Tree Strategy 2006 - 2010 Valuing Manchester’s trees - A Tree Strategy for Manchester

Foreword Trees add a great deal to our lives. They The publication of our Tree Strategy Trees around schools are said to are beautiful of course, but they are so signals a new commitment by improve children's concentration and trees much more than that. Trees are our living Manchester City Council to looking around hospitals are said to aid recovery. air conditioners and natural umbrellas. after one of our most valuable natural Trees contribute greatly to all our lives and resources. Manchester is rich in they should not be limited to the historically Their leaves and branches filter out pollution, parks, open spaces, nature reserves affluent parts of the city. Some parts of our reduce the risk of flooding and shade us from and river valleys, with hundreds city suffer from a legacy of environmental the sun's harmful ultra-violet rays (increasingly of acres of woodlands, and over exclusion and the huge rebuilding programme important - even in Manchester!) 23,000 trees along our roads, currently taking place across the city streets and highways. must redress that historical imbalance. They provide a home for wildlife, a playground for kids and a sheltered stress-relieving We have a significant number of diverse and We aim to become Britain's Greenest sanctuary for all of us. beautiful trees that play a vital role in contributing City, and a key part of achieving this is by to the city's well being, which in turn helps to demonstrating our commitment to Manchester's The Manchester Tree Strategy is a welcome boost our economy. But we cannot take this trees through such steps as the requirement call to action. It sets out a long-term vision resource for granted: we must manage and for a net 10% increase in trees in new for the best possible long term care of all the constantly replenish Manchester's tree stock developments and the protection of city's trees. The trees need our protection for our children and future generations. trees during construction. - and we certainly need theirs. Trees make a fantastic contribution to Trees contribute to Climate Change mitigation Professor Chris Baines - Wildlife TV Manchester, adding to the city's beauty by absorbing and locking up carbon dioxide presenter, conservationist and gardener and contributing significantly to people's thus helping the world avert catastrophic quality of life. For City Centre residents, Climate Change; and increased tree cover workers and visitors, we want to create will provide shade, cooling and protection tree-lined boulevards to provide oases of as we prepare to adapt the city for the calm in the midst of our lively and increasingly effects of unavoidable Climate Change. successful city. Attracting and retaining residents by creating "neighbourhoods of Many people, community organisations choice" is high on our agenda and a quality and agencies are actively involved in managing environment is an increasingly important Manchester's tree resources and I hope component of our regeneration and that this Strategy will help us to establish planning frameworks. the extent of Manchester's resource, to ensure that we raise awareness of its importance and to manage our trees carefully for many years to come.

