Molecular Electronics and Nano Electronics
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Challenges for Nanomechanics of Biological Systems
NNI Interagency Workshop : Instrumentation and Metrology for Nanotechnology Grand Challenge Workshop National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD Jan 27-29, 2004 Challenges for Nanomechanics of Biological Systems Christine Ortiz, Assistant Professor Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science and Engineering WWW : http://web.mit.edu/cortiz/www/ Biological systems are one of the most difficult classes of materials to study mechanically at the nanoscale.1-3 Their complex multilevel and multicomponent structures (e.g. tissues, cells, proteins) need to be highly purified and characterized with minimal sample preparation damage (if possible, with no polishing and chemical treatments) so as to still give information relevant to in vivo function. Nanomechanical testing can be challenging due to the need for near-physiological conditions (i.e. aqueous salt solutions, ionic strength=0.15M, pH=7.4), the existence of varied 3-dimensional geometries and multiple buried interfaces, and their dynamic and sometimes, extremely soft, fluid-like nature. Following is a summary of a few new areas which I believe represent the most significant new paths in this field. I. Integration of Nanomechanical Testing Methods with Nanoscale Chemical/Structural Characterization Techniques Down to the Single Molecule Level in Near-Phys iological Conditions. One promising example of this is the combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)(Figure 1).4-8 SERS is a higher resolution version of traditional Raman spectroscopy, in which the wavelength and intensity of inelastically scattered light from molecules is measured. These wavelengths are shifted from the incident light by the energies of molecular vibrations and hence, allow for chemical identification and characterization of substances. -
A Brief History of Molecular Electronics
COMMENTARY | FOCUS A brief history of molecular electronics Mark Ratner The field of molecular electronics has been around for more than 40 years, but only recently have some fundamental problems been overcome. It is now time for researchers to move beyond simple descriptions of charge transport and explore the numerous intrinsic features of molecules. he concept of electrons moving conductivity decreased exponentially with Conference by one of the inventors of through single molecules comes layer thickness, therefore revealing electron the STM how to account for the fact Tin two different guises. The first is tunnelling through the organic monolayer. that charge could actually move through electron transfer, which involves a charge In 1974, Arieh Aviram and I published fatty acids containing long, saturated moving from one end of the molecule to the first theoretical discussion of transport hydrocarbon chains. the other1. The second, which is closely through a single molecule8. On reflection The first significant work attempting related but quite distinct, is molecular now, there are some striking features about to measure single-molecule transport charge transport and involves current this work. First, we suggested a very ad came from Mark Reed’s group at Yale passing through a single molecule that is hoc scheme for the actual calculation. University, working in collaboration with strung between electrodes2,3. The two are (This was in fact the beginning of many James Tour’s group, then at the University related because they both attempt -
Engineered Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene for Nanoelectronics And
Engineered Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene for Nanoelectronics and Nanomechanics E. H. Yang Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 07030 ABSTRACT We are exploring nanoelectronic engineering areas based on low dimensional materials, including carbon nanotubes and graphene. Our primary research focus is investigating carbon nanotube and graphene architectures for field emission applications, energy harvesting and sensing. In a second effort, we are developing a high-throughput desktop nanolithography process. Lastly, we are studying nanomechanical actuators and associated nanoscale measurement techniques for re-configurable arrayed nanostructures with applications in antennas, remote detectors, and biomedical nanorobots. The devices we fabricate, assemble, manipulate, and characterize potentially have a wide range of applications including those that emerge as sensors, detectors, system-on-a-chip, system-in-a-package, programmable logic controls, energy storage systems, and all-electronic systems. INTRODUCTION A key attribute of modern warfare is the use of advanced electronics and information technologies. The ability to process, analyze, distribute and act upon information from sensors and other data at very high- speeds has given the US military unparalleled technological superiority and agility in the battlefield. While recent advances in materials and processing methods have led to the development of faster processors and high-speed devices, it is anticipated that future technological breakthroughs in these areas will increasingly be driven by advances in nanoelectronics. A vital enabler in generating significant improvements in nanoelectronics is graphene, a recently discovered nanoelectronic material. The outstanding electrical properties of both carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [1] and graphene [2] make them exceptional candidates for the development of novel electronic devices. -
Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology
Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology Springer Handbooks provide a concise compilation of approved key information on methods of research, general principles, and functional relationships in physi- cal sciences and engineering. The world’s leading experts in the fields of physics and engineer- ing will be assigned by one or several renowned editors to write the chapters comprising each vol- ume. The content is selected by these experts from Springer sources (books, journals, online content) and other systematic and approved recent publications of physical and technical information. The volumes are designed to be useful as readable desk reference books to give a fast and comprehen- sive overview and easy retrieval of essential reliable key information, including tables, graphs, and bibli- ographies. References to extensive sources are provided. HandbookSpringer of Nanotechnology Bharat Bhushan (Ed.) 3rd revised and extended edition With DVD-ROM, 1577 Figures and 127 Tables 123 Editor Professor Bharat Bhushan Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- and Nanotechnology and Biomimetics (NLB2) Ohio State University 201 W. 19th Avenue Columbus, OH 43210-1142 USA ISBN: 978-3-642-02524-2 e-ISBN: 978-3-642-02525-9 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-02525-9 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010921002 c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. -
FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS and DEVICE FABRICATION
FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS and DEVICE FABRICATION by Nurdan Demirci Sankır Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Materials Science and Engineering APPROVED: Richard O. Claus, Chairman Sean Corcoran Guo-Quan Lu Daniel Stilwell Dwight Viehland December 7, 2005 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: flexible electronics, organic electronics, organic semiconductors, electrical conductivity, line patterning, inkjet printing, field effect transistor. Copyright 2005, Nurdan Demirci Sankır FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS and DEVICE FABRICATION by Nurdan Demirci Sankır ABSTRACT This dissertation will outline solution processable materials and fabrication techniques to manufacture flexible electronic devices from them. Conductive ink formulations and inkjet printing of gold and silver on plastic substrates were examined. Line patterning and mask printing methods were also investigated as a means of selective metal deposition on various flexible substrate materials. These solution-based manufacturing methods provided deposition of silver, gold and copper with a controlled spatial resolution and a very high electrical conductivity. All of these procedures not only reduce fabrication cost but also eliminate the time-consuming production steps to make basic electronic circuit components. Solution processable semiconductor materials and their composite films were also studied in this research. Electrically conductive, ductile, thermally and mechanically stable composite films of polyaniline and sulfonated poly (arylene ether sulfone) were introduced. A simple chemical route was followed to prepare composite films. The electrical conductivity of the films was controlled by changing the weight percent of conductive filler. Temperature dependent DC conductivity studies showed that the Mott three dimensional hopping mechanism can be used to explain the conduction mechanism in composite films. -
Molecular and Nano Electronics/Molecular Electronics
NANOSCIENCES AND NANOTECHNOLOGIES - Molecular And Nano-Electronics - Weiping Wu, Yunqi Liu, Daoben Zhu MOLECULAR AND NANO-ELECTRONICS Weiping Wu, Yunqi Liu, Daoben Zhu Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Keywords: nano-electronics, nanofabrication, molecular electronics, molecular conductive wires, molecular switches, molecular rectifier, molecular memories, molecular transistors and circuits, molecular logic and molecular computers, bioelectronics. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Molecular and nano-electronics in general 2.1. The Electrodes 2.2. The Molecules and Nano-Structures as Active Components 2.3. The Molecule–Electrode Interface 3. Approaches to nano-electronics 3.1. Nanofabrication 3.2. Nanomaterial Electronics 3.3. Molecular Electronics 4. Molecular and Nano-devices 4.1. Definition, Development and Challenge of Molecular Devices 4.2. Molecular Conductive Wires 4.3. Molecular Switches 4.4. Molecular Rectifiers 4.5. Molecular Memories 4.6. Molecular Transistors and Circuits 4.7. Molecular Logic and Molecular Computers 4.8. Nano-Structures in Nano-Electronics 4.9. Other Applications, Such as Energy Production and Medical Diagnostics 4.10. Molecularly-Resolved Bioelectronics 5. Summary and perspective Glossary BibliographyUNESCO – EOLSS Biographical Sketches Summary SAMPLE CHAPTERS Molecular and nano-electronics using single molecules or nano-structures as active components are promising technological concepts with fast growing interest. It is the science and technology related to the understanding, design, and -
Scale Effects of Nanomechanical Properties and Deformation Behavior of Au Nanoparticle and Thin Film Using Depth Sensing Nanoindentation
