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Forest Industry Restructuring and Emerging Forest Tenures in Deschutes and Klamath Counties, Oregon

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Forest Industry Restructuring and Emerging Forest Tenures in Deschutes and Klamath Counties, Oregon AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Erin Clover Kelly for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Forest Resources presented on March 8, 2010. Title: Forest Industry Restructuring and Emerging Forest Tenures in Deschutes and Klamath Counties, Oregon. Abstract approved: _____________________________________________________________________ John C. Bliss Abstract: Since the 1980s, industrial forest restructuring has resulted in the divestment of industrial timberlands across the U.S. Emerging tenures have benefited from the divestment, including conservation-based tenures that manage for multiple objectives such as restoration, recreation access, and forest and habitat contiguity. Deschutes and Klamath Counties, Oregon, have three proposed conservation tenures: a community forest, a state forest, and a tribal forest. The community forest would be the first of its kind in the state, a large, land trust-owned forest at the edge of a rapidly-growing city. The state forest, geographically more isolated, would be the first state-owned forest in Oregon in 60 years. The tribal forest, also geographically isolated, would return former reservation land to the Klamath Tribes, which were terminated in 1954. All three forest ownership opportunities were created through opportunistic risk-taking, the leverage of political and human capitals, social networks, strong leadership, and land availability as a result of industrial forest restructuring. This case study research used multiple methods, including interviews and document analysis, to explore the forests‘ unique histories, and draws lessons about changing community capacities, forest management, and forest governance and under these emerging tenures. ©Copyright by Erin Clover Kelly March 8, 2010 All Rights Reserved Forest Industry Restructuring and Emerging Forest Tenures in Deschutes and Klamath Counties, Oregon by Erin Clover Kelly A DISSERTATION submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Presented March 8, 2010 Commencement June 2010 Doctor of Philosophy dissertation of Erin Clover Kelly presented on March 8, 2010. APPROVED: Major Professor, representing Forest Resources Head of the Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management Dean of the Graduate School I understand that my dissertation will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my dissertation to any reader upon request. Erin Clover Kelly, Author ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank all my funding sources throughout my graduate work, especially the College of Forestry, the Starker and Hoener families, and the Sustainable Rural Communities Initiative at Oregon State University. Thanks also to Andrew Youngblood and Doug Maguire for letting me stay at the Pringle Falls Experimental Research Forest for the summers of 2008 and 2009. What an incredible place. My major professor, John Bliss, has been enormously supportive of my research and I cannot possibly thank him enough. Other committee members, Hannah Gosnell, Kate MacTavish, Roger Hammer, and Kevin Boston, have all been very helpful. I would especially like to thank Hannah for all the very interesting discussions and for helping me with research about the Mazama. Thanks also to all the reference librarians who led me to old, dusty papers filed away long ago. I especially appreciate the help of Anne Hiller at the Shaw Historical Library at Oregon Institute of Technology. All the ladies and gentlemen at the Deschutes Historical Museum were encouraging, fascinating, and knowledgeable, and they helped to make the museum my home away from home. Of course, thanks to my family and friends. You know who you are. CONTRIBUTION OF AUTHORS Dr. Bliss assisted with the writing of all three papers. Dr. Gosnell assisted with data collection for the third manuscript. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 Methods ...................................................................................................................... 2 Case study research ................................................................................................ 2 Interviews and meetings ......................................................................................... 4 Timberland ownership database ............................................................................. 7 Document analysis ................................................................................................. 7 Format of the Dissertation .......................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2: Restructuring Forest Industry, Restructuring the Countryside ................... 11 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 12 Financialization and timberland as a financial asset ................................................ 17 Shifting corporate structures ................................................................................ 22 The forested landscape: from production to consumption ....................................... 26 Timberland trajectories ........................................................................................ 29 Discussion ................................................................................................................ 34 Chapter 3: From Tree Farm to Forest: Tenure Change and Rural Restructuring in Central Oregon ............................................................................................................. 42 Introduction and Literature Review ......................................................................... 43 Rural restructuring ............................................................................................... 44 Community capacity and resilience ..................................................................... 47 Methods ................................................................................................................ 48 The ―Bend Situation‖ ............................................................................................... 48 The Boom of Industry .......................................................................................... 49 The Limits of Industry ......................................................................................... 53 Timberland as an investment: Modern day cut and run ....................................... 54 Conservation Ownerships: The Skyline and the Gilchrist ....................................... 57 Bend and the Geography of a Community Forest ................................................ 57 House Bill 2729: The Creation of the Community Forest Authority .................. 59 Fidelity‘s Takeover and the Development Proposal ............................................ 60 Bringing in the ODF: the proposal for a new state forest .................................... 62 House Bills 2228 and 2216: The Expanded Skyline ............................................ 63 Discussion ................................................................................................................ 64 The rural transition ............................................................................................... 64 The Rise of Land Trusts ....................................................................................... 66 Opportunities for Public Ownerships ................................................................... 67 Ecological and Social Restoration ....................................................................... 68 Chapter 4: The Mazama Returns: Conflict and Collaboration in Tribal Land Reacquisition ................................................................................................................ 75 Displacement ............................................................................................................ 78 Reallocation of tribal resources ................................................................................ 82 Conflict in the Klamath Basin .................................................................................. 85 Collaboration and decentralization .......................................................................... 88 The Mazama Returns ............................................................................................... 91 Reflections................................................................................................................ 93 Decentralization ................................................................................................... 95 The future of the Mazama forest .......................................................................... 96 Chapter 5: Conclusions .............................................................................................. 106 Study limitations .................................................................................................... 108 Rural restructuring ................................................................................................. 109 Forest management and challenges for forest restoration ...................................... 111 Forest management: who will participate? ............................................................ 113 Forest capacities ....................................................................................................
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