DOCSLIB.ORG

Redalyc.Presence of Toxocara Spp. in Domestic Cats in the State of Mexico

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Redalyc.Presence of Toxocara Spp. in Domestic Cats in the State of Mexico Acta Scientiae Veterinariae ISSN: 1678-0345 [email protected] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brasil Rodríguez Gallegos, Lucila Marilú; Romero Núñez, Camilo; Bautista Gómez, Linda Guiliana; Martínez Castañeda, José Simón; Heredia Cardenas, Rafael Presence of Toxocara spp. in Domestic Cats in the State of Mexico Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, vol. 44, 2016, pp. 1-5 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=289043697002 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 2016. 44: 1351. RESEARCH ARTICLE ISSN 1679-9216 Pub. 1351 Presence of Toxocara spp. in Domestic Cats in the State of Mexico Lucila Marilú Rodríguez Gallegos1, Camilo Romero Núñez2, Linda Guiliana Bautista Gómez2, José Simón Martínez Castañeda3 & Rafael Heredia Cardenas4 ABSTRACT Background: Toxocara spp. is a gastrointestinal nematode with cosmopolitan distribution and is the most common parasite in domestic cats, which can deposit fertilized eggs in the environment with feces. Egg maturation starts in the soil, conclud- ing two to three weeks after cat defecation, but eggs can remain viable in the soil for years and spread onto vegetables and into water. Infection of cats and paratenic hosts (among them humans) occurs through ingestion of infected eggs from the environment, through ingestion of paratenic hosts and, in puppies, through milk from infected mothers. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the presence of Toxocara spp. in domestic cats. Materials Methods & Results: In this study, 229 fecal samples from domestic cats were collected in the state of Mexico, Mexico. All of cats had an owner, and fresh feline feces were collected in previously labeled sterile bottles. Coproparasi- tological examinations were performed on these samples using a flotation technique with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium nitrate (NaNO3), Toxocara spp. eggs were identified under the microscope, in accordance with the morphological descriptions. The data were analyzed by means of Fisher’s exact test in order to compare the presence of Toxocara eggs according to cat age and sex. The chi-square test was used to determine associations between variables and odds ratios (OR) were calculated to determine the risk factors. Presence of Toxocara spp. eggs was identified in 42% (96/229) of the cats, of which 23% were males and 19% females. We did find an association between cats under the age of six months (P = 0.01) and the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs, and therefore age was determined to be a risk factor (OR = 1.69) for the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs in feces, cats over one year old showed a statistically significant association (P = 0.02) with the presence of parasite eggs in feces. The presence of Toxocara spp. was found to be a risk factor (OR = 1.57) among male cats aged less than 6 months, while among female cats a statistically significant association was found (P = 0.03) for the presence of Toxocara spp. Meanwhile, comparing positive cats of both sexes with age, a statistically significant difference (P = 0.02) was found regarding cats over one year old. Discussion: It were identified Toxocara spp. eggs in 42% of the feces of domestic cats from the state of Mexico. These results are similar to those reported by other studies in Mexico City, they also reported that there was a larger number of infected cats under one year of age and that males had higher infection rates. Comparison of both sexes with age showed a statistically significant association (P = 0.01) between cats under six months old and the presence of Toxocara eggs in feces. This age was also considered to be a risk factor (OR = 1.69) for parasite eggs in feces, during the first months of life, the larvae migrate and finish their cycle, but when the cat has reached its mature stage, the larvae may become entrenched and avoid finishing their life cycle. Male sex was identified as a risk factor for the presence of Toxocara spp. The prevalence of Toxocara spp. in domestic cats in the state of Mexico is high, and represents a potential risk of human toxocariasis. From the results found, it can be considered that cats are a major source of dissemination of environmental pollution and Toxocara spp. Keywords: Toxocara, cats, zoonosis, risk factor. Received: 4 September 2015 Accepted: 26 March 2016 Published: 23 April 2016 1Maestría en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM). 2Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Centro Universitario UAEM-Amecameca. 3Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, UAEM. 4Doctorado en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, UAEM. CORRESPONDENCE: C. Romero [[email protected] - Tel: +01 (597) 9782158]. Carretera Amecameca Ayapango km 2.5. C.P. 56900 Amecameca de Juárez, México. 