Cllr. Neil Swannick Executive Member for Planning and Environment Overview

Background This section of the report provides Audience Objectives This Tree Strategy was developed in an overview of the strategy. The Tree Strategy aims to be an introduction to response to community interest about how Manchester’s trees. It aims to signpost people n To Involve Creatively trees are managed across Manchester. It is Purpose to key information, activities and organisations n Promote the value and importance the result of extensive stakeholder engagement The strategy aims to improve the coherency, that influence or impact on Manchester’s trees. of trees across Manchester. with businesses, charities, public sector consistency and quality of action across The information in this document is intended n Engage, educate and actively involve agencies community and special interest the city by understanding the present status for anyone interested in promoting and all stakeholders across Manchester. groups from across the City. of tree resources and securing the future protecting trees in Manchester. of Manchester’s trees. n To Manage Sustainably This Tree Strategy is one of a range n Ensure a best practice approach to of environmental strategies adopted by The Tree Strategy Development the management of trees and woodland. Manchester. These strategies provide the aims to do this by providing: n Develop a city wide audit of trees Council with a framework to manage its 1 An overview of the existing tree The Tree Strategy was developed using: and woodland. operations and protect the city’s environment. and woodland resources in Manchester. n Stakeholder engagement including More importantly the strategies set out 2 An increased understanding of the a dedicated tree conference, n To Plant Appropriately expectations for the city, expectations that importance of trees in promoting ‘Valuing Manchester’s Trees’ n Plant more trees. can be adopted by other agencies and the well-being, environmental sustainability in September 2005. n Improve landscape value and diversity. private sector as well as providing the bedrock and improving quality of life. n Meetings with interested parties and for the development of policies such as 3 An overview of existing information the creation of a Tree Strategy Group. n To Protect Strongly the Local Development Framework. about trees, a report of progress n Extensive research to improve understanding n Protect and conserve the city’s in auditing the city’s existing tree resources of the extent and quality of Manchester’s trees and woodland. The Tree Strategy is a key environmental and a framework for improving the quality tree and woodland resource. strategy of the Council and as such will of information available. n A review of existing policies and legislation influence all of the Council’s policies and 4 A range of case studies to inform aimed at protecting Manchester’s trees. Action Plan operations that affect trees. The inclusive and inspire people to improve their n A review of existing management activities The action plan, available at the end of nature of the strategy’s development should knowledge and management of trees. and programmes in place at the council, this document on pages 31 to 42, has also seek to ensure that other groups, 5 An increased understanding of the existing public agencies, key businesses and been developed by appraising opportunities organisations and individuals can play an active legislation, policies and management voluntary organisations. for improvement and positive action that role in its delivery. To find out more about the activities which protect the city’s trees; are considered to deliver progress against City’s environmental programmes and strategies and a framework for increasing use of These activities resulted in the development the four objectives. visit www.manchestergreencity.co.uk these where protection is necessary. of a vision, four key objectives, and an 6 A policy framework to inform and action plan. Practical actions include: support decisions made by the Council n The preparation of management plans and others in relation to trees. and biodiversity assessments for all 7 A basis for identifying new planting Vision Council owned Woodlands by 2010. opportunities, taking a long term approach n The development of a single system to the replacement of old trees, and The strategy aims to: approach for tree data recording in 2008. improving the protection of existing trees. n Secure a long-term future for our trees n The review of all tree related polices 8 A vision that can be used to motivate and woodlands, providing the right as part of the Local Development and draw together interested parties management and strong protection Framework by 2008. "Great cities have great trees. Apart from doing in improving Manchester’s tree for generations to come. n The establishment of Voluntary the obvious things like creating habitats for and woodland resources. Tree Wardens by 2007. wildlife ,allowing us to wake up to birdsong 9 An Action Plan to be implemented n The delivery of over 50 tree related and cleansing the air they make us feel good. by Manchester, including public agencies, events and activities annually. There is something within most of us that the community and anyone with an n Campaigns in schools and communities finds trees attractive, they make our urban interest in Manchester’s trees. to promote the value of trees. environments so much more liveable". n The planting of over 16,000 trees by 2010. Wayne Hemingway-Founder, Hemingway Design Foreword

Overview

1 1 Introduction

2 2 Context 2 2.1 The importance of trees 3 2.1.1 Trees and the Environment 6 2.1.2 Quality of Life - the Social and Economic Impact of Trees 8 2.1.3 Tree Products 10 2.1.4 The Problem with Trees

12 2.2 Where trees are found in Manchester 12 2.2.1 Street Trees 13 2.2.2 Woodlands 14 2.2.3 Hedgerows 14 2.2.4 Parks, Open Spaces and Allotments 14 2.2.5 Private Ownership 15 2.2.6 Schools 15 2.2.7 Cemeteries and Churchyards

17 2.3 Managing Trees in Manchester 17 2.3.1 Policy and Legal Framework 21 2.3.2 Protection and Enforcement 23 2.3.3 Management Initiatives 23 2.3.4 Case studies

