Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19605-6 — Boundaries of Belonging Sarah Ansari , William Gould Index More Information

Home , Begum Akhtar, Criminal Tribes Act, Firozabad (Karachi), Swaraj Bhavan

Index

18th Amendment, 280 All-India Muslim Ladies’ Conference, 183 All-India Radio, 159 Aam Aadmi (Ordinary Man) Party, 273 All-India Refugee Association, 87–88 abducted women, 1–2, 12, 202, 204, 206 All-India Refugee Conference, 88 abwab, 251 All-India Save the Children Committee, Acid Control and Acid Crime Prevention 200–201 Act, 2011, 279 All-India Scheduled Castes Federation, 241 Adityanath, Yogi, 281 All-India Women’s Conference, 183–185, adivasis, 9, 200, 239, 261, 263, 266–267, 190–191, 193–202 286 All-India Women’s Food Council, 128 Administration of Evacuee Property Act, All-Pakistan Barbers’ Association, 120 1950, 93 All-Pakistan Confederation of Labour, 256 Administration of Evacuee Property All-Pakistan Joint Refugees Council, 78 Amendment Bill, 1952, 93 All-Pakistan Minorities Alliance, 269 Administration of Evacuee Property Bill, All-Pakistan Women’s Association 1950, 230 (APWA), 121, 202–203, 208–210, administrative ofﬁcers, 47, 49–50, 69, 101, 212, 214, 218, 276 122, 173, 176, 196, 237, 252 Alwa, Arshia, 215 suspicions surrounding, 99–101 Ambedkar, B.R., 159, 185, 198, 240, 246, afﬁrmative action, 265 257, 262, 267 Aga Khan, 212 Anandpur Sahib, 1–2 Agra, 128, 187, 233 Andhra Pradesh, 161, 195 Ahmad, Iqbal, 233 Anjuman Muhajir Khawateen, 218 Ahmad, Maulana Bashir, 233 Anjuman-i Khawateen-i Islam, 183 Ahmadis, 210, 268 Anjuman-i Tahafuuz Huqooq-i Niswan, Ahmed, Begum Anwar Ghulam, 212–213, 216 215, 220 Anjuman-i-Taraqqi-i-Urdu, 214 Ahmed, Mujahid Saghir, 211 anti-corruption, 117, 123–125, 127, 260 Ahmed, Mujahid Saghir Ahmed, 211 Aram Bagh, 207, 210 Ahmedabad, 267 archives, 19 Akhtar, Raja Jehangir, 274 army, Pakistan, 25, 68, 155, 220 Alam, Manzar, 52 Arya Samaj, 90 Ali, Begum Chaudhry Mohammad, Asghar, Begum Jalil, 217 214–215 Asha Parivar, 273 Ali, Chaudhry Mohammad, 152 Association for Moral and Social Hygiene, Aligarh, 6, 28, 100, 232, 235 193 Allahabad, 6, 27, 29, 52, 77, 96, 115, 194, austerity, 106, 110–111, 220 200–201, 266 Awami League, 218 All-India Conference of the Association of Awami League Women’s Committee, 218 Moral and Social Hygiene, 193 Azad, Jagannath, 55 All-India Congress Committee, 42, 125 Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam, 32 All-India Harijan Sevak Sangh, 241 Azamgarh, 115