1 L.M.R. Gallegos, C.R. Núñez, L.G.B. Gómez, et al . 2016. Presence of Toxocara spp. in Domestic Cats in the State of Mexico. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 44: 1351. INTRODUCTION ml of 5% sodium hydroxide (NaOH). This was then Pets play an important role in welfare and hu- mixed and put into a test tube and centrifuged at 800 man health in different countries [12,18]. Dogs and cats x g for 3 min. The supernatant was discarded, leav- are the domestic animals that are most preferred, even ing only the sediment, which was then resuspended though they present risks as hosts and transmitters of in added water, for a second round of centrifuging zoonotic diseases, including those caused by parasites at 800 x g. This procedure was repeated three times [19]. Toxocara cati is the most common parasite in do- with water to clean the samples. The water was then mestic cats [10], although cats can also host other species removed and sodium nitrate (NaNO3) was added at a such as Toxocara canis [14], Toxocara malaysiensis [31] density of 1.30. This mixture was then resuspended and other nematodes like Toxascaris leonina [15], which and centrifuged again at 800 x g for 3 min. Finally, can end their life cycle and deposit fertilized eggs in the the tube was filled with sodium nitrate, thus forming environment. All of these have the capacity to infect a meniscus in the tube with a cover slip over it, and other mammals, including humans [22]. Toxocara spp. was incubated for 20 min. Next, Toxocara spp. eggs females can oviposit up to 200,000 eggs a day, with up were identified under the microscope, in accordance to 200 grams of eggs in one gram of feces. Egg matura- with the morphological descriptions of Bouchet [5]. tion starts in the soil, concluding two to three weeks after The data were analyzed by means of Fisher’s cat defecation [29,9], but eggs can remain viable in the exact test in order to compare the presence of Toxocara soil for years and spread onto vegetables and into water eggs according to cat age and sex. The chi-square test [3]. Infection of cats and paratenic hosts (among them was used to determine associations between variables humans) occurs through ingestion of infected eggs from and odds ratios (OR) were calculated to determine the the environment, through ingestion of paratenic hosts risk factors that presented significance (P < 0.05). All and, in puppies, through milk from infected mothers [2]. the tests were conducted using the JMP® 8.0 software1. Domestic cats are considered to be one of the RESULTS most efficient parasite disseminators, because of their habit of roaming outside the home, entering distant The presence of Toxocara spp. eggs was identi- spaces and defecating in them [1]. In humans, infection fied in 42% (96/229) of the cats, of which 23% were with Toxocara spp. is known as toxocariasis, and this males and 19% females. No significant difference disease can develop as an important series of clinical between the sexes was found (P = 0.55), although the manifestations that can be classified as follows: visceral male cats showed a higher risk factor (OR = 1.57) for larvae, ocular larva migrans, eosinophilic meningitis, the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs in feces. covert toxocariasis and neurotoxocariasis [6]. For this According to the age classification, cats over one reason, the objective of the present study was to evalu- year old showed the largest percentage of positives (18%); ate the presence of Toxocara spp. in domestic cats in however, there was no statistically significant difference the state of Mexico. between the different age groups (Table 1). We did find an association between cats under the age of six months (P = MATERIALS AND METHODS 0.01) and the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs, and there- The present study was based on 229 domestic fore age was determined to be a risk factor (OR = 1.69) cats in the state of Mexico, comprising 109 males and for the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs in feces (Table 2). 120 females of various ages, which were classified as Cats over one year old showed a statistically significant under six months old, six months to one year old and association (P = 0.02) with the presence of parasite eggs over one year old. All of these cats had an owner, and in feces. In comparing age groups within each sex, there fresh feline feces were collected in previously labeled was no statistically significant difference with regard to sterile bottles and stored at 4°C until processed. The different male age groups (P = 0.12); however, a statisti- feces were processed by means of a coproparasitologi- cally significant difference (P = 0.03) was found regard- cal method for identifying Toxocara spp.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reproduction and Behaviour of European Wildcats in Species Specific Enclosures
