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Rethinking Dominant Orders in Our Contested World GLOBAL CROSSROADS: CURRENT DEBATES IN RETHINKING DOMINANT LINGUISTICS & ORDERS IN OUR LITERATURE CONTESTED WORLD Edited by Sahar Taghdisi Rad IJOPEC PUBLICATION London ijopec.co.uk Istanbul GLOBAL CROSSROADS: RETHINKING DOMINANT ORDERS IN OUR CONTESTED WORLD Edited By Sahar Taghdisi Rad Global Crossroads: Rethinking Dominant Orders in Our Contested World Edited by: Sahar Taghdisi Rad (Deputy Editors: Steve F.R. Fröhlich and Kate Vasiljeva) IJOPEC PUBLICATION London ijopec.co.uk Istanbul IJOPEC Publication Limited www.ijopec.co.uk 60 Westmeade Close E-Mail: [email protected] Cheshunt, Waltham Cross Phone: (+44) 73 875 2361 (UK) Hertfordshire (+90) 488 217 4007 (Turkey) EN7 6JR London Global Crossroads: Rethinking Dominant Orders in Our Contested World First Edition, June 2020 IJOPEC Publication No: 2020/6 ISBN: 978-1-912503-94-0 No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronically without author’s permission. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the text, illustrations or advertisements. The opinions expressed in these chapters are not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. A catalogue record for this book is available from Nielsen Book Data, British Library and Google Books. The publishing responsibilities of the chapters in this book belong to the authors. Printed in London. Cover Design: Kate Vasiljeva Composer: IJOPEC Publication Cover illustrators are from Pinclipart & Freepik CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS .................................................................................. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................... 9 FOREWORD ........................................................................................................ 11 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 13 PART I THE DECLINE OF DOMINANT ORDERS 1. THE PARADOXICAL NARRATIVE OF CAPITALISM ................................ 19 Camille Mathy 2. HOW DOES DEVELOPMENT AND CAPITALISM CREATE INEQUALITY? ..................................................................................................... 31 Harkiran Bharij 3. ARE EMERGING ECONOMIES COLLABORATING OR CHALLENGING WESTERN HEGEMONY? A CASE STUDY OF CHINA .. 47 Marina Alexandra Gulie 4. CAN UNRECOGNISED STATES STILL THRIVE? ..................................... 59 Steve Fröhlich 5. THE NEW INSTITUTIONALISM: AN ENQUIRY TOWARD ISSUES OF WAR, MULTILATERAL INSTITUTIONS, AND THE CONCEPTIONAL PROGRESS OF SOVEREIGNTY ................... 71 Polina Encheva 6. WHERE HAVE ALL THE HUMANS GONE? RETHINKING RESERVATIONS TO INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW TREATIES ................................................................................................... 81 Julian A. Hettihewa PART II REGIONAL DYNAMICS IN A CHANGING WORLD 7. THE EUROZONE CRISIS – ORIGINS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR EUROPEAN REGIONAL INTEGRATION ...................................................... 97 Dmitrijs Zuyev 8. EXAMINING SINO-AFRICAN RELATIONS – IMPERIAL UNDERTONE OR DEVELOPMENT? ........................................ 105 Kaniya Abubakar 9. THE ORIGINS OF TENSIONS BETWEEN SAUDI ARABIA AND IRAN ............................................................................. 123 Reza Fayaz 3 10. DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND DIGITAL ECONOMY IN UZBEKISTAN .............................................................................................. 133 Sasha Alexandra Sternick PART III GLOBAL SECURITY 11. TO WHAT EXTENT HAS THE PRIVATISATION OF GLOBAL SECURITY BECOME INCREASINGLY MORE SIGNIFICANT? ................ 161 Kate Vasiljeva 12. COUNTER-TERROR METHODS IN THE UK AND THEIR IMPACT ON BRITISH MUSLIM COMMUNITIES ........................ 169 Zara Patel PART IV RISE OF THE GREEN 13. IS RIGHT-WING POPULISM COMPATIBLE WITH GREEN OBJECTIVES? ......................................................................... 189 Kajsa Hallberg 14. CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE IN THE UK: RAISING AWARENESS OF THE GLOBAL CLIMATE CRISIS AND THE NEED FOR POLITICAL ACTION .............................................. 211 Marianne Tynan PART V GENDER REPRESENTATION AND IDENTITY 15. GENDER POLITICS IN NORTH AFRICA .............................................. 225 Adam Khair 16. A BRIEF JOURNAL ON THE HISTORY OF SEXUALITY ..................... 245 Anna M. Gill 17. THE POLITICS OF MASCULINITY: CAPTAIN AMERICA AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF MASCULINITY IN TODAY’S POLITICAL CLIMATE ................................................................... 261 Bilyana Yankulova 18. ARTISTIC REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN AND VIOLATION OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS .................................................. 