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Status of Transgender: Indian Perspective

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Status of Transgender: Indian Perspective Legal Messenger 1 Volume 1 | Issue 2 | ISSN-2456- 110X STATUS OF TRANSGENDER: INDIAN PERSPECTIVE Roshni Prajapati* Introduction: While greatest epics find mention of Trans genders, India is still in its infancy period. Though India has made considerable progress on Rights of Transgender people in recent years, most remain socially marginalized and deprived of basic Rights. Members of the third gender have played a prominent role in Indian Culture and were once treated with great respect. They find mention in the ancient Hindu scriptures and were written about in the greatest epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. Transgender is a broad term used to describe those whose gender identity or gender expression is in some sense different from or transgresses social norms for their assigned birth sex. Transgender may include those who identify as being Transsexual, Cross dress, Androgy, Bi- gender, No-gender or Multi-gender, Gender queer, and a growing number of people who do not identify as belonging to any gender category at all. Gender is a human social system of differentiation by sex for roles, behavior characteristics, appearance and identities (e.g., man or woman) which maps cultural meanings and norms about both sex and gender onto human bodies. Everyone has an internal sense of their gender and this sense is called “gender identity”. Most people’s gender identity is congruent with their assigned sex, but many people experience their gender identity to be discordant with their natal sex. Meaning . (narrowly) Having a gender which is different from one’s natal sex being assigned male at birth but having a female gender or vice versa. (broadly) Not identifying with culturally conventional gender roles and categories of male or female; having changed genders identify from male to female or female to male, or identifying with elements of both, or having sense other gender identity. Transgender people are colloquially known as Eunuchs, Hijras, Kinnar, Jogtas, Jogappas, Khusras, Aravani, Kothis, Shiv-Shakthis. In Tamil Nadu Hijras are known as Aravani means ‘person who Legal Messenger 2 Volume 1 | Issue 2 | ISSN-2456- 110X worship lord Aravani’. The story of lord Aravan is mentioned in the great epic Mahabharata. The difference between Hijra and Aravani people observed is that of cultural difference. Biological Status i. Biological Reason Transsexuals or Transgender people who live or wish to live full time as members of the gender opposite to their birth sex. Biological females who wish to live and be recognized as men are called Female-to-Male (FTM) transsexuals or transsexual men. Biological males who wish to live and be recognized as women are called Male-to-Female (MTF). Transsexuals usually seek medical interventions such as hormones and surgery to make their bodies as congruent as possible with their preferred gender. The process of transition from one gender to the other is called SEX REASSINGMENT or GENDER REASSIGNMENT. Biologist tells us that sex is a complicated matter, much more complex than what we may have been taught in school. A person has XX chromosomes is generally considered female, while a person with XY chromosomes is generally considered male. However, there are also people who have XXY, XYY and other variations of chromosomes. These genetic differences may or may not be visibly apparent or known to the person. Some people are born with XY chromosomes but are unable to respond to testosterone and therefore develop bodies with a vagina and breast rather than a penis and testes. A variation in gender may just be part of the natural order and there are more varieties than we generally realize. People with biological difference in gender may be considered intersex; they may or may not identify as Transgender. There are medical theories about why people are transgender. Some speculate that fluctuations or imbalances in hormones or the use of certain medications during pregnancy may cause intersex or transgender conditions. Then there are people who feel that everyone has a right to choose whatever gender presentation feels best to that individual. People should have freedom t6o express themselves in whatever way is right for them. Sex and gender are complex issues. A huge variety of factors are at work in making each individual the person that they are and there is no one reason that causes people to be transgender. Trans people are part of the variety that makes up the human community. The doctors usually prescribe a SEXUAL REASSIGNMENT SURGERY (SRS) which currently resorts the hormone therapy and surgical reconstruction and may include electrolysis; speech therapy and counselling. Surgical construction Legal Messenger 3 Volume 1 | Issue 2 | ISSN-2456- 110X could include the removal of male sex organs and the construction of female ones. Due to alleged legal ambiguity of the procedure Indian transgender do not have access to save medical facilities for SRS. ii. Health Problems This explored the impact of discrimination