    Symposium Biology and Conservation of the European Wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) Germany January 21st –23rd 2005 Abstracts Mathias Herrmann, Hof 30, 16247 Parlow, [email protected], Mobil: ++49 +171 9962910 Introduction More than four years after the last meeting of wildcat experts in Nienover, Germany, the NABU (Naturschutzbund Deutschland e.V.) invited for a three day symposium on the conservation of the European wildcat. Since the last meeting the knowledge on wildcat ecology increased a lot due to the field work of several research teams. The aim of the symposium was to bring these teams together to discuss especially questions which could not be solved by one single team due to limited number of observed individuals or special landscape features. The focus was set on the following questions: 1) Hybridization and risk of infection by domestic cat - a threat to wild living populations? 2) Reproductive success, mating behaviour, and life span - what strategy do wildcats have? 3) ffh - reports/ monitoring - which methods should be used? 4) Habitat utilization in different landscapes - species of forest or semi-open landscape? 5) Conservation of the wildcat - which measures are practicable? 6) Migrations - do wildcats have juvenile dispersal? 75 Experts from 9 European countries came to Fischbach within the transboundary Biosphere Reserve "Vosges du Nord - Pfälzerwald" to discuss distribution, ecology and behaviour of this rare species. The symposium was organized by one single person - Dr. Mathias Herrmann - and consisted of oral presentations, posters and different workshops. 2 Scientific program Friday Jan 21st 8:00 – 10:30 registration /optional: Morning excursion to the core area of the biosphere reserve 10:30 Genot, J-C., Stein, R., Simon, L.
    [Show full text]
  • Zoonotic Diseases Associated with Free-Roaming Cats R
    Zoonoses and Public Health REVIEW ARTICLE Zoonotic Diseases Associated with Free-Roaming Cats R. W. Gerhold1 and D. A. Jessup2 1 Center for Wildlife Health, Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA 2 California Department of Fish and Game (retired), Santa Cruz, CA, USA Impacts • Free-roaming cats are an important source of zoonotic diseases including rabies, Toxoplasma gondii, cutaneous larval migrans, tularemia and plague. • Free-roaming cats account for the most cases of human rabies exposure among domestic animals and account for approximately 1/3 of rabies post- exposure prophylaxis treatments in humans in the United States. • Trap–neuter–release (TNR) programmes may lead to increased naı¨ve populations of cats that can serve as a source of zoonotic diseases. Keywords: Summary Cutaneous larval migrans; free-roaming cats; rabies; toxoplasmosis; zoonoses Free-roaming cat populations have been identified as a significant public health threat and are a source for several zoonotic diseases including rabies, Correspondence: toxoplasmosis, cutaneous larval migrans because of various nematode parasites, R. Gerhold. Center for Wildlife Health, plague, tularemia and murine typhus. Several of these diseases are reported to Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and cause mortality in humans and can cause other important health issues includ- Fisheries, The University of Tennessee, ing abortion, blindness, pruritic skin rashes and other various symptoms. A Knoxville, TN 37996-4563, USA. Tel.: 865 974 0465; Fax: 865-974-0465; E-mail: recent case of rabies in a young girl from California that likely was transmitted [email protected] by a free-roaming cat underscores that free-roaming cats can be a source of zoonotic diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Contagious Pets
    Bellwether Magazine Volume 1 Number 72 Spring 2010 Article 5 Spring 2010 Contagious Pets Kelly Stratton University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/bellwether Recommended Citation Stratton, Kelly (2010) "Contagious Pets," Bellwether Magazine: Vol. 1 : No. 72 , Article 5. Available at: https://repository.upenn.edu/bellwether/vol1/iss72/5 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/bellwether/vol1/iss72/5 For more information, please contact [email protected]. contagiouspets by kelly stratton Being aware of zoonotic diseases – those that can be passed from animal to owner – is the first step in staying healthy The World Health Organization (WHO) defines “zoonoses” it may also be a sign of a curable neurological or even a disorder as “a group of infectious diseases that are naturally transmitted of the jaw.” between vertebrate animals and humans.” More than 200 such Abnormally acting wildlife is also something to watch out diseases have been confirmed notes WHO’s site, www.who.int/ for. “Raccoons and skunks may be more people-oriented when en/, and are caused by a variety of agents, including bacteria, they’re infected,” said Dr. Vite. parasites and viruses. Why do we need to know about it? In 2006, there were It’s true – your attention-seeking, ball-fetching best friend can 505 laboratory-confirmed rabid animals in Pennsylvania. Of those, give you more than wet kisses. He can also infect you with these 61 were found in Bucks, Montgomery and Chester counties. not-so-pretty bacteria, viruses and parasites. But, with a little For pets, rabies can be deadly.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Infection in Cats