27 3 Strategy Development 27 3.1 Conclusions 28 3.2 Opportunities 29 3.2 Vision

30 4 Action Plan

43 Appendix

45 Glossary

48 Partners, Participants and Contacts 1 Introduction 2 Context

Why have a Manchester Tree Strategy? People care - Their view on trees Manchester has understood the vital role that The people of Manchester have been vocal in trees and woodland play in the improvement their concern for the city’s trees. For hundreds of our quality of life for over 150 years. of representatives of friends groups, community Among the first public parks to be established groups and voluntary organisations, as well in England were in Manchester (Philips and as private businesses and environmental Queens Parks, 1846). Thousands of trees were organisations, the management and protection planted over the years to improve the landscape of our trees has always been of importance. and provide a necessary counter to poor air quality, but places did miss out. The City Centre The Community Network for Manchester was until recently stark and relatively treeless. reflected this interest in the development of We now have the challenge of retro-fitting a tree sub group. To support this group, the trees into Manchester’s Victorian cityscape. Council held a Manchester Tree Conference in In today’s society, trees play an important September 2005, which provided an opportunity role in the continued regeneration of the city, for people to discuss the future of Manchester’s and it is essential that they are sufficiently trees and woodlands. Over sixty representatives protected and recognised as a local resource. attended the event from a range of public, private Trees are essential. Globally, without trees and voluntary organisations. During the day, our atmosphere would not support human the delegates participated in workshops, where life. At a time when deforestation is occurring they discussed the most important considerations at an unprecedented rate in developing for a citywide tree audit, what should be countries and tropical regions, maintaining included in the tree strategy and what its core an effective tree resource within the goals should be. Over 600 ideas, comments city becomes increasingly important. and queries were provided, and a complete report of all points raised in the conference was The sustainable community strategy produced. The results were then appraised and for Manchester has been revised. grouped into categories. These were eventually You can read the latest version at condensed into a vision and four main themes www.manchesterpartnership.org.uk. - involving and engaging people, planting more A strategy that protects the City’s trees and trees, managing our trees and protecting them. improves their conservation will contribute to These provide the basis for the vision and four building neighbourhoods of choice which is objectives on which the strategy is based. a key objective of the Community Strategy. Feedback from the Conference highlighted The Tree Strategy for Manchester aims that responsibility for, and interest in, trees to establish a robust framework for the and woodlands across Manchester ranges management and protection of the city’s trees across many different people, including and woodlands, actively involving partners companies, private landowners, the council, from the public, private and voluntary sectors. public agencies, and Forestry organisations. The strategy will encompass international, national and local policies, highlight exciting As such, the protection and effective current initiatives and outline new opportunities. management of trees requires a co-ordinated 2.1 The Importance of Trees The strategy will be integrated into the approach between all the different interested The trees and woodlands of Manchester citywide regeneration frameworks and the parties. To support this, a Steering Group have numerous benefits, not just for the drive to become Britain’s Greenest City. comprising of representatives from different City’s residents, but for the wider environment. It will also support the Council’s environmental council services, public, private and voluntary They impact on our lives directly and strategies including the Waterways, bodies was established for consultation during indirectly. It is important to understand Biodiversity and Energy Strategies. the development of the strategy and this why we need to invest in them. will be maintained in order to oversee and support its implementation.

1 2 Trees and the Atmosphere Trees grow by absorbing sunlight and carbon We release carbon dioxide by burning fossil dioxide and releasing oxygen, in a process fuels in transport, electricity production and known as photosynthesis. They also draw up by using gas. While it is clear that this will water from the ground and release it as water cause a rise in global temperatures, it may vapour, affecting the local humidity and helping also ‘switch off’ or divert a sea current called to maintain the water cycle. Some species of the Gulf Stream, which currently warms the trees also absorb harmful pollutants. This is why UK. It is clear that events predicted by climate trees are sometimes described as ‘green lungs’. change modellers are already happening; including sea level rise, increased incidence There is now a consensus across global of extreme weather events (flood, drought, scientific and political communities that storms, gales) and polar ice melting. man-made emissions of certain gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide) are causing These same models suggest that a catastrophic a change in the way our atmosphere behaves, level of change will occur within the next fifty trapping warmth from the sun that would years unless we significantly reduce man-made normally be radiated back into space. emissions of these gases. Because trees absorb carbon dioxide they can be used as a temporary solution to lock away or store carbon dioxide, helping to reduce its levels in the atmosphere. This technique for tackling climate change is known as carbon sequestration.

Potential Impact of Climate Change on Trees While the effect of climate change on Manchester’s trees is not yet fully understood, there is already some evidence of the following effects occurring across the UK:

n Waterlogged soils following wetter winters causing an increase in tree root death n Late summer droughts leading to an increase in forest/woodland fires n Increase in soil erosion n ‘Invasive’ types of plants, animals, Midland Hotel, Manchester City Centre bacteria, disease and viruses upsetting the balance of ecosystems, causing loss of species. "Through a child’s eyes trees and woodlands are places of wonderment. However, warmer weather could also lead 2.1.1 Trees and the Environment Something to climb, to explore, to longer growing periods, advanced budburst Trees are a core provider of the basic building somewhere to make a den, or play and increased crop yield in the UK. blocks of life. We need air, food, water, heat and hide and seek, somewhere to do shelter in order to survive. Trees directly provide the the things that kids do. Trees are oxygen we breathe, food to sustain us, fuel to keep for life. For our lives, and for those us warm and materials to shelter us. They are also of future generations". an important part Phil Hackett, Brookdale of the water cycle, taking up water from the Park User Group soil and releasing it to the atmosphere.