308

Index 309

Babar, Najma, 277 Bombay, 5, 27, 33, 35, 45, 55, 63, 71, Backward and Minority Castes Employees 90, 100, 110, 123, 157, 161, 194, Federation, 266 200–201, 227, 238 ‘Backward Classes’ (BCs), 265 Bombay Mahila Sangh, 200 Backward Classes Commission, 1953, Bombay Presidency, 6 265 bonded labour, 270 Bahraich, 28, 33 Bowles, Chester, 160 Bahruddin, Agha, 174 British Commonwealth, 146–147 Bahujan Samaj Party, 266 British High Commission, 37, 61 Bajrange, Dakxin Chhara, 267 British Pathé, 37 Bakhsh, Pir Ilahi, 91, 125, 247 Budaun, 84 Bal, Mrs. Durga, 165 Budhan Theatre, 267 Banaras, 6, 33, 232 Burney, Ansar, 274 Banerji, Purnima, 201–202 Butt, Begum Wilayat, 207 Bangladesh, 268, 282–283 Bannerji, Purnima, 233 Cabinet Mission, 1946, 3 Bar Association, UP, 126 Calcutta, 5, 26, 74, 106, 123, 135, 177 Bara Banki, 28 cemeteries, 63 Bareilly, 115, 232, 235 census, 75, 138, 168–171, 225 Barisal, 231 Census Commissioner, Pakistan, 169 Basic Democrats, 279 Central Board of Film Censors, 193 Basic Principles Committtee, 1949, Central Legislative Assembly, 181, 186 150–151 Central Provinces, 197 batai, 228 Chagla, Ahmed G., 56 begar, 243 Chakravarty, R, 227 Begum, Fatimah, 208–209, 217 Chand, Puran, 242 Begum, Hajrah, 181, 194 Chand, Sudham, 269 Bengal, 7–8, 49, 51, 71, 77, 110, 119, 122, Chandra, C.N., 83–84 160–162, 175, 285 Chatterji, Shrichandra, 227 Bengal Famine, 1943, 108–109 Chattopadhyaya, S.C., 152 Bengali language, 51 Chaudhry, IIftikhar Muhammad, 274 Besant, Annie, 183 Chief Election Commissioner, 157 Bhangar Hari Sangat, 272 child marriage, 182–183 Bharatiya Dalit Panthers, 266 Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929, 183 Bharatiya Janata Party, 260, 262, 281 children, 200–201 Bhargava, K.P., 99 China, 44 Bhargava, Mrs Sharda, 165 Chipko movement, 272, 278 Bhatti, Shahbaz, 269 Chittagong, 122, 169, 231 Bhutan, 44 Christians, 54, 224, 228, 250 Bhutto, Mumtaz Ali, 282 Chundrigar, I.I., 217 Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 141, 268, 279 Citizens’ Self Help Leagues, 201–202 Bi Amman, 183 citizenship, 2, 9–10, 16–18, 24, 66, 70, 80, Bibi, Asia, 269 101–102, 136–137, 152, 156, 166, ‘Big Begums’, 208, 217, 222 168, 182, 206–207, 210, 212, 219, Bihar, 126, 162 222–224, 239, 259, 263, 265, 284–288 Bijnor, 91 Civil and Military Gazette (Karachi), 60 Bint-i-Pakistan, 208–209 civil servants. See administrative officers Black Coat Protests. See Lawyers’ Civil Services (Classification, Control and Movement Appeal) Rules (India), 124 blackmarketeering, 62, 110, 121, 126–127, Civil Services (Prevention of Corruption 161, 201, 287 Rules, 1953 (Pakistan), 127 blasphemy, 268–269 civil supply, 115 Bogra, Begum Hamida, 214 Class IV Employees Association, 240 Bogra, Mohammad Ali, 58, 60, 143, 152, Collector. See administrative officers 175, 212–213, 215 communal representation, 186

310 Index

communal violence, 78, 168, 226, 231–235, decolonization, 11, 34, 69 257 decontrol, 109–110 Communist Party of India, 159, 161–162 Dehra Dun, 52, 74, 99, 117, 192–193 Communist Party of West Pakistan, 254 Delhi, 5, 7, 9, 23–24, 26–27, 29–30, 32, 35, Congress Party, 6, 29, 32, 36–37, 42, 37, 39, 48, 54, 61–62, 65, 69–70, 49–50, 54, 62, 68, 91, 125, 143, 157, 72–73, 79, 82, 84, 86, 88–89, 91, 107, 159–162, 181, 188, 239, 246, 109, 115, 123, 131, 147, 192, 194, 262–263, 273 200, 225–226, 228, 230, 235, 244, women, 190–191 262, 264, 303 Congress Seva Dal, 33 Chandni Chowk, 79 Congress Sewika Dal, 198 Delhi Mahila Samaj, 198 Congress system, 179 ‘Deliverance Day’,52 Constituent Assembly Denotified Tribes Rights Action Group, female membership, 211 267 India, 7, 28, 34, 51, 54–55, 104, 133, ‘denotified’ (ex-Criminal) tribes, 239 135, 139–140, 142, 145, 156, 198 Dentists’ Bills, 1953, 191 Pakistan, 43, 50, 58, 124, 132, 139–140, ‘Depressed Class’. See Dalits 148–150, 152–153, 176, 205–206, ‘Depressed Classes’. See Dalits 211, 216, 218–219, 227, 238, 247 Depressed Classes League, 241 Constitution, 280–281, 287–288 Deshpande, V.G., 93 Brazil, 17 Devi, Ganesh, 267 India, 3, 17, 34–35, 80, 83, 140–147, Devi, Mahasveta, 267 152, 156, 165, 191, 195, 223, 240, Dhaka, 60, 169, 231 243, 257, 262–265, 281, 286 Dharma Chakra,54 Pakistan, 3, 17, 57, 141, 153–155, 177, Dharwar Mahamila Mandal, 200 216–218, 220, 223, 279 differentiated citizenship, 17–18 women, 17 Directive Principles of State Policy, 17, 276 constitution-making, 137–155 Director of Cottage Industries, 95 corruption, 9, 43, 47, 53, 68, 83–84, 91, 96, Director of Resettlement and Employment, 106, 114–118, 122–129, 143, 163– UP, 77 164, 179, 201, 245, 254, 260, 272–275 disability rights, 278 Muslim migrants from UP, 98–100 District Jatava Conference, 241 courts, 93, 107, 124 District Magistrate. See administrative Cousins, Margaret, 183 officers ‘Criminal Tribes’, 21, 246–250 District Refugee Officers, 75 Criminal Tribes Act, 246 District Supply Officers, 113, 115, 163 Criminal Tribes Enquiry Committee Divorce of Judicial Separation 1956, 191 Report, 244 dowry deaths, 277 currency, 45–47, 130–131 Drugs and Cosmetics Bill, 1954, 191 Custodian of Evacuee Property, Sindh, 229 Dutta, B.N., 227 Custodian of Evacuee Property, UP, 83 East and West Punjab Evacuee Property Dalits, 21, 224, 239, 243, 246, 257, 261, (Preservation) Ordinances, 1947, 225 266–267, 269–270 East Bengal, 25, 127, 224, 231–232, 234 Pakistan, 270–271 East Bengal Electoral Offences Ordinances, Damodar Valley Scheme, 61 1954, 176 dams, 61 East Bengal Legislative Assembly, 60 Dantyagi, V.D., 83 East Pakistan, 8, 180, 224, 231, 246, Das, Seth Govind, 90 282–283 Daultana, Mian Mumtaz, 172 Economic Rehabilitation Bill, 1948, 96 Dawn (Karachi), 40–41, 56, 91, 106, eid festivals, 58–59 119–120, 128, 132, 149–150, ‘Ek Kash Ki Kahani’ (A Story of A Puff ), 35 152–154, 204–205, 211, 230, 234, elections, 20, 138 249, 252 1945-6, 43 Declaration of the Rights of Man (France), 17 corruption, 160–161

