body, heavy voice, moustache, muscles, and big body, raw and ragged. Secondly, they must have the ability of being independent. They have to free from parent’s support because manliness cannot be seen only from man’s physical appearances.
24 25
Despite they have muscular body and moustache, if they have no money to earn, they are not considered as a masculine man. In Love on the Dole, men cannot be regarded as a masculine person if they lose one of those important things above.
Harry Hardcastle and Ned Narkey are two characters that exist in Love on the Dole. Both of them come from the same background, which is the working class. They live in straitened condition in a slum area in British society where the setting presented in Love on the Dole. Harry Hardcastle is obsessed in having the qualities to be considered as a real man. He does everything to get the stamp of manliness while Ned Narkey has everything to be regarded as a masculine person.
In the following part, we will discuss Harry Hardcastle and Ned Narkey in describing manliness through their characterization.
1. Harry Hardcastle
Harry Hardcastle is a young man who just graduates from schooling
Since he was still at school he works as a part-time clerk at Price and Jones’s pawnshop. He has been working for three years and he is a hard worker.
“Bleak visions both of school classroom and of Price and Jones’s pawnshop where he worked as half-time clerk rose to his mind. He would be writing tickets there from half past six this morning until school time; he would return after school and continue writing pawn tickets until the place closed (p.20).
The condition of his family forces him to get a job. He comes from a poor family and his father works as miner. As a miner, his father can not be able to finance their family with his own salary. That is why Harry goes to work to help their parents. In this case, Harry Hardcastle has been considered as a masculine person.
He has been independent from parent’s support. It is noted that manliness is equal 26
with maturity and it means being independent from parent’s support. He does not realize that he has filled that quality of being a man.
Harry Hardcastle is obsessed in being a masculine person. He moves out from his first job as a clerk at Price and Jones’s pawnshop because it does not reflect a real man job. And he feels ashamed to clerking.
“A spiteful voice in his brain whispered that he was doomed to clerking, reminded him that, even now, he wore the uniform of offices, Eton collar, stud bow and those abominable knickerbockers. He felt ashamed of himself, slunk along by the walls trying to make himself inconspicuous. All these men and boys wore overalls; they weren’t clerks, they were Men, engaged in men’s work. Sullen obstinacy mingled with rebellious separation stirred in his heart. They aint getting me clerking,’ he muttered” (p.24-5).
Harry Harcastle thinks that being a clerk is not a real man’s job. He cannot be a real man if he keeps holding a job as a clerk. That is why he feels ashamed when he sees his friends wearing overalls which reflected that they work at men’s job. Therefore, he decides to resign from clerking. Harry judges to be a masculine man he must be involved in using physical power.
Harry sees that men’s job is working in that big factories with all the plants and machines which need physical power to handle those machines. Those physical jobs cannot be done by the women because women are not considered as strong as men. People such as clerks and choirboys are considered to be
‘feminine’ because in their work, they do not use the physical power which reflects the image of masculine.
To be considered a masculine man, a man must have a job which is also identified as the ‘real work’ of man. It can be found at Marlowe’s. This great industrial company enables to fill the criteria of being ‘real job for real man’ to 27
do. Marlowe’s has many massive and gigantic machines which is identified as the symbol of manliness. That is why Harry Hardcastle tries to apply as a worker at
Marlowe’s. He wants to be identified as a real man. Then, he resigns as soon as he is accepted at Marlowe’s. He feels so glad being accepted.
“What luck! He really was engaged. And in so short a space of time! What would the boys have to say to this? He gazed at the papers in his hand. There was the magic word ‘Indentures!’ And they’d given him a number, 2510”(p.34).
Wearing overalls and boots are the uniforms that have to be wore at
Marlowe’s. Those uniforms are seen as the attributes of ‘men’. Many people are proud whenever they wear uniforms.
“Harry gaze fixed on the pavement, was become acutely self-conscious of the incongruity of his school boy clothes and believed that every girl he passed must be similarly impressed. He felt a fool to be wearing such now that he was a Marlowe’s employee. Why hadn’t he had the foresight to slip on the overalls before he came out of the shop? He then could have walked proud and ashamed in the center of the roadway” (p.67).
After being accepted at Marlowe’s, Harry becomes very proud and it makes a fool of him by wearing boots and overall out of the shop. He cannot express how he feels when he goes to work at Marlowe’s.
Physical appearance also can support in filling the image of manliness.
Men with having big muscles are seen as real men because they have proved themselves as men through their strength. Ned Narkey is the symbol of a real man. He is strong and that is why he can lift a girder, a thing that ordinary men can not do. People often admire his strength that is portrayed through his physique, and it is including Harry Hardcastle.
“There was Ned Narkey, huge fellow with the physique of a Mongolian wrestler. But he wouldn’t, couldn’t ask Ned. There was something about the beefy hulking brute that repelled one; though Harry admired his 28
strength; according to to the boys Ned could life a girder that four ordinary men couldn’t move. But he wasn’t a nice fellow”(p.28).
Ned Narkey’s physique is desirable for some people and he is one of the persons whom Harry has been jealous with. Harry admires Ned’s strength. It makes Harry intimidated when he tries to talk to Ned Narkey, and Harry always avoids himself to be involved in conversation with Ned Narkey.