3 4 Biodiversity and Trees Trees, woodlands and forests play very Then, as these trees mature, they can gradually Increasingly however, as the world experiences There is a fundamental relationship between important roles in the site designation of be thinned out to allow them room to grow. climate change, this is affecting the migration biodiversity and trees. Biodiversity means ‘the areas of biodiversity value across Manchester. The value of leaving standing or fallen dead patterns of birds. They arrive earlier when variety of life on Earth’. It would be fair to say There are currently 34 Sites of Biological wood should not be forgotten either. Dead migrating from the north, and leave later to that without trees, the World’s biodiversity Importance (SBIs) and 19 have been and decaying wood provides ideal habitats migrate to the south. Planting non-native could disappear. Trees bring birds, insects and awarded specifically due to the wildlife for a wide range of invertebrates which in species in appropriate settings can be of small mammals into Manchester, and provide and ecological value of trees present. turn will attract small mammals and birds significant benefit in ensuring that trees are able the environment to support an enormous to support the increased variety of visiting birds. number of species. A city rich in the number Manchester has a wide range of woodland The city’s parks and trees also need to and variety of tree species provides habitats habitats with Blackley Forest Local Nature connect to each other in order to provide For example, winter thrushes, fieldfares, for a diverse wildlife population. Reserve in the north containing beech corridors for wildlife to move through and within waxwings and redwings rely on rowan berries woodland to Sunbank Wood and Cotteril the city. These are known as ‘wildlife corridors’. over winter, but the berries on native rowans One of the best ways of indicating the Clough Site of Special Scientific Interest Impenetrable fencing, large areas of hard have started to fall and ferment during the biodiversity value of trees is to look at how (SSSI) in the south, both containing areas landscaping, and extensively built up areas act Christmas and New Year period when they many insects one single tree supports. ofsemi-natural ancient woodland. as barriers to the movement of Manchester’s are reliant on them. This can cause problems A single oak tree for example can support wildlife. Trees often need to be grouped due to consumption of fermented berries more than 400 species of insect. Innovative projects such as Project Bullfinch together in order to reproduce. The ‘Urban or even lead to starvation. The non-native at Chorlton Water Park further strengthen Forest’ project aims to link Manchester’s asiatic rowan species hold their berries longer; Number of the positive relationship between trees and green spaces to provide wildlife corridors. providing a vital food source for these Tree or Shrub Insect Species conserving Manchester’s wildlife. The Mersey birds when other food sources are scarce. Oak (pedunculate & sessile) 284 - 423 Valley Countryside Wardens and Red Rose Native vs Non-Native Willow species 266 - 450 Forest have planted hundreds of fruit trees When people discuss tree conservation, The species of tree planted can also affect the Birch (silver & downy) 229 - 334 and bushes to create an orchard for the there is a great deal of debate regarding local character of an area. Planting non-native Hawthorn 149 bullfinch that is highlighted as a priority species whether non-native trees should be planted. species in ancient woodland for example, Blackthorn 109 within the Manchester Biodiversity Strategy. In general (though not always), non-native can appear incongruous. Some local areas Poplar species (inc aspen) 97 species (those introduced from other countries) are recognised by the type of tree planted, Crab Apple 93 Trees can survive many hundreds of years support fewer species so have a lower and the introduction of a starkly contrasting Scots Pine 91 but their life is not infinite. New trees need to be biodiversity value. species may adversely effect visual Alder 90 planted regularly in order to replace older trees. enjoyment of an area. Elm 82 Leaf cover is a term used to describe the extent An example of this is coniferous woodland that, of benefit provided by a tree. Increased leaf due to a higher proportion of recently introduced Non-native species can be very beautiful, Trees also provide host to a wide range of cover means increased conversion of carbon species, tends to have lower biodiversity than and may also be able to occupy locations lichens. Lichens are made by a mix of fungus dioxide to oxygen, shade, more food to support a broadleaved woodland. that would be inappropriate for our native and algae and are normally green/yellow in insects, small mammals and, in the case of fruit species, due to the size of root system or colour. Most lichens are highly sensitive to air trees - us! As such, the amount of leaf cover period of leaf fall. Good examples of this pollution, and are therefore excellent indicators in the city is a better indicator of the value of can be found at Fog Lane Park in Didsbury, of air quality. In highly urban areas, few lichen the tree population than just the number of where an enormous scotch laburnum (possibly species are found since most cannot tolerate trees in Manchester. In order to minimise loss the tallest in Britain) is greatly appreciated, even moderate levels of air pollution. of leaf cover, it is necessary to plant around and Wythenshawe Park, which hosts an eight new trees to replace one mature tree. impressive gingko, and the best collection The good news is that the presence of lichens of dawn redwoods in Lancashire. is increasing across Manchester, and they have started to appear closer to the city centre Non-native trees can play an important in urban parks such as Angel Meadows. role in Manchester. The priority is to ensure "The Hamilton Road Area Community that, at all times, the right species of tree is Association has planted 50 trees and planted in the right place to protect wildlife have strenuously supported the proposal and maintain local character. for a Tree Strategy for Manchester." Barry Johnson, Hamilton Road Swedish Whitebeam, Gartside