    Current Feline Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) Infection in Cats Thank You to Our Generous Sponsors: Printed with an Education Grant from IDEXX Laboratories. Photomicrographs courtesy of Bayer HealthCare. © 2014 American Heartworm Society | PO Box 8266 | Wilmington, DE 19803-8266 | E-mail: [email protected] Current Feline Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) Infection in Cats (revised October 2014) CONTENTS Click on the links below to navigate to each section. Preamble .................................................................................................................................................................. 2 EPIDEMIOLOGY ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Figure 1. Urban heat island profile. BIOLOGY OF FELINE HEARTWORM INFECTION .................................................................................................. 3 Figure 2. The heartworm life cycle. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF FELINE HEARTWORM DISEASE ................................................................................... 5 Figure 3. Microscopic lesions of HARD in the small pulmonary arterioles. Figure 4. Microscopic lesions of HARD in the alveoli. PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS ............................................................................................................................................ 6 Clinical
    [Show full text]
  • Parasites and Your Cat
    PARASITES AND YOUR CAT Fleas On Cats Fleas are tiny insects that feed on blood from animals. Fleas are not only an inconvenience, but they can also cause tremendous anxiety and spread diseases in cats. Flea Facts • Fleas thrive in damp, dark places like shaded outdoor areas and under optimal temperature and humidity conditions, can live in a home year-round • A single female flea can lay up to 50 eggs in a day. • Immature flea stages will remain dormant in carpeting, bedding, baseboards, etc until conditions are appropriate for development. Fleas may cause and/or transmit • Flea allergy dermatitis (FAD), also known as flea bite hypersensitivity • Anemia • Tapeworm infection • Bartonella infection Treatment and Control of Fleas • Even if you only see fleas on one pet, you should treat all pets in the home. • Furniture, bedding, and high traffic areas should be cleaned frequently. • Monthly, year-round application of products such as Comfortis, Vectra, etc can keep cats protected against fleas. Ticks On Cats Ticks are bloodsucking parasites that infest many species, including cats. Tick Facts • About 60 different tick species have been reported in the United States. • Ticks are less common on cats than on dogs, due to the frequent grooming behavior of cats. Ticks May Cause or Transmit • Cytauxzoonosis • Bartonella Treatment and Control of Ticks • Cats should be checked for ticks regularly, and ticks should be removed promptly. • Outdoor cats have an increased risk for exposure, but indoor cats should be checked regularly as well. Mites On Cats Mites can cause numerous medical problems in cats, including scabies (notoedric mange), demodectic mange, ear infection, cheyletiellos.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxocara Spp
    GLOBAL WATER PATHOGEN PROJECT PART THREE. SPECIFIC EXCRETED PATHOGENS: ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGY ASPECTS TOXOCARA SPP. Rosemary McManus Independent Consultant Dublin, Ireland Clare Hamilton Moredun Research Institute Penicuik, United Kingdom Celia Holland Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland Copyright: This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (http://www.unesco.org/openaccess/terms-use-ccbysa-en). Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Citation: McManus, R., Hamilton, C.M. and Holland, C.V. 2018. Toxocara spp. In: J.B. Rose and B. Jiménez-Cisneros, (eds) Global Water Pathogens Project.http://www.waterpathogens.org (Robertson, L (eds) Part 4 Helminths) http://www.waterpathogens.org/book/toxocara Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO. Acknowledgements: K.R.L. Young, Project Design editor; Website Design (http://www.agroknow.com) Last published: April 27, 2018, 6:16 pm Toxocara spp. Summary water. 1.0 Epidemiology of the Disease and Pathogen Toxocara is a genus of nematodes that are cosmopolitan gastrointestinal species of both companion and feral 1.1 Global Burden of Disease animals that act as definitive hosts.