Index 311

East Bengal, 1954, 175–177 death of, 26–28, 150 electoral rolls, 156–157, 167–168 funeral, 28–32 India, 42, 60, 246 legacy, 42 India, 1951-52, 142, 156–165, 179 Ganga Prasad Memorial Hall, Lucknow, India, 1957, 180, 191 234 Karachi Municipal Corporation, 1958, Ganges, 29 177–178 Gautam, Khan Chand, 162 Pakistan, 119, 165–167, 262, 279, 283 Ghosh, Molina, 194 Sindh Legislative Assembly, 173–174 Ghosh, Profulla Chandra, 32 voter registration, 166 Gidwani, Choitram P., 87–88 West Punjab Legislative Assembly, Goel, J.N., 84 172–173 Goonda Act, 210–211 women, 186 goondas, 210 Electoral Reform Commission Report, Gorakhpur, 48, 91 Pakistan, 173 Gordon-Walker, Patrick, 142 Equal Pay for Equal Work, 1956-57191 Government of India Act, 1935, 3, 7, 138, Etawah, 164 151, 153, 156, 177, 186–188 ethnic tensions, 282–284 government servants. See administrative evacuee property, 71, 80, 82–85, 88, officers 92–101, 105–106, 146, 192, 224–226, Government Servants’ Conduct Rules, UP, 230, 287 125 Karachi Agreement, 1949, 94 Grand Trunk Road, 71 recovery, 236–237 Gupta, C.B., 108 Evacuee Property Act, 236 Gwalior, 33 Evacuee Property Custodian, 95 Evacuee Property Ordinance, India, Habibullah, Begum, 233 82, 88, 94 Hafiz, Begum Abdul, 216 everyday state, 15–16, 107 Haig, Harry, 188 ex-‘Criminal Tribes’, 244 Halwais’ (Sweetmakers) Association, 163 Hameed, Dr Abdul, 233 Faiz, Faiz Ahmed, 256 Hamidullah, Zeb-un-Nissa, 67, 128–129, Faridi, Begum Tazeem, 221 205–206, 210–211, 213 Fatehpur, 28 Haq, Fazlul, 176 Fazlullah, Kazi, 235 Haq, General Zia ul, 268, 276–279 Federation of University Women in India, Hardoi, 28 200 ‘Hardoi Incident’, 163 feminism, 184–185 Hardwar, 74 Firozabad, 79 harep, 256 First World War, 5 Hari Committee of Enquiry, 251–253 flooding, 167 haris, 224, 239, 250–256, 271 food and civil supply, 20, 47, 92, 106, 114, Hari-Zamindar Conference, 1949, 255 179, 258, 285 Haroon, Begum, 216 Food Grains Control Act, 132 Haroon, Yusuf, 52, 254 Foreign and Commonwealth Office, UK, Hazare, Anna, 273 146 Hegde, Anant Kumar, 259 freedom of speech, 144 Hindi language, 89 Friends Colony Association, Kanpur, 96 Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, 90 Fundamental Rights, 17, 135, 143, 145, Hindu Code Bill, 190, 197–199, 275 149, 198, 257 Hindu Mahasabha, 6, 28, 30, 33, 90–91, 93, 232 Gaikwad, Laxman, 267 Hindustan Times (Delhi), 61 Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, 26–27, hoarding, 109–110 29, 32, 41, 54, 60, 89, 108–109, 115, hostage theory, 74 159, 183, 185 housing, 86, 96, 105, 111–114, 119, 200 death anniversaries, 41–42 Hudood Ordinances, 1979, 277