Gardens, Area Community Association Chorlton-on-Medlock 5 6 2.1.2 Quality of Life - the social and economic impact of trees A well-wooded environment is an asset Being in a place with trees can reduce stress Cultural and Heritage value to our economy. The Manchester Strategic levels and blood pressure significantly in less Trees do not just contribute to the area’s The presence of high quality, well-managed Regeneration frameworks recognise the than 20 minutes. A study conducted by Texas landscape - they also have cultural and trees and woodlands can dramatically enhance importance of trees in relation to building University found that biological symptoms of historical significance. They play a major part the appearance of an urban environment. sustainable communities and the effect that stress reduced in most of the study group in artwork, culture, literature, myth, stories This in turn has a significant bearing well managed trees and woodland can have within 3-5 minutes of seeing trees, and that and craftsmanship. Trees are an important on people’s perceptions, both of their on our city. As such, planting schemes form an even driving down a tree-lined avenue could theme in religion, literature and art. Trees are surroundings and of their quality of life. integral part of regeneration activities, helping reduce blood pressure, relax muscles also planted as memorials to commemorate to build, support and enrich local character. and lower stress levels. special people or events, perhaps due to Trees contribute to our quality of life in many the fact that they are able to outlive us. ways. Put simply, they look nice. Trees add They can improve the energy efficiency of Manchester City Council shares this view, significantly to the appearance of an area, and buildings by acting as windbreaks, and their and recognises the health benefits of access Trees may be accompanied by local legends their presence (or absence) can change how foliage can help to screen out the noise and to tree-rich open space. Warden or self-led or folklore and this can help people connect we feel about it, and the value we place on it. visual impact from busy roads or railways health walks and trails feature prominently with their ancestral and cultural heritage, nearby. Area regeneration frameworks are being in Manchester’s parks and open spaces. and some of Manchester’s oldest trees were Research by the Office of the Deputy established that carefully plan the long-term planted to combat the pollution of the industrial Prime Minister (ODPM) has shown significant social, environmental and economic future This is also recognised in guidance issued revolution. Trees were often planted as increases in house prices (up to 15% or more) of Manchester. Continued regeneration in by English Nature who aim to ensure that all memorials; Marie Louise Gardens in Didsbury for properties that are in tree-lined streets or North Manchester is looking to link over 50 people living in the UK have readily available was originally planted in 1904 with 72 different have trees nearby in comparison to treeless natural green spaces and parks covering access to natural environments. species of trees, many of which still exist. areas. Tree lined streets have a lower incidence some 500 hectares. This green corridor of vacancy or dereliction. Money can grow on will link the City Centre with the city’s largest Beauty and Landscape Trees can also play a part in areas trees! Research undertaken by The Commission open space, Heaton Park. Trees play a vital role in the creation of an receiving conservation status; for example, for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE) attractive and original landscape not just in the quality of tree cover in Chorltonville, ‘Start with the Park’ project demonstrates that Trees can also substantially reduce energy the countryside, but also in cities. Trees can South Manchester was an important factor businesses want to be located in well-managed, costs. For example, strategically placed trees offer the different areas of Manchester their in its designation. Literature, paintings and green locations, and research has also can prevent heat loss from homes, schools or own ‘sense of place’, providing natural beauty sculpture across Manchester celebrates shown that areas with more trees have offices in the winter, and they can also reduce that reflects local character. The types of tree the role of trees in our community. less crime related problems. air conditioning costs by shading buildings in planted can help to define a neighbourhood. the summer. As such, energy is conserved In the city centre and urban parks, street Trees don’t just promote a sense of well-being (which, city-wide, can amount to a significant trees and greenery can counterbalance and citizenship; they can also directly help figure) whilst the business or individual changes to the cityscape. to cut crime and disorder. Spiky planting homeowner saves money on bills. schemes on the perimeter of premises In the suburbs, trees feature prominently in using holly or berberis can deter intruders. The Tree Council of Britain is confident that the river valleys, along the roads and streets, Trees can also be used as natural barriers spending time in a tree rich environment can private gardens and in the community parks. to deter the use of motorbikes and other help us live longer. Their research has shown Not only do they enhance the surrounding antisocial activities within woodlands. that people who are surrounded by a tree scenery and have aesthetic value in their Conversely, dense, tangled undergrowth and woodland environment feel a greater own right, but they can also provide a screen or high hedges can increase perceptions sense of well-being. A visit to an urban park to block out unwelcome views. of risk, and provide cover for criminal activity. or woodland area can be of great benefit to Again the principle of the right tree in the right the whole family - adults can relax and enjoy place is key to enhancing as opposed to the peace and beauty of their surroundings negatively affecting the quality of an area. (thus relieving everyday stress and tension) whilst they exercise their pets, and their children are involved in an exciting and safe outdoor playground. St. Annes Square, Manchester City Centre

