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Data Recovery Investigations at Bermuda Plantation (38CH314)

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Data Recovery Investigations at Bermuda Plantation (38CH314) Data Recovery Investigations at Bermuda Plantation (38CH314) Charleston County, South Carolina November 2017 Data Recovery Investigations at Bermuda Plantation (38CH314) Charleston County, South Carolina Draft Report November 2017 Prepared for: The SC Ports Authority Charleston, South Carolina Prepared by: Larry James, RPA 989323 Project Archaeologist and Charlie Philips, Historian Under the direction of: Eric Poplin, Ph.D., RPA 12294 Principal Investigator Atlanta • Charleston • Elizabethtown • Jackson • Nashville • Savannah ii Abstract The South Carolina Ports Authority (SPCA) con- tracted Brockington and Associates, Inc., to conduct data recovery investigations at Site 38CH314 located in Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina. Archaeological Site 38CH314 represents the remnants of the former eighteenth through nineteenth century Bermuda Plantation. The site is eligible for the National Regis- ter of Historic Places. SCPA plans to extend Wando River Way south to the site of its new headquarters building on the Wando Welch Terminal. The proj- ect’s area of potential effect includes a right-of-way (ROW) for the extension of Wando River Way through a selected portion of 38CH314. Data re- covery followed the approved Treatment Plan, and complies with the Memorandum of Agreement. The information recovered and documented in this report contributes to the history of the Bermuda Plantation and the wider Wando Neck region, and effectively mitigates the adverse effects of the pro- posed ROW to select portions of 38CH314. SPCA have fulfilled their obligations with respect to the management of this site, and should be allowed to go forward with the proposed development. iii iv Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank several individuals who assisted with this project. First, we would like to thank SPCA for affording us the opportunity to con- duct this investigation at 38CH314. Next, we would like to thank Elizabeth Johnson and her staff of the South Carolina Department of History and Archives for providing assistance and guidance during the planning phases of this project. Special thanks to Edge Solutions, Inc., for the mechanical operations. Lastly, we would like to thank our field crew who exhibited exceptional skills to obtain, process, and complete the data set for this study. Archae- ologists from Brockington’s Atlanta and Charleston offices included Scott Kitchens, Jimmy Lefebre, and James Page. Additionally, Appalachian Archaeol- ogy supplied us with archaeologists to assist with excavations. Jeff Sherard and Jake Wilkerson were responsible for the laboratory analysis. Cristian LaRosa, Inna Moore, and Michael Walsh created the graphics and report layout, while Meagan Brady completed the editing of the final report. v vi Table of Contents Abstract .....................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................v List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ix List of Tables .............................................................................................................................xi 1.0 Introduction .........................................................................................................................1 2.0 Research Design and Methodology ....................................................................................7 2.1 Project Objectives .........................................................................................................7 2.2 Research Design ...........................................................................................................7 2.3 Background Research ...................................................................................................7 2.4 Previous Investigations at 38CH314 .............................................................................8 2.5 Current Field Investigation Methods .............................................................................8 2.5.1 Close Interval Shovel Testing ...............................................................................8 2.5.2 Hand Excavation Units ........................................................................................10 2.5.3 Mechanical Scraping ............................................................................................10 2.5.4 Feature Excavation ...............................................................................................10 2.5.5 Soil Profiles ...........................................................................................................10 2.5.6 Mapping ................................................................................................................10 2.6 Laboratory Methods and Curation ................................................................................10 3.0 Environmental and Cultural Setting .....................................................................................13 3.1 Environmental Setting ...................................................................................................13 3.1.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................13 3.1.2 Geomorphology ....................................................................................................13 3.1.3 Climate..................................................................................................................15 3.1.4 Holocene Changes in the Environment ................................................................15 3.2 Cultural Setting ..............................................................................................................16 3.2.1 The Contact Era ....................................................................................................16 3.2.2 The Post-Contact Era ...........................................................................................17 4.0 Historical Investigation of Bermuda Plantation ...................................................................29 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................29 4.2 Bermuda Town ..............................................................................................................29 4.3 Bermuda Plantation .......................................................................................................31 4.3.1 The Southern Portion of Bermuda Plantation to 1760 .........................................31 4.3.2 The Northern Portion of Bermuda Plantation to 1760 ..........................................36 4.3.3 Bermuda Plantation (1760-1810) ..........................................................................36 4.3.4 The Vennings Family Ownership (1810-1940) ......................................................40 4.3.5 Post Venning Ownership (1940-present) ..............................................................46 vii Table of Contents (continued) 5.0 Archaeological Investigation of Portions of 38CH314 ..........................................................49 5.1 Close-Interval Shovel Testing ........................................................................................49 5.2 Excavation Units ............................................................................................................53 5.3 Mechanical Scraping and Feature Excavation ..............................................................62 5.3.1 Scrapes 1-4 Results .............................................................................................63 5.3.2 Cultural Features ..................................................................................................65 5.4 Excavation Summary .....................................................................................................65 6.0 Analyses of the Artifact Assemblage ...................................................................................71 6.1 Historic Artifact Assemblage Diversity and Function (South Inventory) ........................71 6.1.1 Kitchen Group.......................................................................................................73 6.1.2 Architecture Group ...............................................................................................81 6.1.3 Tobacco Group ....................................................................................................82 6.1.4 Activities, Arms, Clothing, and Personal Groups .................................................82 6.2 Mean Ceramic Dates (MCD) and Interpretable Occupation Ranges (IOR)....................82 7.0 Interpretations and Discussions ..........................................................................................89 7.1 Addressing the Research Design ..................................................................................89 8.0 Summary of the Data Recovery Investigation and Management Recommendations ........95 References Cited .......................................................................................................................97 Appendix A - Artifact Catalog Appendix B - Portion of the 1900 US Census Appendix C - SHPO Correspondence viii List of Figures Figure 1.1 The location of 38CH314 and the permit
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