312 Index

Hurs, 247–250, 256 Jiye Sindh Mahaz (Long Live Sindh Hussain, Begum Akhtar, 216 Movement), 283 Hussain, Begum Salma Tasadduq Hussain, Jodhpur, 235 206 Josh-i-Jehad (The Passion of Religious Hussain, Chaudhary Haider, 233 Crusade), 89 Hyderabad (Deccan), 23, 31, 57, 161–162, judicial ofﬁcers, 48 233 Jullundhri, Hafeez, 56 Hyderabad (Sindh), 52, 85, 133, 211, 225–229, 250, 255, 283 Kadir, Abdul, 256 Kanpur, 27, 47, 89, 91, 96, 113, 115, 122, Iftikharuddin, Mian, 149 128–129, 235, 242, 266 Ikramullah, Begum Shaista, 206 Kanpur Development Board, 115 Independence Days, 23, 43, 64, 162 Kant, Radha, 77 India, 34, 52, 55, 60–62, 147 Karachi, 5, 7, 9, 24, 26, 33, 36, 38–39, 41, Pakistan, 57–58, 60, 147, 209–210 43, 49–50, 53–54, 57–59, 64–65, 67, Indian Administrative Service (IAS), 196 69–71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 85–86, 91, Indian Citizenship Act, 1955, 16 96, 103–104, 110, 114, 117–121, Indian Civil Service, 167 128, 131, 140, 147, 149, 151, 155, Indian High Commission, Karachi, 230 168–169, 172, 174–176, 180, Indian National Congress, 3 208–209, 211–216, 218, 221, Indian Nursing Council Act, 1947, 191 225–230, 234–235, 254–255, 276, Indian Provincial Service, 196 283, 299, 303 ‘intending evacuee’, 81, 93 Bishop of, 39 Inter-Dominion agreements, 106, 130 separation from Sindh, 117–118 Inter-Dominion Conference, 1948, 74 Karachi Agreement, 1949, 225 International Convention on Civil and Karachi Congress Committee, 81–82 Political Rights, 269 Karachi Khawateen Muslim League, 214 Islamic Association of Women, 209 Karachi Municipal Advisory Committee, Islamization, 276–278 64 Isphani, M.A.H., 152 Karachi Municipal Corporation, 64, 118, 171, 177–178, 209 Jacobabad, 174, 235 Karachi Muslim League, 207 Jafari, Begum Najma, 216 Kashmir, 8, 44, 49, 51 Jaipur, 33 Kasturba Nagar Co-Operative Jamiat-i-Muhajireen Pakistan, 86 Multipurpose Society, 245 Jamiat-ul-Ulama, 88 Kathiawar, 227 Jan Lok Pal (Ombudsman) Bill, 273 Kaur, Raj Kumari Amrit, 183, 185 ‘Jana Gana Mana’. See national anthem Kerjriwal, Arvind, 273 Jana Sangh, 159 Keswami Holaram H., 97, 229 Jang (Karachi), 120–121 khaddar, 221, 227 Jatoi, Hyder Bakhsh, 250, 255 khadi, 109 Jaunpur, 100 Khairpur State, 249 Jhansi, 89, 234 Khaksars, 33 Jinarajadass, Dorothy Graham, 183 Khaliquzzaman, Chaudhry, 40, 54, 235, Jinnah Awami Muslim League, 172 253 Jinnah, Fatima, 38, 42, 79, 176, 203 Khan, Abdul Waheed, 208 Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 3, 26, 43, 46, Khan, Begum Muhammad Hussain, 207 49, 51–53, 55, 57, 59, 122, 148, 150, Khan, Brigadier R.F., 221 189–190, 216, 280 Khan, Dildar, 234 death and funeral, 36 Khan, General Muhammad Ayub, 141, death anniversaries, 42 152, 213, 279 tomb, 59 Khan, General Muhammad Yahya, 279 use of name, 40–41 Khan, Imran, 275 ‘Jinnahspirin’,40 Khan, K.R. Jamshed Ali, 234