Harry Hardcastle’s obsession wants to be a strong man. Among the working class people, there exists one concept that only strong muscular men are employed because they have to run heavy machinery. To have strong body and muscles becomes the one of standards among working people to be considered as a masculine man. Persons who seem lack of strong muscular will feel ashamed in front of other people.
That is why Harry really hates his sister, when she mocks him “‘Old
Samson, ‘she said, with a provocative laugh: ‘All muscle.’” (p.22). He always flushes every time his sister reminds him on his miserable muscles.
Finally, Harry clearly sees the real condition that happens to him. He needs to survive to live. He serves for seven years as an apprentice to get nothing.
He is fired at the end of his apprentice time. His dream as an engineer at
Marlowe’s seems not coming true. It is tragic because he has been fired in his very wanted job. He gets a job that reflects a real man job but it cannot last forever. He never realizes these circumstances before. His circumstances bring him to the Unemployment Benefit or Dole, the benefit is given to those who lose their job. Their experienced unemployment has learnt Harry and his friend about the concept of manliness. Manliness is equal with being able to earn money. To 29
afford money the men have to get a job. The muscular men means nothing if they have no a job. When they lose their jobs they have to rely on their parents again.
“They are not men at all, never have been. Even those who moustaches, who were twenty-one years of age, were, from the point of view of money, only overgrown boys, dependent on the support and generosity of their parents”(p.98)
In the beginning, Harry sees that manliness is seen just from the physical appearance, physical job and the place where they have to work. Finally, he finds the different of point of view toward a masculine man. After losing his job as an apprentice in seven years, he is fired. Finally he realizes that a ral man should be dependent on his parents. He feels that it is difficult to be seen as an overgrown boy depend the generosity of his parents. Harry realizes that his poor parent is disable to pay his unemployed life, especially he has been married to Helen. Harry finally understand it is useless to fill the stamp of manliness when he can not finance himself ang his new family.
2. Ned Narkey
Another character in Love on the Dole is Ned Narkey. A young man who has physique of a Mongolian Wrestler “There was Ned Narkey, a huge fellow with the physique of a Mongolian wrestler” (p.28). He is a symbol of a real man; strong and powerful “…according to the boys Ned could lift a girder that four ordinary men couldn’t move” (p.28). Many people admire his strength and he is regarded as a real man because of his physique performance. There is no doubtful he is a masculine person.
Ned Narkey also works at Marlowe’s. He is employed to run the gigantic 30
crane in the foundry because of his physique performance. The place where people like Ned Narkey belongs.
“Steel platforms from which you saw great muscular men dwarfed to insignifance by the vastness of everything: men the size of Ned Narkey who had charge of the gigantic crane” (p. 64-5)
This gives impression of hard work and strength. Ned Narkey is seen as a real man because he can prove himself as a man through his strength. His work is identified with manliness because it is clearly using physical power of man to handle those gigantic machines.
The two important emblems of manliness have belonged to Ned Narkey.
That is why his friends have been jealousy with him. Nobody is doubtful about his manliness. He has everything that working men want to have in getting the stamp of manliness.
Ned Narkey cannot survive longer in the pride of being a masculine person. He is also fired after finishing his contract. With his friends, he comes to find out other job. He ends as an unemployed person
B. The General Society in Love on the Dole
The working class people in this novel actually are proud with the occupation that they have. Many of the working people in Hanky Park, are workers in mills and factories. “Doors were opening and slamming. Men, women, girls and boys were turning out to work” (p.32), from that quotation shows that most people work in factories. In Love on the Dole, the people presented are classified into working class. It is said that the working class people are people 31
who work for wages usually at manual work and mostly they are manual workers in mining and manufacturing. They live on the wages earned by their physical labor. From both quotations, it can be concluded they are regarded as working class because they live in an industrial area. Their livelihood depends on the wages as manual labor.
Among the working class people believe that working at an office is seen as a feminine job. A real man is proud whenever he works at ‘the real work of man’. People feel humiliated by working as clerks and choirboys because in their work, they do not use the physical power which reflects the image of manliness.
“Three years he’d sat in the dark corner of the pledge office writing out millions of pawntickets. Damned in fair handwriting” (p. 21). It is humiliating for men to do a job without the physical power because it belongs to the men. Every physical job needs physical power to do it. Some people believe that physical job cannot be done by women because women are regarded as strong as man. That is why many men in Hanky Park want to work at Marlowe’s, the massive industrial company that has many great and massive machines.
He found himself listening to the bear of the men’s feet again; an entrancing tune, inspiring, eloquent of the great engineering works where rhis army of men were employed. Reverently, he murmured its name; ‘Marlowe’s’ (p. 16). Marlowe’s has an important contribution in creating the accepted concept of manliness which is expressed in the work men do.
Only men work in factories. They used to wear a ‘uniform’, overall and boots, for their work. Those uniforms give men the sense of manliness. People lack if the uniforms they wear are not overall and boots. The uniforms they wear are a symbol of the place where they work. To wear overall and boots mean that 32
the people work at factory. “All these men and boys wore the overall; they aren’t clerk, they are Men, engaged in the men’s work” (p.25).