    [Show full text]
  • Worm Control in Dogs and Cats
    Modular Guide Series 1 Worm Control in Dogs and Cats There is a wide range of helminths, including nematodes, cestodes and trematodes, that can infect dogs and cats in Europe. Major groups by location in the host are: The following series of modular guides for veterinary practitioners gives an overview of the most important worm species and suggests control measures in order Intestinal worms to prevent animal and/or human infection. Ascarids (Roundworms) Whipworms Key companion animal parasites Tapeworms 1.1 Dog and cat roundworms (Toxocara spp.) Hookworms 1.2 Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) Non-intestinal worms 1.3 Subcutaneous worms (Dirofilaria repens) Heartworms 1.4 French heartworm (Angiostrongylus vasorum) Subcutaneous worms 1.5 Whipworms (Trichuris vulpis) Lungworms 1.6 Dog and fox tapeworms (Echinococcus spp.) 1.7 Flea tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum) 1.8 Taeniid tapeworms (Taenia spp.) 1.9 Hookworms (Ancylostoma and Uncinaria spp.) www.esccap.org Diagnosis of Preventive measures Preventing zoonotic infection helminth infections Parasite infections should be controlled through Pet owners should be informed about the potential endoparasite and ectoparasite management, health risks of parasitic infection, not only to their Patent infections of most of the worms mentioned tailored anthelmintic treatment at appropriate pets but also to family members, friends and can be identified by faecal examination. There are intervals and faecal examinations1. neighbours. Regular deworming or joining “pet exceptions. Blood samples can be examined for health-check programmes” should be introduced microfilariae in the case of D. immitis and D. repens, All common worms, with some exceptions such to the general public by veterinary practitioners, for antigens for D.
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnosis of Heartworm (Dirofilaria Immitis) Infection in Dogs and Cats by Using Western Blot Technique
    284Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40 : 284 - 289 (2006) Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(5) Diagnosis of Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) Infection in Dogs and Cats by Using Western Blot Technique Tawin Inpankaew*, Burin Nimsuphan, Kiattchai Rojanamongkol, Chanya Kengradomkij and Sathaporn Jittapalapong ABSTRACT Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection is the causative parasite of severe disease in dogs and cats. This mosquito-borne parasite is also found in wild animals and occasionally evident in humans. Diagnosis of dirofilariasis in companion animals is mainly performed by modified Knott’s technique and commercial serological tests. The objective of this study was to develop an alternative diagnosis of heartworm infections in pet animals. Blood samples of dogs and cats were collected and demonstrated the heartworm infection. Somatic proteins of nematodes such as D. immitis, Toxocara canis, T. cati, Ancylostoma ceylanicum and A. caninum were used to compare the protein profiles by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The sera of heartworm-infected animals were used in detection of antigens associated with D. immitis proteins by Western blot (WB) analysis. WB results revealed that somatic antigens of D. immitis contained seven major peptide bands from 25 to 250 kDa recognized by the sera of infected dogs and three bands from 33 to 64 kDa recognized in cats. There were cross-reacted protein bands (50 and 64 kDa) found in all nematodes. The protein at 33 kDa was unique since it was only demonstrated by heartworm infected dog and cat sera. WB results indicated that this technique might be considered as the alternative diagnosis for heartworm infection. Key words: Dirofilaria immitis, dogs and cats, Western blot INTRODUCTION locations where the infection is endemic in the dog, cats are at risk (Kramer and Genchi, 2002).