Index 313

Khan, Liaquat Ali, 57–59, 69, 86, 121, Lucknow, 27, 33, 47–48, 76, 86, 90, 94, 147–148, 150–151, 173, 207, 215, 100, 110, 116, 164, 194, 232–234, 229, 235, 303 238, 241, 246, 266 funeral, 41 Lucknow Municipal Board, 107 Khan, Maulana Mohammad Akram, 149 Lucknow Women’s Association, 194 Khan, Maulvi Tamizuddin, 153 Khan, N.M., 177 Madras, 123, 161–162, 185, 195, 199 Khan, Raana Liaquat Ali, 79, 202–203, Madras Legislative Council, 185 215, 276 Maharashtra, 195 Khan, Zafrullah, 37 Mahila Mandals, 278 Khanna, A.D., 228 Mahila Matadhikar Samiti, 165 Khanum, Azra, 190 Mahila Sanghams, 272 Khawateen Muslim League, 207 majoritarianism, 287–288 Khawateen-i-Anjuman-i-Tablighul Islam, Malabar, 200 214 Malaviya, K.K., 164 Khawateen-i-Pakistan, 214 Malaviya, Madan Mohan, 6 Khawja Bakhtyar, 32 Mandal Commission, 1979, 265–266 Khilafat movement, 183 maps, 44 Khuhro, Muhammad Ayub, 78–79, 87, 97, marriage law reform, 212–213 125, 174, 227–229, 255 Masih, Rimsha, 269 Khulna District, 231 Masud, Muhammad, 252–254 Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party, 164 Mayo, Katherine, 184 Kishanchand, P.R., 89 Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan, 272–273 Kishore, Acharya Jugal, 52 Meerut, 28, 84, 100 Kohli, Krishna Kumari, 270 Mehta, Urmila, 195 Kohli, Veerji, 270 Menon, Lakshmi N., 194 Kripalani, Acharya, 146 Ministry of Relief and Rehabilitation, India, Kripalani, Sucheta, 93 99 Krishnamachari, T.T., 103, 133 minorities, 19, 73–74, 80, 224–239, Kukhayal, Hundraj, 229 268–271, 281, 287–288 Kuril, Tilak Chand, 241 loyalty, 90–92, 98–100, 130, 132, 235 nationality, 135–136 Lahiri, Ashutosh, 91 property rights, 235–237 Lahore, 62, 69, 169, 172, 183, 208, 210, Mirpurkhas, 283 216, 218, 277 Mirza, General Iskander, 152, 155 Lahore College for Women, 190 Mitter, S.C., 116 Lahore Ladies Federation for Women’s Modi, Narendra, 262, 281 Rights, 218 mohalla, 15, 33 Lahore Resolution, 1940, 57, 74 Mohammad, Din, 255 Lahori, Majeed, 121 Mohammad, Ghulam, 122, 152 Lajpatnagar Panchayat Settlement, 89 Mohani, Maulana Hasrat, 234 Lal, Ramesh, 269 monsoon rains, 118 Lalukhet, 120 Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, 1919, 185 land reform, 271–272 Moon, Penderel, 160 Larkana, 85, 97, 225, 229, 283 Moradabad, 117, 232 Lawyers’ Movement, 274 Mother India, 184 League for the Rights of Women, 215–216 Mountbatten, Lady Edwina, 1 legal activism, 260, 274 Mountbatten, Louis 1st Earl Mountbatten, Legal Framework Order, 1970, 279–280 32 Liaquatabad, 120 Movement for the Restoration of Judiciary. licences. See permits See Lawyers’ Movement Lok Janshakti Party, 266 muhajir, 7, 25, 73, 256, 283 Lok Sabha, 7, 62, 157, 276 Muharram, 60 Long March, 2009, 274 Mujtaba, Qazi, 254