Actually the real condition of the working class people is hard. They have to get money to afford.
Labour never ending, constant struggles to pay the rent and to buy sufficient food and clothing; not time for anything bright and beautiful. We never see such things. All we see are these grey depressing streets; mile after mile of them; never ending (p. 15).
Working people find themselves as survivor on a depressed life. They work hard to earn money but their wages are just enough to buy food and clothes only. They live in poor circumstances. Due to their condition, many parents let their son work to help their family from the poverty. This condition makes people among the working class to think that a man should have a job. Losing one’s job means having no money to afford. “They are not men at all, never have been. Even those who with moustaches, who were twenty-one years of age, were from the point of money, only overgrown boys dependent on the support and generosity of their parents” (p.98).
Among the society establish a man should be independent as fast as they can. To have strong body or a job at plant are good to strengthen the image of manliness but it is useless when they do not money and then they have to depend on their parents and that mean giving the seriously financial problem among them.
Even the condition of the working class live in a slum area, the men used to show their bad habits. Men among the working class used to visit a pub. It can be so difficult if they are drunk. In the pub, men will show their physical appearance than their intelligence to talk. They talk rudely and deride people who 33
do not work at the factories.
Harry regretted Ned’s muscularity; nobody could can gain-say his striking appearance: either in his workaday apparel or his flashy week-end clothes his figure rendered him conspicuous (p. 31).
The people never feel doubtful the image of Ned Narkey as a masculine person even his attitudes are really annoying. Based on what Ned Narkey has, he is successful to be considered as real man. Many men have been jealousy. The society prefers to accept the brawn and the brain.
The society never assumes their life is not easy even the member of their family work at Marlowe’s. The job does not last forever. Every worker has their own time to be fired. If they are not as strong as the first time they work, they will be fired and then will be replaced by the younger generation. “Ah’m not workin’..Ah’m out o’work.’ Someone else had his place at Marlowe’s and no other firm required him. He was out (p.211). It used to happen in industrial system. Every worker has no bright future. They work to have a salary until they are fired because the age or the power of their physical.
The situation comes to worse when their salary seems not enough. The working class men should work for money. There is choice to pick because the job is difficult to get. Many reasons make people cannot find out the other job.
Firstly, the job is not easy to get. Secondly, there is no job in the same time can make them proud to be a man. The third, there is other job can give the wages as where they work at the factory.
Among the working class men establish an idea that the workers at the factories are ‘engineer’ because they work with machines. “The men they turn out 34
think that they’re engineers same as they do at all the other places, but they’re only machine minders” (p. 63). However, they are only machine minders who just run the machines and only watch them working.
In relating to moral values, working class men don’t live in a strict morality. The subject taboo, such as sexual activity is free to do anywhere. It can be seen among the youths relationship. Many young people are involved in sexual affairs and sexual activity before marriage. It is viewed as something that can freely be done anywhere. Sexual activity is considered as the freedom of them to have relationship with the opposite sex. They had sex either with their lovers or with prostitutes.
“…there were no demonstrations of affection, no embraces, no loving, now. Blimey, a fellow couldn’t help feeling that way. Was it likely that a fellow would permit all the miserable plaguing of sexual impulse if it could be helped? And discussion of the subject was taboo: ‘Oh, all men think about is that!’ ” (p. 234)
It can be said that that some of them are free in area which is considered to be restricted, that is sexual activity especially before marriage.
Parents take responsibility to the moral decline amongst their children. In
Love on the Dole, the parents show their irresponsibility by doing something bad in front of the children. It happens to Tom’s Hare parents. Tom Hare always sees his parents going home with drunken condition. Then, they do have sex after getting drunk in their house. He sees the action because their miserable house can be hidden. This bad example has influenced upon the children’s mental development as seen through Tom Hare. Tom Hare views the girls having a disgraceful position. He treats the girls as the subject for doing prostitution “any 35
tart’ll let y’do what y’ want if y’ve enough money. Aye, any!” (p83). Some working people used to mention their girls ‘tarts’. It has an negative sense which means prostitute. Tom Hare has known about ‘tarts’ . That is why he wants to have money because he can get the girls with him.
Premarital sex is easily be found. The pregnancy before marriage is often happened among the girls. Then, it is a pattern among some of the youth relationship. Working people apply a strict morality. Parents seem having no time to take care of their children. It makes the children are given so much freedom to do something forbidden as sexual intercourse. It is shown from Harry’s father who suggests Harry taking his lover on vacation when Harry wins his bets. It can be seen that Harry’s father gives much freedom to Harry in doing something forbidden because a holiday with lover is implied as permission in having sex. It means that sexual intercourse is seen something acceptable and normally they have experienced in having sex before marriage either with their lovers or prostitutes.
In Love on the Dole, the other bad habits live among the society are drinking and gambling. Their discontented lives drive them into drinking and gambling habits “Money, money, money. The temptation to go drown and misery in drink was, betimes, almost irresistible” (p.125). Many of them go to the public houses for drinking beer. Public house is where the people commit their lives to glasses of drink, can be easily found. To forget the discontented feeling, they get drunk. That is why drinking and gambling cannot be apart from the place because they like to drink in public houses. So that the public houses are comfortable places and sociably acceptable and it is used as a meeting place for some people 36
such as labour to discuss their problems.