7 8 2.1.3 Tree Products 2.1.4 The Problem with Trees Imagine a world without tree products. Manchester’s Trees as Products Manchester’s Trees as Fuel In reading the strategy, it is easy to assume No paper, books, wooden furniture, beautiful Trees need to be managed. Some woodland Climate change necessitates a much more that trees are always good news. However, beams, or MDF. To date, more than 5,000 needs to be “thinned out” by removing some efficient use of fuels to help reduce carbon while trees offer many benefits, they can uses of wood have been identified, including trees to make others stronger. Some trees dioxide emissions. One way of reducing the also be a cause of concern. some of our most important medicines. become unsafe, damaged or diseased and net carbon dioxide emissions from fuel is to Archaeological evidence suggests that man’s need to be removed. But this material is use a sustainable cycle of wood growth and The main ways that trees first tools were made of wood and around a potential product, not waste. burn this wood as fuel. When fossil fuels such adversely affect quality of life are: third of the world’s population rely on wood as as oil and gas are burned they release carbon n Planting the wrong tree in the wrong place their primary source of heat and light generation. Manchester’s trees offer an opportunity to dioxide into the atmosphere. Trees absorb n Pests and diseases If we rely on trees to provide so many of our provide a source of marketable or usable carbon dioxide as they grow, and release it everyday items, we need to make sure that timber. This timber can be extracted during upon burning, ensuring that there is no net While it is true that trees can occasionally cause enough trees are planted to replenish the the course of tree and woodland management. gain of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. problems, in the vast majority of cases this is ones we’ve used. Trees can take a long time Although much of Manchester’s woodland is the result of maintenance issues, poor planting to grow, so we need to make sure that our predominately managed for recreation, amenity This is known as a ‘carbon neutral’ fuel supply. strategies or a failure to understand the needs use of trees now does not damage the ability and wildlife, there is still scope to manage Fast growing woods such as willow provide of trees when making changes to an area. of future generations to enjoy the wood for timber in sufficient quantities to provide an excellent opportunity to provide carbon As such, we should view problem trees as products we take for granted. materials for mulch, arts and crafts, and limited neutral fuels but, as they use a lot of land, this challenges to be resolved, rather than reasons fuel supplies. Waste wood collected from sites approach to reducing carbon dioxide emissions to avoid tree planting or remove existing trees. After a brief cessation following an international managed by the council tends to be either may be more appropriate in rural areas. Planting the Wrong outcry in the late 1970s, the world is now reused on site as mulch, left as deadwood Tree in the Wrong Place losing its wood resources at an unprecedented to form important wildlife habitat, sent to a While Manchester has a relatively limited The biodiversity, aesthetic and amenity value rate. Logging and land clearance in the Amazon waste wood centre, or recycled by contractors. potential fuel source from tree felling and pruning of a tree is affected by its location. For example, has reduced the size of the rainforest by a fifth The council does not send waste wood activities, there are some specific opportunities while a large oak may look beautiful in a park, in the last ten years, and an area bigger than to landfill. However, in parks, there are that warrant further investigation, including use when planted directly adjacent to a house the size of Wales was lost last year. The wood opportunities to avoid the need to transport of land awaiting remediation for short rotation its root system may disrupt the foundations, becomes fuel and luxury hardwood furniture waste wood materials, increasing the willow coppice, and on-site use of waste wood to provide a localised heat supply. causing subsidence. This does not necessarily for Western nations such as the UK, and the facilities for composting or reusing on site. mean we should plant only small species. land is cleared to make way for cash crops In addition to wood waste from felling and Measures such as root barriers and crown and cheap grazing to produce meat. Local examples of where it’s already happening lifting (where lower tree branches are removed) include the coppice trial at Kenworthy Wood pruning, Manchester also produces significant quantities of wood waste from households, can help to prevent problems such as root Initiatives have been established to help Co-operative Bank Community Woodland construction sites and manufacturing activities. damage or unwanted shading. consumers choose wood and wood products in Northenden, where willow is coppiced to The general waste stream also contains a from sources that are managed to a high produce thin branches which can be used reasonable quantity of waste wood. Wood from Likewise, while a monkey puzzle tree may be standard of biodiversity, and that replant trees at to make baskets and fences. The Mersey these sources presents a much more viable a great feature in a park, it could look out of an appropriate rate to ensure that overall leaf Valley Warden Service based at Chorlton potential fuel source for use in Manchester place in an ancient woodland setting. In some cover and wood availability does not suffer. Water Park also uses timber sourced from and a wood chip and pellet production facility is cases, introduced species may disrupt a trees grown on site to make nest boxes and already available in Greater Manchester to turn stable, biodiverse habitat by out-competing The Forest Stewardship Council provides planks which can be used in step building waste wood into fuel. The Council has prepared or overshadowing valued species. As such, a certification scheme for wood products to and fence construction. In 2005, over 300 nest guidance for construction companies to help it is key to plant the right tree in the right place. help consumers identify wood products from box kits were created. Benches, seating and them reuse and recycle wood waste, and We are also facing challenges in Victorian sustainable sources. Their logo can be found a variety of artwork has been created from seeks to encourage businesses to use wood areas of the city, where lots of trees are the on a wide range of paper and wood products, trees and natural materials in Manchester. sustainably via its Business Pledge scheme. same age, and they are all reaching the end and reassures consumers that they are not of their life at the same time. We are working contributing to the unsustainable loss of some See www.manchestergreencity.co.uk to replace these trees in phases with a variety of the world’s most biodiverse habitats. for more details on these initiatives. of species so we don’t lose the important character of the area, or create similar problems for the future.