314 Index

Mukerjee, Amarendra Nath, 135–136 Niazi, Maulana Abdus Sattar Khan, 208 mullahism, 149 Nimbkar, R.S., 197 Munshi, K.M., 127 Noakhali, 231 Musharraf, General Pervez, 269, 274, 279 nurses, 202 Muslim Dissolution of Marriage Act, 1939, NWFP, 51 190 Muslim Family Law Ordinances, 1961, 213 Objectives Resolution, 1949, 148–152, 205 Muslim Ladies’ Conference, 183 One Unit, 8, 154, 218, 247 Muslim League, 6, 50, 53, 60, 68, 76, 87, ‘Operation Cleanup’, 155 118–119, 154, 168, 172–176, 181, Ora, 109 211, 216–217, 233, 235, 237, 253, 257 Orissa, 161, 200 Two-Nation theory, 90 women, 189–190, 216 Pakistan Citizenship Acts (1951, 1952), 16, Muslim League National Census Guards, 219, 223 168 Pakistan Dalit Forum, 269 Muslim League National Guard, 45 Pakistan Dalit Solidarity Network, 269 Muslim League Parliamentary Board, UP, Pakistan Day, 57 87 Pakistan Employees Cooperative Housing Muslim League’s Women’s Committee, Society, 119 217 Pakistan Federation of Women’s Rights, Muslim National Guard, 33, 228 219–220 Muslim Personal Law, 275 Pakistan Fisher Folk Forum, 272 Muslim Women’s (Right to Protection on Pakistan Hindu Welfare Association, 269 Divorce) Bill, 1986, 276 Pakistan Housing Colony, Karachi, 86–87 Mussoorie, 117 Pakistan Institute of Labour Education and Mutiny-Uprising, 1857, 62–63 Research, 271 Muttahida Qaumi Movement, 283 Pakistan Ministry for Refugees and Rehabilitation, 75 Naidu, Sarojini, 47 Pakistan Muslim League - Nawaz, 283 Narayan, Jayaprakash, 32, 159 Pakistan National Anthem Committee, 56 Narejo, Muhammad Ali, 249 Pakistan National Assembly, 279 National Alliance of People’s Movements, Pakistan National Guard, 49 273 Pakistan People’s Party, 268, 275, 280, 282 national anthem, 55–56 Pakistan Refugee Rehabilitation Finance National Council of Women, 184, 198 Corporation, 78 national emblem, 53 Pakistan Times (Lahore), 151, 217, 253 national ﬂag, 44, 54–55, 61, 148 Pakistan Women’s Volunteer Service, National Herald (Lucknow), 48, 113 203–204 National Museum, India, 143 Pakistan Women’s National Guard, nationality, 135–136 204–205 Nawabshah, 249–250, 252, 283 Pakistan Women’s Naval Reserve, 204–205 Nayar, Sushila, 2 Pakistan-Sind Joint Refuge Council, 75 Nazimuddin, Khwaja, 38–39, 150, 210 Pal, Prakashvati Yash, 194 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 1–3, 23, 30, 34–35, 42, Paliwal, S.K.D., 109, 163–164 61–62, 69, 79, 87–88, 143–146, 150, Pandey, Sandeep, 273 157, 159–160, 165, 195, 198, 235 Pant, G.B., 47, 90–91, 122, 143–145, 160, Nehru, Rameshwari, 1, 165, 244–245 188–189 Nehru-Liaquat Agreement, 1950, 235–236 Panther, Dhaniram, 266 Neogy, K.C., 103 Parsaram, 91 newspapers, 14, 19, 32, 80–82, 106–107, Parsis, 225 116, 119–121, 146 Partition, 1–3, 8, 12, 15, 24, 43, 49, 71–73, India, 29–30, 43, 51, 61, 128, 161, 165 107, 161–162, 166, 180, 205, 225, 282 letters to the editor, 107 Pashtun, 51 Pakistan, 8, 57, 131, 178, 227, 230 Pasi Mahasabha, 241

Index 315

Pasi Sammelan, 242 Pune Pact, 1932, 185 passports, 16, 100 Punjab, 1, 7–8, 24, 31, 49, 73, 77, 127, 161, Patel, Baburao, 89 167, 202, 224, 271, 285 Patel, Vallabhai, 28, 32, 34, 61–62, 86, 90, Punjab Municipal Act, 1952, 191 234, 262 purdah, 192, 205, 276 Pathan, 51 ‘Purdah Bill’, 208 Patna, 110 PEPSU, 161 Qadri, Mumtaz, 274 Percival Griffiths, Sir, 21 Qanun-i-Shahadat (Law of Evidence) permit system, 227, 230 Order, 1983, 277 permits, 82, 98, 115, 179 qawwali,40 petitions, 107, 243 Quaid-i-Millat. See Khan, Liaquat Ali Pilibhit, 232 Quaid-i-Azam. See Jinnah, Muhammad Ali Pir Pagaro, 247–250, 256 Quaid-i-Azam Relief Fund, 40, 78 Pir Shah Mardan Shah II. See Pir Pagaro Queen Victoria, 63 Pir Sibghatullah Shah II. See Pir Pagaro Qureshi, Dr. I.H., 151 place, significance of, 3–5 Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki. See Bakhtyar, police, 12, 32, 47, 50, 68, 79, 91, 109, 116, Khwaja 122, 128, 131–132 women, 192–193, 196 Radio Pakistan, 51, 55–57, 170, 215 polygamy, 212–215 Rae Bareli, 163 postage stamps, 44 Rahman, Fazlur, 123 Postal and Telegraph Department, India, railways, 32, 71, 74, 98, 109, 134 197 Raj Ghat, 30 Praja Party, 162 Rajasthan, 88, 161 Prakasa, Sri, 101, 226–228 Ram, Chet, 246 Prasad, Rajendra, 199 Ram, Shri Sewak, 245 Press (Incitement to Violence) Bill, 1931, Rao, Kitty Shiva, 198 144 rape, 277–278 Press (Incitement to Violence) Bill, 1951, Rashid Commission, 220 144 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), Prevention of Anti-Women Practices Act, 27–28, 33, 89, 281 2011, 279 Rasool, Begum Qudsia Aizaz, 163, 233 Prevention of Food Adulteration Bills, Rathbone, Eleanor, 185 1952-60191 rationing, 68, 70, 108–111, 114 princely states, 49 Rawalpindi, 41, 210 PRODA. See Public and Representative Rawalpindi Conspiracy, 1951, 173 Offices (Disqualification) Act, 1949 Raza, Begum Soghra, 211 Professional and Business Women’s Club, Raza, Syed Hashim, 39, 64, 169, 173 216 Reddi, Muthlakshmi, 185 Professional Women’s Club, 218 Refugee Department, UP, 84 Prohibition of Dowry Bills, 1951-58191 Refugee Rehabilitation Finance Protection, Maintenance, Custody, Corporation, Pakistan, 58 Education and Employment of refugees, 7–8, 15, 27, 31, 34, 58–59, 72–79, Children, 1953, 191 84, 100, 103–104, 146, 192, 225–226, provincialism, 148 235 Public and Representative Offices organizations, 87–89, 94 (Disqualification) Act, 1949, 124–125, repatriation, 236–237 152, 174 Rehabilitation Department, Pakistan, 85 public servants. See administrative officers Rehabilitation Finance Administration, 77 public services. See administrative officers Rehabilitation Ordinance, Pakistan, 82 Public Services Commission, 188–189 rent control, 82, 113 public sphere, 14 republic, 146–147 Public Works Department, 113 Republic Day, 34–35, 143