Many working people like to lay bets on gambling. Most of them spend their spare time by doing “… smoking, spitting, manfully, chatting wisely on racing and forking out threepence for a communal wisely” (p.75). All of those activities are done to have little fun in their harsh life and one of them is gambling, that is explained by forking out threepence for a communal wisely.
They have to cure their grievance lives through their habits of self relief. It can be understood why those people have such kinds of habits. To cover their desperately feeling, they run to drinking and gambling. However, those habits lead them sinking in unsolved financial problem. There is nothing left but debts.
The serious problem that can not be ignored is their livelihood depends on the pawnshop. It is hard for them to fulfill their foods and buy clothes with their irregular and insufficient wages. There is nothing left from their little wages.
Then, the one thing to survive they have to go to the money lender. They go to the pawnshop, where people can pawn their priceless things for money. They have to depend on loan from the pawnshops or money lenders. There are Price and
Jones’s pawnshop, Sam Grundy the bookmaker and Alderman Ezekiah Grumpole the money lender and proprietor of Samaritan Clothing Club.
Every Friday or Saturday, they would hand over their wages to Mr. Price in return for whatever they had pawned today. And the next Monday they would pawn again whatever they had pawned to-day, paying Mr. Price interest on interest until they were so deep in the mire of debt that not only did Mr. Price own their and their family’s clothes, but, also, the family income as well (p.42).
They get small amount of money at high interest. This condition happens continuously week after week until there is nothing left to pawn or the money to 37
redeem their things anymore. This pawning habit has driven them deeper into poverty.
After having the money from the pawnshop, they spend it on food. They buy the food to Mr. Hulkinston’s grocery shop because in that grocer’s shop they can have foods on credit. This activity is always done in the early morning by women. Every morning Mr. Hulkinston is ready to open his shop and waits for women wearing shawls who come quickly in the raw of morning. They wear their shawls because it is to hide their eyes of being recognized by other people. It is embarrassing to come to grocer’s shop because it is the place for poor people who do not have enough money. In fact, they do such activity because they need to survive. This circumstance brings them putting “masks” on their faces. They pretend to have a good life and accept their condition as normal life.
In the setting of time when this story happens, it takes the time of depression era. It takes British working people who live in a slum industrial area.
It takes the depression era as setting. It is happened about the early 1930s. They come from the working class who live in harsh environment and discontented condition. They have to survive on insufficient and irregular wages. The condition of the society is revealed from the analysis on their social manner such as habits, moral values, and religion and economic. In their poverty condition, it raises the concept of manliness among the society and it is caused from the environment where they live in industrial area.
The number of unemployed people rapidly increases. They are affected by the economic depression, which come from trade unions losing a good deal after the war. And it causes widespread unemployment and poverty. In Love on the 38
Dole, it is presented by the biggest trading company; Marlowe’s cannot go well in cooperating with Russia. So that, the company discharges many workers, as the result, it is the increasingly unemployment.
“Interviewed to-day, the manager of Messrs. Marlowe’s Ltd. Explained to our representatives the possible consuquences of the difficulties placed in the way of trade with Russia by the Government. “We have much work for Russia in hanfd,” the manager stated, “which is being gradually brought to a standstill by the government’s attitude. Their failure to co-operate with us in the direction will mean that we shall have to discharge a good many of our workpeople. It may even mean the closing down of our machine shop altogether as our order books are practically empty but for our contracts with Russia’” (p.246).
In this novel, the government is ruled by National government. They have a seriously problem in keeping pound sterling from the drop of its value. As a result, it influences the salary cuts and insurance fund by increasing contribution and reducing the period of benefit.
For a while he toyed with the idea of what would happen say, were he to be denied the dole altogether under this ‘Means Test’ which Larry Meath had been warning everybody about before the election. Larry had said that if something called the ‘National Government’ went back they would remove many people from the dole altogether. Well, this here National Government had gone back and the bloody swines had already cut the dole from seventeen bob to fifteen (p.236).
Workers who lose their job have to claim public assistance called the
Unemployment Benefit or dole. Therefore, they have to have a test, the Means
Test, to test the family financial condition. If there is a family has working children, or working wife, then, the father of that family does not have right to claim the dole any longer. It is done because they have to reduce the cost the
National Government places the form of aid, known as the “dole”, under the control of a central Unemployment Assistance Board. Many men are unemployed and it decreases the role of men as a bread-winner. 39
The harsh life affects the working people’s religious side in Love on the
Dole. Many people do not pay attention on God or on Church anymore. Their pessimistic life has really influenced the decline of their religious side. They used to think that the only solution for their life is money. As much they have money they will be able to solve their problems of life. They more concentrate on working than going to church for praying. They no longer believe in God as seen from this conversation below.
There’s nowt for the lokes os us t’live for Sal. Nowt. Religion, he? Pah. Ah’ve no patience wi’it No, or me neither,’ muterred Sally, adding, bitterly: ‘Ah’ve patience with’nowt nor nobody, now’”(p.298).