281 Georgiana Mariut 19. WHY IS HUMAN TRAFFICKING STILL SO PREVALENT IN JAPAN? ...319 Nizanka Yoganathan 20. THE IMPACT OF DOI MOI ON GENDER EQUALITY IN VIETNAM .... 339 Berfin Melissa Şafak LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Kaniya Abubakar graduated from the University of Westminster, where she studied International Relations and Development. At Westminster, she was also elected the Student Union’s Women’s Officer. Kaniya’s areas of interests lie in the study of Africa as well as in feminism. Harkiran Kaur Bharij is currently a third-year undergraduate Sociology student at the University of Westminster. Harkiran’s dissertation-related interests include a focus on media and journalism’s portrayal of ethnic minorities. Harkiran is also interested in how poverty can be created by a culture of capitalism and austerity. Polina Encheva is a final-year International Relations BA student, and her re- search interests lie within the field of political and legal theory. She wants to ex- plore the moral qualities of the legal and political structures, and—more spe- cifically—the economic analysis of international law as a power balancing tool. Reza Fayaz is a final-year International Relations BA (honours) student at the University of Westminster. His research interests focus on the political economy of the Mena region, which includes the conflicts among states and the conse- quences of those conflicts. He aspires to build a career as a political consultant or as a lobbyist within the private sector. Steve Fröhlich is currently a student of History and Politics at the University of Westminster, Steve aspires to eventually work in the fields of international rela- tions and diplomacy. He is deeply interested in political structure, and particu- larly in political theory relating to governance. Anna Marie Gill, informally known as ‘Ana’, is a final-year history student at the University of Westminster. Her research interests focus on the social discourse of sexual representations in Britain and British contemporary history and politics. She hopes to enter the Civil Service. She is deeply engrossed in different-perspec- tive histories that have shaped British society. Marina Alexandra Gulie is currently a final-year Politics and International Rela- tions BA (honors) student at the University of Westminster. Her area of research has been mainly focused on the economic emergence of China and on European 5 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS affairs. She has gained experience through being in workplaces such as the Euro- pean Parliament, and aspires to become a diplomat. Kajsa Hallberg completed her BA (with honours) in International Relations and Development at the University of Westminster in 2019. She is currently study- ing for an MSc in Climate Change, Development and Policy at the University of Sussex. Her research interests include international-climate-change adaptation finance and low carbon development. Adam Khair is a second-year Politics and International Relations student at the University of Westminster. He is an avid pursuer of knowledge and has an un- quenchable thirst to study and research every possible aspect of the global sys- tem. These interests are leading him towards his eventual goal of becoming a fu- ture academic as well as progressing on to higher levels of academia. Georgiana Mariut is currently a multilingual cybersecurity recruiter in London. She graduated with a degree in International Relations & Development from the University of Westminster in 2018, having just completed a Master of Law (LLM) specialising in Human Rights from Birkbeck, University of London. Camille Mathy is a second-year International Relations and Development stu- dent at the University of Westminster whose research focuses on social justice and environmentalism. She has a keen interest in the meaning of capitalism as well as the dangers posed by it, which she has been made aware of through her time living in various nations in Europe. This interest has facilitated her development of strong ideals and ambitions. Zara Patel is an alumnus of the University of Westminster, where she graduated in 2019 with a degree (with first-class honours) in International Relations. Zara is currently a student at BPP where she is undertaking the Graduate Diploma in Law (GDL), with the aspiration to become a solicitor in the future. Berfin Melissa Safak is a second-year International Relations and Development at the University of Westminster. Her paper focuses on gender inequality in Vi- etnam before and after Doi Moi. She had been in Vietnam and has observed the social development of the Vietnamese society. Her aspiration is to work within the field of International Relations and Development. 6 GLOBAL CROSSROADS: RETHINKING DOMINANT ORDERS IN OUR CONTESTED WORLD Sahar Taghdisi Rad Sasha Alexandra Sternick
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