316 Index

Republican Party, 266 Shahnawaz, Begum Jahan Ara, 206, 218, reservations, 265, 270, 279–280 220 in government services, 240–242 Shaikh, Begum, 220 Reserve Bank of India, 45–46 Shaikh, General K.M., 221 Right to Information Act, 2005, 272 Shariat Application Act, 1937, 190 rights movements, 107, 195, 213–216, 222, Shastri, Algu Rai, 244 239, 242–243, 257, 261, 263, 266, Shastri, Amar Nath, 35 272, 285 Shastri, Raja Ram, 163 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 167 Shastri, Ramanand, 241 Roshni, 194–199, 201 Shenai, Vilasini Devi, 190–191 Round Table Conferences, 6 Shikarpur, 225, 227 Roy, M.N., 139, 165 Shirkatgarh, 276 Royal Indian Air Force, 61 Shukla, Bhagwati Prasad, 246 Royal Indian Navy, 61 Sind Cotton Growers and Abadgars Association, 133 Saadulah, Muhammad, 54 Sind Hari Committee, 250 Sabar, Budhan, 267 Sind Hari Federation, 256 Saddy, Aliya, 213 Sind Hindu League, 229 Sadeque, Najma, 277 Sind Maintenance of Public Safety Sahai, Govind, 76, 94 Ordinance, 1947, 77 Saharanpur, 74, 81, 232, 234 Sind Settlement Committee, 249 Saheli (‘Beloved Friend’), 277 Sind Tenancy Act, 1950, 255–256, 271 Sambhali, S.M. Ishaq, 232 Sind Tenancy Bill, 1949, 255 Sanghar, 250 Sindh, political context, 5–7, 26, 105, 249, Sanwal, B.D., 52, 117 256, 296 Sanyukt Kori Mahasangh, 243 Sindh Awami Mahaz, 247 Sarabhai, Mridula, 1 Sindh Land Reform Movement, 271 Sarvodaya Daya, 35 Sindh Legislative Assembly, 97–98, 117, sati, 182 173, 254–255 Sattar, Farooq, 283 Sindh Provincial Congress Committee, 228 Savarkar, V.D., 33, 90 Sindh Provincial Muslim League, 52, 253 Saxena, Mohanlal, 230 Sindh provincial services, 167 Sayed, G.M., 7, 247, 283 Sindh Sujag Jathas (‘Sindh Awakening Scheduled Castes Federation (SCF), 159, Squads’), 283 246 Sindhi Hindu Refugee Panchayat, 88 Scheduled Castes (SC), 240–243, 247, 265 Sindhi language, 282–284 Scheduled Castes and Tribes (SC/STs), Sindhi Panchayat, 84 240 Singh, Bhagwat, 244 Scheduled Castes Federation of Pakistan, Singh, C.P.N., 142 269 Singh, Chaudhury Charan, 164 Scheduled Castes Welfare Association, 241 Singh, Gurbhachan, 2 Scheduled Tribes (ST), 265 Singh, Phool, 232 Second World War, 3, 5, 43, 68, 108, 189 Singh, Sukumar, 157 secularism, 18, 29–30, 34, 257, 282, 288 Singha, S.P., 224 Sehgal, Mrs Manmoham, 165 Sipri Bazar Jama Masjid, 234 separate electorates, 269 Slade, E.H., 169 Servants of the People Society, 244 smuggling, 129–133, 254 Seth, Bishan Chandra, 232 Socialist Party, 159, 162 Seth, Damodar Swarup, 91 Sood, Prakashvati, 84 Seva Dal, 52 space, 12–16 Shahabuddin, Khwaja, 79, 170–171, 235 Special Police Establishment, 123–124 Shahdara and Sansi Colony for ex-Criminal Star (Karachi), 277 Tribes, 244 state, 10–15 Shahjahanpur, 91, 116 ceremonies, 19, 25–42 Shahjahanpur District, 237 State Bank of Pakistan, 49