It can be concluded that they prefer to keep working and they can survive then being involved in caring about the religion. They seem not being patience to do concentrate on God. And it makes them dawning into misery and diminishing their faith.
The diminishment of their faith is resulted from the pessimistic feeling.
They do not believe in God because God can not help them out of difficulties.
Working people think that by having money they are able to solve all of their problems. They belong to the discontented living because they have no money.
And it encourages them to work harder.
C. The Concept of Manliness
From the first and the second discussions above it can be concluded that the British working class people have the concept of manliness. Among the working men try to show that they are masculine persons. Most of the people in 40
Hanky Park were involved in working at industrial areas. They worked as manual workers. The worker dominated by men. That is why the working class people convince that there are certain qualities expected in a man. To regard as a real man, the people have a concept that a man physically should have strong body, heavy voice, muscles and moustache. Usually, a man strengthens their image of manliness by smoking cigarette or doing a job that represents a masculine person.
The society forces every man to identify himself in those qualities to be regarded as a masculine man.
The working class people will feel humiliated when they realize they lack the qualities of being a masculine person. Therefore they try identifying in themselves the image of manliness and to fulfill the qualities of being a man.
1. The Occupation
In establishing the image of manliness, the occupation gives a big contribution. Among the society exist that real men have to do real work. A real work in this novel is referring to machines and gigantic tools. Those machines and gigantic tools belong to men. It can be concluded that men’s occupation are something dealing with machines.
In Love on the Dole, most of the people work at factories “Door were opening and slamming. Men, women, girls and boys were turning out to work”
(p.32). Most of people in Hanky Park wake up at 5.30 when Mill and factory’s sirens ring as the signal time “Mill and factory sirens roused him, five thirty” (p.
236). It is described they live closer to industrial area. Based on this situation they are living in the industrialization town. It influences the patterned thinking of 41
society about the occupation. Working people, especially working men, people such as clerks and choirboys are considered to be ‘feminine’ because they used to think the real jobs for men having to use physical power. Being a choir boy, a clerk is something can not be proud of. Being an apprenticeship is more honorable than being a clerk and it makes many young come interested to join in massive company with the gigantic tools. That is perfect place where real work for real men. That is why many young men prefer to work at factory or mills because those places reflect the image of manliness.
Working as machine minders is one of job that is considered as a real work for men. Those working people thinks that they are ‘engineers’ because they do with machines. They never know that they are only machine minders who just run the machines and watch them working “‘The men they turn out think that they’re engineers same as they do at all the other places, but they’re only machine minders’” (p.63). Even they never realize that fact; there is sense of pride being machine minders. Working men can identify themselves with the image of manliness that is working with machines and other gigantic tools.
To be a black smith is seen as a glorious job. Men are employed in this work have to need physical power in the hammering and shaping steel. They believe that physical power belongs to men. And it can be concluded that the job which need physical power is reflected a real job “As though a million boy were running stakes along iron railings simultaneously. Every men stone deaf after a six months’ spell of work here. Phew! But they were men” (p.66). Even every men becomes deaf they are proud of their job.
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2. Workplaces
As explained in the previously, the occupation has a big contribution in establishing the concept of manliness. Some mentioned occupations above are dealing with machines and gigantic tools. The working class men are interested to work with machines and gigantic tools because there is a concept that machines belong to men. By presenting that concept, workplaces such as factory and mills are dominated by men. Those places have big machines and gigantic tools that are considered the image of manliness. There are perfect places where real work for real men.
They talked, intimately and authoritatively in terms of magic; entrancing names such as ‘machine shop’, ‘foundry’, ‘riverting shop’ slipped from their tongues with spell-binding ease. They were men already… (p. 28).
There is sense of proud when they talked about machines. Those words are referring to places where they can work with machines and they seem so authoritatively in that topic. They will be involved in seriously discussion whenever they talk about that topic.
Men seem proud to work in big company which full of machines and heavy tools. It can be seen when many young men want to do at Marlowe’s, the biggest trading company. Marlowe’s is one of workplaces which also give a big contribution in shaping a concept of manliness among Hanky Park’s people.
Marlowe’s company is depicted as an enormous place, filled with many gigantic plant of machinery. This describes an interesting impression of Marlowe’s image.
Marlowe’s’. Marlowe’s, a household word throughout the universe of commerse; textiles, coal, engineering, shipping and home trade; a finger in the pie of them all. And there, majestic, impressive, was the enormous engineering plant itsel; there, in those vast works, the thousands of human pygmies moved 43
in the close confines of their alloted sphere (p.25).
There are many departments of work in Marlowe’s; the foundry, the forge, and the riverting shop. Those places employ many men. It can be seen from the description of the foundry.
The foundry. What a place. Steel platforms from which you saw great muscular men dwarfed to insignificance by the vastness of everything: men the size of Ned Narkey who had charge of the gigantic crane. Fascinated he (Harry) saw the cumorous thing, driven by Ned, unseen, move slowly along its metal: leisurely, its great arm deposited an enormous ladle by the furnace. A pause; a hoarse shout; a starttling glimpse of fire then a rushing, spitting river of flames that was molten metal running out of the furnace’s channel into ladle until it brimmed (p. 64-5).