Oak leaves 9 10 In some cases insufficient thought was Even if appropriate planting has taken place, Observations suggest that trees located Two trees were identified as infected within given to the species of tree used for street occasional high winds and storms may make in woodland, dense stands or deep valleys Sunnybrow Park in the East Area survey tree planting in Manchester. Problems have trees potentially hazardous, when branches tend to be at higher risk, and suffer more and 316 were listed for ‘future consideration’ also arisen due to modern changes such as are lost or, in rare circumstances, a whole severe infection that trees located in isolated throughout this area. Around 100 trees were increases in underground wires and pipes, tree is uprooted. or exposed positions. Forestry Commission removed from Heaton Park in September 2004, and the installation of impermeable, inflexible research has led to an emergent theory that and in 2005, a further 200 trees were removed paving. Dangerous overhanging branches Ensuring that the correct species of tree is the climate change effects of increasingly from Heaton Park, Boggart Hole Clough and and pavement breakage has ensued, which planted in the correct place can go a long warm damp springs followed by prolonged Broadhurst Clough. The Council maintains may not be evident to people who enjoy way to preventing the majority of the problems dry weather, may be improving the conditions a vigilant watch on the diseased poplar stock, the tree’s aesthetic value. As such, caused by trees. Regular assessment and for disease transmission. and has identified over 400 dying or dead conflicts of interest can occur. good communication is essential. People need trees that are likely to be removed during to be aware of trees and tree management. Poplar scab weakens trees over a period 2006, with more trees likely to follow Overhanging branches are rarely dangerous They also need to be kept informed about tree of up to three to five years and almost always in the next two years. unless the tree is diseased or weak. management and planting in their area, why results in the death of the tree. Both the The problem is usually that they obstruct it is happening and what the outcomes will be. presence of Manchester poplars and incidence Since the survey was complete, some recent traffic or pedestrians or cause unacceptable of the disease are concentrated in parks in observations have identified light infection in shading. This, along with pavement Pests and Diseases the north of the City, but it is spreading. trees in the southern area. The disease occurs breakage, is usually a maintenance issue. Trees can be prone to infection and disease. annually, so trees appear to get infected each Past instances include dutch elm disease and A citywide survey undertaken by the Council year. The disease’s origin is still not clear, and, This is particularly true in the case of the a recent outbreak of sudden oak death. It is estimated that there are over 2,500 Manchester in the UK, it is concentrated in the Manchester city’s railway sidings. Local residents appreciate difficult to predict the effects of climate change poplars. Only trees seriously diseased or dying area, probably due to the prevalence of the role of trees in helping to screen unsightly in the context of pests and diseases, but with no chance of recovery will be removed the poplar species within the city. railway lines and the sound of leaves moving any change leading to increased stress on and full ecological surveys will be undertaken in the wind can help to mask undesirable trees is likely to result in increased problems before removal. Leaving both fallen and However, the disease’s spores are airborne railway noise. However, few people can be with pests and diseases. standing decaying wood, for their wildlife value, and can travel very long distances, and it unaware of the disruption caused by ‘leaves will be considered where this does not risk is present outside Manchester, so simply on the line’ and overhanging branches or The Forest Research Agency, predicts an spread of the disease. Appropriate replacement removing all trees showing signs of infection is unstable trees can present a serious safety increase in certain diseases such as needle planting will also be undertaken. There will be an not seen as a viable way to control the disease. risk to railway users. blight of pine, root infections, sooty bark introduction of a wider range of genetic varieties disease of sycamore and alder dieback and we will aim for a wider spread of trees This disease is threatening up to three When contentious works such as tree as climate change progresses. It may also of different ages to help strengthen tolerance quarters of the poplar population; a much-loved thinning along railway lines is taken it is herald the arrival of exotic, non-native pests and ‘future-proof’ against potential threats. feature of Manchester’s landscape, and it is essential that communication is undertaken and diseases such as the green spruce aphid, understandable that this is causing significant with local residents well in advance of any bark beetle and horse chestnut leaf miner, The survey has identified 879 north area local concern, particularly where removal is works, and that residents know that replanting as more of these pests may survive trees infected and warranting removal, located essential. As such the council and its partners is being undertaken elsewhere to make the increasingly mild winter months. in Boggart Hole Clough, Broadhurst Park, have put a stringent conservation and good any loss in tree stocks. Broadhurst Clough, Brookdale Park, Cheetham management plan in place. Manchester poplars have been attacked Park, Crumpsall Park, Heaton Park, Nuthurst In 2003, the Government introduced new by a disease known as the ‘poplar scab” or Park Philips Park and Queens Park. In addition, legislation so that local councils can take action “spring defoliation”. This is associated with around 570 trees are showing signs that they against people who fail to respect the impact the presence of a microscopic fungus called could be infected and have been categorised of their trees and hedges on neighbours. Venturia populina. This disease has been known as requiring ‘future consideration’. The central High hedges and other planting that blocks for a long time but has only started to cause and south area surveys did not identify any "Errwood Road is seen as one of the best light or access to previously available scenic problems in the last few years. The reason trees as infected, and 150 trees in the central roads in Manchester with its four rows of trees. views may result in the issue of notices for this is unknown. Manchester’s experience area were listed for ‘future consideration’. They make it an area to be proud of ". requiring pruning or felling. of the disease suggests that the biggest factor Peter Thompson, Friends of Cringle Park in determining the likelihood, seriousness and spread is weather conditions.