Index 317

States Muslim League, 52 ‘Untouchables’. See Dalits statues, politics of, 62–63 UP (Uttar Pradesh), political context, 4–6 streets, renaming of, 64 UP Adi Hindu Depressed Classes Subaltern Studies, 140 Association, 241 Sukarno, President of Indonesia, 56 UP Administration of Evacuee Property Sukkur, 79, 132, 174, 212, 225, 227, 283 Ordinance, 1949, 92–93 Suppression of Immoral Trafﬁc in Women UP Evacuees Administration of Property and Brothels Act, 1953, 191, 193 Act, 1948, 81, 92 Supreme Court Bar Association, 274 UP Food Grain Movement Order, 115 Swaraj Bhavan Children’s National UP Land Acquisition (Rehabilitation and Institute, 201 Refugees) Act, 1948, 84 Swatantra Mills, 244 UP Legislative Assembly, 90, 113 Sylhet, 231 UP Maintenance of Public Order (Temporary) Act, 1948, 51 Tando Allahyar, 52 UP Maintenance of Public Order Bill, Tandon, P.D., 30, 42, 87–90, 94, 145–146, 1948, 28 244–245 UP Momin Conference, 164 Taseer, Salman, 268, 274 UP Provincial Congress Committee, 232 Teaching, Promotion and Use of Sindhi UP State Assembly, 162, 164, 246 Language Bill, 1972, 282 UP State Congress Committee, 164 Tehreek-i-Insaaf, 275 UP State Legislative Assembly, 52, 89 Tehri District, 52 UP Weaver’s Cooperative Association, 243 Telangana, 272 urban protest, 107, 109–110, 118–119 Tharparkar, 249, 270 Urdu, 51, 64, 89, 235, 280, 282–283 Tharparkar District, 225, 253 Usmani, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad, 86, 125 Thatta, 52 Uttar Pradesh Sanyukt Kori Mahasangh, 242 The Hindu (Delhi), 34 The Modern Review (Calcutta), 135–136 ‘Vande Mataram’,55 The Nineteenth Century (London), 21 Varma, Raghunath Prasad, 95 ‘Thru a Woman’s Eyes’. See Hamidullah, Vazirani, Goverdhan, 228 Zeb-un-Nissa Vidhan Sabha, 243 tin talak, 275 Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Mahasangh, 266 Town Rationing Ofﬁcers, 74, 89, 115 Vimukt Jati Sevak Sangh, 244–245 trade unions, 110, 120, 133, 163, 240, 254, vimukta jatis,21 271 Vishindas, Sirumal, 97–98 Trained Nurses Association of Pakistan, ‘volunteer’ organizations, 28 202 transgender, 279 water shortages, 67 Transnational Advocacy Networks, 261 West Bengal Provincial Congress Travancore-Cochin, 159, 161–162 Committee, 233 tribal communities, 224 West Pakistan Assembly, 247 ‘Tryst with Destiny’ speech, 23–24 West Punjab Legislative Assembly, 208 Tulsidas, 201 widow remarriage, 182 Tyagi, Mahavir, 52, 76 Widow Remarriage Committee, 204 women, 21, 34, 49, 156–157, 165, 171, Umerkot, 256, 271 181–222, 260, 275–280, 286 Uniform Civil Code (UCC), 275 and anti-corruption, 128–129 United Front, 60, 119, 175 citizenship, 10, 181–222 United Front of Women for Freedom and colonial developments, 182–191 Protection of People’s Rights, 217 communal violence, 233 United Nations Declaration of Human elections, 209 Rights, 261 government service, 186–189, 196–197 universal rights, 17–18 in the police, 193 universal suffrage, 156–157, 181, 223, 254, post-1947 India, 191–202 264 post-1947 Pakistan, 202–222

318 Index

women (cont.) Women’s Indian Association, 183, 185 representation, 216–217 Women’s Rights Committee, 216–217 reservation of seats, 206–207, 219, 279 Women’s Volunteer Group, 220–221 responsible citizenship, 212 rights, 214–216, 278 Yamuna, 30 Women’s Action Forum, 276 Women’s Medical School, 187 zamindar, 132, 251–252, 254, 256 Women’s Protection Bill, 2006, 278 zamindari abolition, 48, 145, 251, 253 Women’s Refugee Rehabilitation Zardari, Asif Ali, 275, 280 Committee, 216 Zina Ordinance, 1979, 276, 278