In the forge, where the metal is shaped, hundred of ten ton hammers, small and large in rows, drop and shape the metal. It is impossible to stand still there.
Blocks of steel are crashing upon the white-hot forging with a shattering BUMP.
Earth shook, tremble beneath the feet. If a person stands within yards of the largest hammers he will be lifted off his feet. It creates a sensation, a tickling of stomach, giddiness. The reverberations of the enormous things of the forge can still be felt outside within three hundred yards of the wall.
In the riverting shop, the din is insufferable. Every man is stone deaf after six months of working at that place, but they are considered to be men already.
The originally condition is portrayed below:
On the walls where the furnaces, each a little smaller than akitchen oven, one every four yards or so; a fire-clay-lined box without a front. They are fed by two pipes, one gas and other compressed air: the air roared, centrifulgally driving the gas in fierce orange-coloured spirals, making white-hot the rivelts lying within. The operatives are adept as jugglers. A pair of of long-handled pincers shot into the furnace; out come a white hot rivet, plump into the rivelt hole; then a steel bar is rammed on the rivet head to hold it secure whilst the riveter, with revolver-like pneumatic riverter, jammed it home, pressed the trigger, and ‘tat-tat-tat-tat.’ Such a 44
row. As through a million boys are running stakes aling iron railing simultaneously (p.66).
From the quotation above it describes the real condition of workplace the riverting shop. Even they become deaf, many people are proud to work at that place. They seem masculine in that place. All of explained places above it can fulfill the image of manliness.
3. Physical Appearances
The image of manliness can be fulfilled from the physical appearances of men. There is a concept that states a masculine person physically should have strong body, heavy voice and moustache. Manliness means having the qualities that are considered typical of or suitable for a man (Longman Dictionary of
English Culture and Language, 1992: 798) and it can be seen from having strong body and muscles. To be considered as a masculine person, a man should have the characteristics of men in general such as being strong.
In one of the departments in Marlowe’s, there are workers whose physically is reflected a masculine person. The workers who works at the foundry are seen masculine persons with their leather aprons “Men, red in front, black behind and trailing long shadows after them; men with leathern aprons, bare, sinewy arms and coloured goggles shading their eyes” (p.65). This gives an impression of hard work and strength which is seen in the foundry with masculine workers. They are seen as real men because they can prove themselves as men through their strength.
The clearly description of having the body is reflected a real man, can be 45
seen from Ned Narkey. His physically reflects a real man and his posture condition convince he is a real man.
There was Ned Narkey, huge fellow with the physique of a Mongolian wrestler. But he wouldn’t, couldn’t ask Ned. There was something about the beefy hulking brute that repelled one; though Harry admired his strength; according to to the boys Ned could life a girder that four ordinary men couldn’t move (p.28).
Having the physique as Ned Narkey is something desirable because they can be regarded as a strong person and it is also giving the image of manliness.
Many of working men try to identify those qualities to be considered as masculine person. Man who seems lacking those qualities will ashamed in front of other people. Therefore, they try to identify in themselves the image of manliness and to fulfill the qualities of a being man.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
This thesis explores Greenwood’s Love on the Dole and it also discusses the characters and the condition of working class society in the novel. From the two discussions above, it also raises one problem that is included to be discussed about, and it is the concept of manliness. The concept of manliness comes from the effect of social condition among them. The problems in previously chapter will be concluded in this chapter.
In the characters analysis, there are two characters being explored. There are Harry Hardcastle and Ned Narkey. Harry Hardcastle presented in the story is a working young man who works in one big factory. He has problems to identify himself as a masculine person. Another character who is interesting to be discussed is Ned Narkey. Ned Narkey’s character is described as the image of manliness. The first character, Harry Hardcastle keeps on trying to have the stamp of manliness because he seems not to fit in the criteria to be considered a masculine person. Another character, Ned Narkey becomes the image of manliness. Through those two characters, the manliness is presented in the novel.
Harry Hardcastle and Ned Narkey are workers at Marlowe’s. The characters are analyzed through Stanton’s theory of character. He explains that there are two kinds of character. They are central character and minor character. In analyzing
Love on the Dole, this theory of character is applied. Harry Hardcastle becomes the central character being analyzed because through his problems in searching
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identity, the manliness will be presented. To support the central character, the minor character is needed. Ned Narkey becomes the minor character, he is a person or an image who Harry Hardcastle wants to be. In the place where Harrry
Hardcastle and Ned Narkey live in the environment is described as a bad condition in industrial area. In Love on the Dole, most of the people do as workers at mills and factories and they present a concept of manliness. The concept of manliness is established because they see from the domination men who work in mills and factories.
The second problem focuses on the society. The society presented here is the working people. The social setting theory is set in this analysis. And this analysis uses Nurgiyantoro’s social setting theory. In this second problem, the analysis discusses on the condition of the working people. The working people in
Love on the Dole live in hopelessness. There is no place to escape even the place can ease their pain. They should survive on insufficient and irregular wages. Their condition as worker seems not enough to buy foods, clothes and pay the rent. This condition leads them to depend on pawning and to be in debts. Weeks to weeks those people come to pawn their things until they have nothing to be pawn.