and stigma on health care access for rural and urban transgender individuals. Maximum respondents do suffer from various illnesses such as blood pressure, diabetic, headache, joint pain etc. Some of them have AIDS and STD (sexually transmitted disease). They generally suffer illnesses like knee pain (mainly caused due to strenuous walking and climbing during begging whether in trains or shops), cold, flu, typhoid, malaria, skin allergy, stomach pain, acidity, piles, herpes and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI). Those who suffered herpes and STI infections also did not reveal their HIV status. There is need for social acceptance of transgender group. Many Hijras do not like to go to Government hospitals or any other health care sectors. For instances, there is no space available for them, say in hospital wards. The authorities do not admit them in women’s ward because women do not feel comfortable or free in their presence and in men’s ward they face sexual abuse. Some special issues are following: . Hijras feel that health care provider’s attitudes and behavior towards them belie a lack of personal respect and believe that their health care is compromised as a result; . Transition health care is impeded by physicians and health insurance companies who do not recognize gender transition as medically necessary; . Anti-Trans discrimination in both rural and urban communities leads Trans individuals to expect similar treatment from health care providers; . They prioritized the need to increase the number of health care professionals who are well educated on Transgender people’s health concerns, and the importance of advocacy and social support in facilitating health care access. Medical education and other professional health care training must be improved to address health care needs of Transgender individuals. Health research is lacking in key areas of Transgender health, including the implementation of a medical curriculum that successfully incorporates Transgender health care and inadequate funding opportunities for Transgender health research. Legal Messenger 4 Volume 1 | Issue 2 | ISSN-2456- 110X Finally, Anti-Trans attitudes of health care providers can and should be addressed from within the health care profession through education, community advocacy for Transgender Rights, and the passage of Trans-inclusive Anti-discrimination laws. Historical Background i. Ancient period1 Transgender got a strong historical presence in our country in the Hindu mythology and other religious texts. The concept of Tritiya Prakrti on “napunsaka” has also been an integral part of Vedic and Puranic literatures. The word “napunsaka” has been used to denote absence of procreative capability. Lord Rama in the epic Ramayana, was leaving for the forest upon being banished from the kingdom for 14 years, turns around to his followers and asks all the ‘men and women’ to return to the city. Among his followers the Hijras alone did not feel bound by this direction and decided to stay with him. Impressed with their devotion, Rama sanctioned them power to confer blessings on the people on auspicious occasions like child birth and marriage and also at inaugural functions. It is believed set the stage for the custom of badhai in which Hijras sing, dance and confer blessings. Aravan the son of Arjuna and Nagakanya in Mahabharata offers to be sacrificed to Goddess Kali to ensure the victory of the Pandavs in the Kurukshetra war, the only condition that he made was to spend the last night of his life in matrimony. Since no women was willing to marry one who has doomed to be killed, Krishna assumes that form of a beautiful woman called Mohini and marries him. The Hijras of Tamil Nadu consider Aravan their progenitor and call themselves Aravanis. The Hijra community in India, which has a recorded history of more than 4,000 years, was considered to have special powers because of its third gender status. It was part of a well established ‘Eunuch Culture’ in many societies especially in West Asia and its members held sanctioned positions in Royal Courts. ii. Medieval period2 Hijras played a famous role in the Royal Courts of the Islamic World particularly in the Ottoman Empires and the Mughal rule in the Medieval India. They rose to well - know positions as political 1 http://www.trp.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/ARSS-Vol.4-No.1-Jan-June-2015-pp.17-19.pdf 2 http://www.trp.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/ARSS-Vol.4-No.1-Jan-June-2015-pp.17-19.pdf Legal Messenger 5 Volume 1 | Issue 2 | ISSN-2456- 110X advisors, administrator generals as well as guardians of the harems. Hijras were consider clever, trustworthy and friendly, loyal and had free access to all spaces and sections of population thereby playing a crucial role in the politics of empire building in the Mughal Era. The Hijras also occupied high positions in the Islamic religious institutions, especially in guarding the holy places of the Mecca and Madina the person of the trust, they were able to influence state decision and also received large amount of money to have been closest to kings and Queens.
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