    [Show full text]
  • Standard Operating Procedures Tier 1 Veterinary Medical Center Infectious Disease
    Standard Operating Procedures Tier 1 Veterinary Medical Center Infectious Disease Section Hospital Protocol Date of Issue 12/14/2018 Part Infectious Zoonotic Disease Issued by Administration Pages 17 Revision Date 04/19/2021 Introduction: It is the standard operating procedure to maintain and control communicable diseases in the hospital. Kennel-sol solution is used at Tier 1 VMC for disinfection purposes and is effective as: Bactericidal: Proteus vulgaris, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus (antibiotic resistant), Fusobacterium necrophorum, Klebsiella pneumoniae (antibiotic resistant), Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella enterica, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli (antibiotic resistance), Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus epidermidis (antibiotic resistant), Enterobacter cloacae, Pasteurella multocida, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Chlamydia psittaci, Shigella flexneri, Enterobacter aerogenes, Streptococcus faecalis (antibiotic resistant), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus faecalis Fungicidal: Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Candida albicans Virucidal: Canine parvovirus, Canine distemper, Feline leukemia, Feline panleukopenia, Feline picornavirus, Influenza A/Hong Kong, Herpes simplex virus type 1, Herpes simplex virus type 2, Vaccinia, Rubella, Adenovirus type 4, Rabies, Porcine parvovirus, Pseudorabies, Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, Infectious bronchitis (Avian IBV), Avian Influenza A (H3N2 & H5N1) Dilution requirements for Tier 1 VMC are 8oz/gallon
    [Show full text]
  • Prevalence of Toxocara and Toxascaris Infection Among Human and Animals in Iran with Meta-Analysis Approach
    Eslahi et al. BMC Infectious Diseases (2020) 20:20 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-4759-8 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prevalence of Toxocara and Toxascaris infection among human and animals in Iran with meta-analysis approach Aida Vafae Eslahi1†, Milad Badri1†, Ali Khorshidi2, Hamidreza Majidiani1, Elham Hooshmand3, Hamid Hosseini4, Ali Taghipour1, Masoud Foroutan5, Nader Pestehchian6,7, Farzaneh Firoozeh8, Seyed Mohammad Riahi9† and Mohammad Zibaei4,10* Abstract Background: Toxocariasis is a worldwide zoonotic parasitic disease caused by species of Toxocara and Toxascaris, common in dogs and cats. Herein, a meta-analysis was contrived to assess the prevalence of Toxocara/Toxascaris in carnivore and human hosts in different regions of Iran from April 1969 to June 2019. Methods: The available online articles of English (PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Ovid) and Persian (SID, Iran Medex, Magiran, and Iran Doc) databases and also the articles that presented in held parasitology congresses of Iran were involved. Results: The weighted prevalence of Toxocara/Toxascaris in dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus) was 24.2% (95% CI: 18.0–31.0%) and 32.6% (95% CI: 22.6–43.4%), respectively. Also, pooled prevalence in jackal (Canis aureus) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) was 23.3% (95% CI: 7.7–43.2%) and 69.4% (95% CI: 60.3–77.8%), correspondingly. Weighted mean prevalence of human cases with overall 28 records was 9.3% (95% CI: 6.3–13.1%). The weighted prevalence of Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, and Toxascaris leonina was represented as 13.8% (95% CI: 9.8–18.3%), 28.5% (95% CI: 20–37.7%) and 14.3% (95% CI: 8.1–22.0%), respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxocariasis
    Toxocariasis Importance Members of the genus Toxocara are zoonotic intestinal nematodes (roundworms) that mature in various mammals, including some domesticated species. Parasitized Toxocarosis, animals can shed large numbers of eggs in the feces, infecting people (particularly Visceral Larva Migrans, children) who ingest these eggs in contaminated soil, or on hands or objects. Ocular Larva Migrans, Although Toxocara eggs do not complete their maturation in humans, the developing Larval Granulomatosis, larvae can migrate through the body for a time. In some cases, they cause symptoms Toxocaral Retinitis ranging from mild, vague discomfort to ocular disturbances, blindness and neurological syndromes. Human toxocariasis is one of the most common helminth infections in the world, with children living in poverty at the highest risk of infection. Last Updated: October 2016 In some areas, this disease may also be important in adults who eat undercooked animal tissues containing larvae. Human toxocariasis is mainly attributed to Toxocara canis and T. cati, the major roundworm species found in dogs and cats, but other Toxocara may also be involved. In particular, the importance of T. malaysiensis, a recently recognized species in cats, and T. vitulorum, a parasite of cattle and water buffalo, remain to be clarified. In puppies and kittens, Toxocara infections can be associated with unthriftiness, diarrhea and poor growth, and in severe cases, may result in death. T. vitulorum in bovine or buffalo calves may, similarly, lead to illness, economic losses and increased mortality. Etiology Toxocariasis is caused by members of the genus Toxocara, nematodes in the family Toxocaridae, superfamily Ascaridoidea. Recognized species include Toxocara canis, T.
    [Show full text]
  • Revolt™ (Selamectin) Topical Parasiticide for Dogs and Cats
    Revolt™ (selamectin) Topical Parasiticide for Dogs and Cats A truly affordable option for fighting problem f leas, heartworms, ear mites and other harmful parasites in dogs and cats. www.aurorapharmaceutical.com Revolt™ (selamectin) SAME MEDICINE, HIGHER VALUE, MADE IN USA Revolt™ (selamectin) Topical Parasiticide is a highly affordable, once-a-month prevention answer for heartworms, fleas and a host of other problematic parasites. Revolt™ offers the same active ingredient and mode of action as the pioneer product, Revolution® Topical Solution, but at greatly reduced pricing. REVOLT™ DEFENDS AGAINST: FLEAS (Ctenocephalides felis) CATS & DOGS Revolt™ is recommended for use in FEATURES & BENEFITS dogs six weeks of age or older and cats eight weeks of age and older HEARTWORM COMPARISON (Dirofilaria immitis) CATS & DOGS PRODUCT FEATURES REVOLT™ REVOLUTION® SENERGY™ SELARID™ EAR MITES (Otodectes cynotis) Active ingredient: Selamectin CATS & DOGS Full line comparison to pioneer product * ROUNDWORMS Manufactured in USA for secure supply chain (Toxocara cati) Twist-N-Apply applicator – no cap to remove/dispose CATS Product color coding matches pioneer for ease of CLIENT conversion HOOKWORMS Available for kittens up to 5-lbs. (Ancylostoma tubaeforme) Available for puppies up to 5-lbs. CATS Weight-specific packages for exact dosing AMERICAN DOG TICK Quick-drying, non-greasy topical solution (Dermacentor variabilis) DOGS Monthly control of heartworm, fleas, ear mites in dogs and cats Monthly control of American dog tick and sarcoptic mange in dogs SARCOPTIC MANGE Treatment of roundworms and hookworms in cats (Sarcoptes scabiei) DOGS *Pioneer Product Revolt™ is a Trademark of Aurora Pharmaceutical, Inc. Revolution® is a Registered Trademark of Zoetis, Inc.
    [Show full text]