Money becomes an important thing for those people. They used to think that no money means no life, so that they keep working harder to have a better living.
Even they are paid lower they never stop struggling for money because they need to live. Living in harsh circumstances makes working people live in desperately situation. Therefore, many workers are involved in serious drinking problems. To forget their sadness a while they come to pubs to get drunk. This habit makes 48
them sinking in deeper misery and achieve for a better life. Gambling also becomes the most favorable thing that they do for having fun. Those bad habits are familiar among the society. The next condition that is applied is the condition of occupation. Since this analysis focuses on working class society, the occupation is analyzed. Working society in Love on the Dole comes from people who mostly manual workers with low wages. The workers are presented here most of them are men. The presentation of working men here is analyzed by the place condition where they have to work and the domination of gender who work at workplaces. Factories, mills even mining are identified as men’s authority and it is caused the workers are dominated by men. Those workplaces belong to men because those operational need power of men to run machines or tools. That is why the occupation here is presented to men’s lives. This thesis also points on the social condition, and it is about the sexual permissiveness. It relates to moral values that exist among working people. The fact tells that most of working young people has already experienced sexual activity before marriage with their lover or prostitutes. This problem rises because parents do not care about the development of moral of their children. Even some responsible parents give a bad example. In general conclusion, the working class society has many problems and they must be solved. The environment, workplaces, the salary and also the daily lives have influenced them behaving in decreasing moral values.
In the third problem, this thesis presents the concept of manliness that is established among the society. There are three applied concepts that exist among the working people. First concept is the occupation. The occupation that is 49
reflected the manliness is identified in what they work with. Every man is very proud by working with machines. This fact influences the way of their thinking toward the occupation. In the occupation analysis, there are three occupation are mentioned such as machine-minders, blacksmiths, apprenticeships. All of those occupations are described as a real work for a real man. Beside that, that analysis on occupation also mentions the jobs that are portrayed as jobs are not men such as clerks, choirboys. In the second analysis of manliness’s concept, it is explored about the workplaces. Workplaces also contribute to establish a concept of manliness. There is explained that there are sense of pride when the working people can join Marlowe’s organization because this is a big company which has many departments within. Those departments are glorious workplaces for men because they can run machines and do with gigantic tools. Forge, foundry and riverting shop are workplaces where many working people want to work. Even they are getting deaf in six months of working, they are so proud because they can be regarded as real men. The last analysis on the concept of manliness comes to physical appearance. The physical which reflects the masculine person is by having strong body and portrayed like Ned Narkey, a physique of Mongolian wrestler. Being strong, it can be considered as a real man because men can be identified from the strength.
From the first and the second discussions above it can be concluded that the British working class people have the concept of manliness. Among the working men try to show that they are masculine persons. Most of the people in
Hanky Park were involved in working at industrial areas. They worked as manual 50
workers. The worker dominated by men. That is why the working class people convince that there are certain qualities expected in a man. To regard as a real man, the people have a concept that a man physically should have strong body, heavy voice, muscles and moustache. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. 4th ed. London: Holt Rinehart and Wintons, Inc, 1981.
Edley, Nigel and Margareth Wetherell. Men in Perspective; Practice, Power and Identity. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1995.
Gilmore, D. Manhood in the Making; Cultural Concepts of Masculinity. New Haven: Yale University, 1990.
Gill, Michael. Working Movement Library; Love on the Dole; the 1930s Critical View of Working Class Society. March 2005.
Greenwood, Walter. Love on the Dole; A Tale of Two Cities. 2nd ed. Oxford: Jonathan Cape Ltd, 1933.
Hakken, David and Barbara Andrews. Computing Myths Class Realities: An Ethography of Technology and Working People in Sheffled. London: West Press, 1993.
Herne, L.W. History Guide to British 1886-1956. London: University Tutorial Press, 1966.
Jerome, Beaty. New Worlds of Literature. New York: WW Norton & Company, 1989.
Langland, Elisabeth Society in the Novel. London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
McDonough, Carla J. Masculinity and Performance (from Staging Masculinity. Male Identitity in Contemporary American Drama. February 2005.
McKay, John P. A History of Western Society. 2nd ed. Boston: Houston Mifflin Company, 1983.
Murphy, M.J. Understanding Unseens. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1971.
Nurgiyantoro, Burhan. Teori Pengkajian Fiksi. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada Universitas Press, 1995.
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Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Rohrberger, Mary and Samuel H. Woods, Jr. Reading and Writing about Literature. New York: Random House, Inc, 1971.
Salford University.Walter Greenwood and Love on the Dole. September 25th 2002. November 5th 2005.
Segel, Edward,B. An Essay of Walter Greenwood and His Society in Love on the Dole. November 5th 2005.
Thomson, E.P. The Making of the English Working Class. Hardmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1968.
UK-Britain Between the Wars 1918 to 1945. June 2005.
Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren. Theory of Literature. New York: Harcourt: Brace & World Inc, 1956.
Zweig, Ferdinand. The British Worker. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1952.