Scale effects of nanomechanical properties and deformation behavior of Au nanoparticle and thin film using depth sensing nanoindentation Dave Maharaj and Bharat Bhushan* Full Research Paper Open Access Address: Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 822–836. Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio-& Nanotechnology and Biomimetics doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.94 (NLBB), The Ohio State University, 201 W.19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1142, USA Received: 14 January 2014 Accepted: 14 May 2014 Email: Published: 11 June 2014 Bharat Bhushan* - [email protected] This article is part of the Thematic Series "Advanced atomic force * Corresponding author microscopy techniques II". Keywords: Guest Editors: T. Glatzel and T. Schimmel gold (Au); Hall–Petch; hardness; nanoindentation; nano-objects © 2014 Maharaj and Bhushan; licensee Beilstein-Institut. License and terms: see end of document. Abstract Nanoscale research of bulk solid surfaces, thin films and micro- and nano-objects has shown that mechanical properties are enhanced at smaller scales. Experimental studies that directly compare local with global deformation are lacking. In this research, spherical Au nanoparticles, 500 nm in diameter and 100 nm thick Au films were selected. Nanoindentation (local deformation) and compression tests (global deformation) were performed with a nanoindenter using a sharp Berkovich tip and a flat punch, respec- tively. Data from nanoindentation studies were compared with bulk to study scale effects. Nanoscale hardness of the film was found to be higher than the nanoparticles with both being higher than bulk. Both nanoparticles and film showed increasing hardness for decreasing penetration depth. For the film, creep and strain rate effects were observed. In comparison of nanoindentation and compression tests, more pop-ins during loading were observed during the nanoindentation of nanoparticles. -
A New Family of Optically Controlled Logic Gates Using Naphthopyran Molecule
International Journal on Organic Electronics (IJOE) Vol.1, No.1, April 2012 A NEW FAMILY OF OPTICALLY CONTROLLED LOGIC GATES USING NAPHTHOPYRAN MOLECULE V.Mugundhan 1 1Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu [email protected] ABSTRACT Microelectronics is predicted to reach its limit in another five to six years. As an alternative substitute, molecular electronics is analysed as an option, owing to its low power consumption and also very less area occupied by it(typically nm2). Conventional molecular electronic structures for molecular computational structures have been presented in the past. Naphthopyran in one potential candidate in creating optically controllable switches due to its bi-stability. It switches between the open ring and closed ring structures effectively when illuminated with light. In this paper, we will theoretically present a family of logic gates which are controlled optically, using Naphthopyran and associated architectures for basic structures such as AND, OR, XOR, Controlled NOT, Half adder and full adders, which are controlled optically. We see this as a step towards achieving the integration of molecular electronics and photonics, and thus, fabrication of IC like circuits employing the above. KEYWORDS Naphthopyran, Azobenzene, Self assembled Monolayers(SAM), Photo-isomerisation, Molecular electronic logic gates(MELG). 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND STUDY Molecular electronics has been investigated as a potential candidate for achieving bottom up fabrication and low power electronics. The attractive feature of this type of materials is that they can self assemble on a substrate. As we go deeper into the subject of molecular electronics, we see a very wide difference from conventional inorganic materials based electronics that is being used in present day electronics. -
Nanotechnology: the Engineer's Frontier
® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Nanotechnology: The Engineer’s Frontier Dr. Anthony F. Laviano [email protected] 310. 524-4145 October 2004 Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. The Vision IEEE Los Angeles Council 14 December 2002 Meeting Crossing the Delaware on 22 December 2002 NANOWorld 21-23 September 2004 Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano 1 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Acceptance of Ideas for Application Innovators First 2.5% Early Adapters Next 13.5% Early Majority Next 34% Late Majority Next 34% Laggards Remaining 16% Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. You may ask me, “What is Nanotechnology?” My answer is this. “Nanotechnology is the collaboration of chemistry, biology, physics, computer, and material sciences integrated with Engineering, Application and Education entering the Universe of Nanoscale. This means science and engineering focused on creating materials, devices, and systems at the atomic and molecular level.” Dialogues for The Cookie Jar by Dr. Anthony F. Laviano Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano 2 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Then Electronics, January 22,1960 Button like Amplifier Now Now and Beyond Palm Airplane Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano 3 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. U.S. Funding Trends Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. -
Array-Based Architecture for Molecular Electronics