APPENDIX 1
The summary of Love on the Dole
Love on the Dole is a novel which presents the story of the social condition that occurred among the working class people. The story begins with the setting of a fiction place, named Hanky Park. Hanky Park is portrayed as a very poor environment. Its place is one of districts in Salford city, the city where is one of the earliest industrial centers in England. It is stated that Hanky Park is located opposite the parish Church of Pendleton, one of many industrial townships comprising the Two Cities. Hanky park is presented as a gloomy place which is depicted as the place where people are born only to live in the spinning wheel of the human circle; born, live, love, marry and die, moreover they have to keep their pride by paying their rent “place where men and women are born, live, love, die and pay preposterous rents for the privilege of calling the grimy houses ‘home’”
(p.15). In their way of lives they have no chance to enjoy things or to do something useful with their lives.
The characters described in the novel are the working people who live in around the 1930s. Since Love on the Dole presents the working class people, there exists one working family who reflects working people live, the Hardcastle family. They come from a poor working class family. The father, Hardcastle works as a miner but his wages is not enough to finance their life. While his wife is not working on money, she is a definitely house-wife. They have two kids, one daughter and one son, Sally and Harry. Both of them can not be selfish and that is why they have worked to help their parent with their wages.
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Sally, the daughter, does as a weaver in Marlowe’s mill, the biggest industrial company in the Two Cities. Harry, the son, works as a clerk in the beginning. Then, he decides to leave the previously job because he feels ashamed of being a clerk. He thinks office work is not regarded man’s work. That occupation is not said to be masculine work. Harry Hardcastle is a young man whose ‘a naïve opinion’ about a factory worker. He always thinks a worker at factory is equal with an ‘engineer’. In fact, a factory worker is the same with a machine minder, a person who only works to operate and to watch the machine running out.
Then, Harry joins to work at Marlowe’s and he becomes an apprentice.
However, he is really glad because he thinks that he will have a bright future by joining at Marlowe’s. He just realizes the fact when he does seven years as an apprentice; he is fired at the end of his apprentice time. He loses his job. Harry feels humiliated, he becomes unemployed.
Harry cannot find out any jobs, and whatever happens to him also happened to all of his friends. Their condition encourages him to collect the unemployment Benefit or Dole. Without thinking their pride anymore, they accept the benefit. It is given to those people who lose the jobs. However, Harry
Hardcastle has been refused the dole. It is caused the Government decides to do a policy, cutting the Unemployment Benefit. The government operates a family
Means Test, which test the family condition. If a family has working children the father does not have the right to claim the dole any longer. Harry can not claim the dole because his father and sister still hold job. 55
Harry’s life is getting worse. He keeps having no job and refused by the dole, then he knows that his lover is pregnant. Helen, his lover asks his responsibility and he takes it and he promises to marry her. His problems are not over yet. When he asks his lover going to his family, his father does give his approval to marry Helen. He argues with his father seriously. Then, he with taking his lover leave home. They rent a room from a kind neighbor, Mrs. Bull. In the following days, Sally also leaves home. The father knows that Sally becomes the mistress of Grundy, a money lender; he thinks that Sally does has disgraced their family. After long conversation, the problems are solved. Finally, the father let
Sally picks her choice. At the end of the story, Harry Hardacastle gets a job at the bus station. He has that job because Sally helped it.
Appendix 2
Biography of Walter Greenwood
Walter Greenwood is one of English novelists. He was born in Ellor
Street in 1903 in the area of Salford. He comes from a poor working class family. His parents encouraged him to escape from the poverty of their family circumstances by educating himself. He grew to love reading books and listening to music.
He went to an elementary education at the local school in
Langworthy Road. However, he left at thirteen because he had to supplement the family income. While he was still at school he also did working as a milkman's lad and then as a pawnbroker's clerk. He then tried as an office boy, a stable boy, a clerk, a packing case maker, a sign writer, a car driver, a warehouseman and a salesman. He never stopped to work earning money for the family. Several times he also experienced being unemployed.
Encouraged by his family, he started writing. He made his own observations of the scenes that he saw. Then, he wrote becoming a novel; it entitled Love on the Dole, his first novel. He did writing Love on the Dole based on his ten years of experiences spent in the slums of Salford and on the fringes of the working class movements of the twenties and early thirties. That is why he enables to describe vividly the reality of the working class condition at this time. Greenwood experienced being a member of the
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working class. He successfully presents the reality of working class life of the 1930s.
Greenwood felt little involvement with his descriptions of the scenes in Love on the Dole about the demonstration. He saw the production processes towards the unemployed demonstration himself as an observer standing on the side-lines watching others taking part. His first novel, Love on the Dole, is his contribution toward the working class literature. He is really concerned with the working class. He tried involved in Labour politics by joining the Labour Party and becoming as a candidate in local elections. But he decided it was not his scene and took himself away to the
Isle of Man to write at least nine more novels in addition to articles, stories and film, radio and television scripts.
In 1934, Greenwood and Roland Gow worked together to perform a play, Love on the Dole on stage, The Garrick Theater. This play was successful and the novel became the best seller. In the same year, the novel was reprinted twice and in 1935, the novel was re-printed four times. It was totally different when the novel was first published.
The Isle of Man became the place where Greenwood spent his rest of his life. The income from the sales was sufficient to allow Greenwood to emigrate in that place. He died on September 1974.