Array-Based Architecture for Molecular Electronics Andre´ DeHon Department of Computer Science, 256-80 California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA 91125 [email protected] Microscale NT/NW Abstract Wiring Wiring Advances in our basic scientific understanding at the molecular and atomic level place us on the verge engi- neering designer structures at the molecular scale. This introduces exciting opportunities to design computing sys- Decode tems at what may be the ultimate limits on device size. At this scale, we are faced with new challenges and a new cost OR NOR structure which motivate different computing architectures Decode than we found efficient and appropriate in conventional Decode VLSI. We sketch a basic architecture for molecular elec- Decode tronics based on carbon nanotubes and silicon nanowires which can provide universal logic functionality with all logic and signal restoration operating at the molecular scale. The key properties of this architecture are its mini- Decode malism, defect tolerance, and compatibility with emerging, bottom-up, nanoscale fabrication techniques. The archi- NOR OR Decode tecture further supports micro-to-nanoscale interfacing for Decode communication with conventional integrated circuits and Decode bootstrap loading. Figure 1: Overall Assembly of Functional Nanoarrays 1 Overview 2 Technology We show how to organize the carbon nanotube, sil- icon nanowires, and molecular scale devices which are Wires We can synthesize carbon nanotubes (NT) which now being developed into an operational computing sys- are nanometers in diameter and microns long [6]. We can tem. The molecular-scale wires can be arranged into inter- control the growth and alignment of these nanotubes such connected, crossed arrays with non-volatile switching de- that they can be assembled into parallel rows of conductors vices at their crosspoints; these crossed arrays can func- and layered into arrays [9]. -
“Nanomechanics: Elasticity and Friction in Nano-Objects”
“NanoMechanics : Elasticity and Friction in Nano-Objects” Start Date: August 2006 Applicant: Elisa Riedo Institution: Georgia Institute of Technology PI: Elisa Riedo Address: School of Physics, 837 State St, Atlanta GA 30332-0430Email: [email protected] DOE Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Office of Basic Energy Sciences Mechanical Behavior and Radiation Effects Program DOE Office of Science Program Manager Contact: John S. Vetrano 1. Introduction Nanosheets, nanotubes, nanowires, and nanoparticles are gaining a large interest in the scientific community for their exciting properties, and they hold the potential to become building blocks in integrated nano-electronic and photonic circuits, nano-sensors, batteries electrodes, energy harvesting nano-systems, and nano-electro-mechanical systems (NEMS). While several experiments and theoretical calculations have revealed exciting novel phenomena in these nanostructures, many scientific and technological questions remain open. A fundamental objective guiding the study of nanoscale materials is to understanding what are the new rules governing nanoscale properties and at what extent well-known physical macroscopic laws still apply in the nano-world. The vision of this DoE research program is to understand the mechanical properties of nanoscale materials by exploring new experimental methods and theoretical models at the boundaries between continuum mechanics and atomistic models, with the overarching goal of defining the basic laws of mechanics at the nanoscale. The group of the PI has developed in the last years several studies on the mechanical properties of Carbon nanotubes and oxide nanobelts, more recently the PI and her collaborators have focused their attention on the properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene and MoS2, which are a few-atomic- layer thick films with strong in-plane bonds and weak interactions between the layers. -
Research Article Nanomechanics of Single Crystalline Tungsten Nanowires
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Nanomaterials Volume 2008, Article ID 638947, 9 pages doi:10.1155/2008/638947 Research Article Nanomechanics of Single Crystalline Tungsten Nanowires Volker Cimalla,1 Claus-Christian Rohlig,¨ 1 Jorg¨ Pezoldt,1 Merten Niebelschutz,¨ 1 Oliver Ambacher,1 Klemens Bruckner,¨ 1 Matthias Hein,1 Jochen Weber,2 Srdjan Milenkovic,3 Andrew Jonathan Smith,3 and Achim Walter Hassel3 1 Institut fur¨ Mikro- und Nanotechnologien, Technische Universitat¨ Ilmenau, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Strasse 7, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany 2 Max-Planck-Institut fur¨ Festkorperforschung,¨ HeisenbergStrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany 3 Max-Planck-Institut fur¨ Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237 Dusseldorf,¨ Germany Correspondence should be addressed to Achim Walter Hassel, [email protected] Received 2 September 2007; Accepted 29 January 2008 Recommended by Jun Lou Single crystalline tungsten nanowires were prepared from directionally solidified NiAl-W alloys by a chemical release from the resulting binary phase material. Electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) proves that they are single crystals having identical crys- tallographic orientation. Mechanical investigations such as bending tests, lateral force measurements, and mechanical resonance measurements were performed on 100–300 nm diameter wires. The wires could be either directly employed using micro tweezers, as a singly clamped nanowire or in a doubly clamped nanobridge. The mechanical tests exhibit a surprisingly high flexibility for such a brittle material resulting from the small dimensions. Force displacement measurements on singly clamped W nanowires by an AFM measurement allowed the determination of a Young’s modulus of 332 GPa very close to the bulk value of 355 GPa. Doubly clamped W nanowires were employed as resonant oscillating nanowires in a magnetomotively driven resonator running at 117 kHz.