11 12 2.2 Where trees are found in Manchester 2.2.2 Woodlands 2.2.3 Hedgerows There are six main types of woodland found Mixed woodland contains both Manchester has some good examples of 2.2.1 Street Trees across Manchester, mainly in our river valleys, deciduous and coniferous trees, maturing hedgerow in the Irk, Mersey and At present, Manchester has approximately parks and open spaces. such as Wythenshawe Park. Medlock Valleys, but information regarding the 23,000 street trees. Street trees are planted quantity and quality of hedgerows in Manchester along roadsides, verges and in pavements. Semi-natural woodland is evenly distributed Young self-seeded woodland occurs is limited. Hedgerows are important since They are managed by the Council, who oversee across the north and south of the city. Large along existing and disused railway lines and they not only contribute to the attractiveness a programme of checks, routine maintenance areas exist in the north at Bailey’s Wood, sidings, the canopy being predominantly of the landscape but also provide a habitat and emergency work throughout the year. Heaton Park and Boggart Hole Clough. In the pioneer species such as birch, willow and for a variety of species. They also act as a south around the airport and Wythenshawe sycamore. These offer valuable wildlife corridor through which species can travel The council has a database of all street tree are smaller isolated bodies of mature oak corridors into the city. from one area to another. The removal stock in the city. Each tree is registered woodland. Some of these woodlands have of hedgerows would threaten many individually on the database, and systematically good structure and diverse ground flora, Green Corridors and the Urban Forest plants, animals and birds. checked every two years. This is an ongoing Sunbank Wood being a good example. Green networks are being developed across process and to date, over 23,000 trees have the city as part of Regeneration, Waterways Half the total species of British lowland been entered onto the database. Of the trees Wet woodland is a UK Biodiversity Action Plan and Community Forest projects. Parkland mammals and at least 14 out of the 91 identified, the most common species observed (BAP) priority habitat, which supports a diverse and open spaces are being interlinked to recognised species of birds live in hedgerows. is ash, followed by common lime, sycamore, range of flora and fauna. Good examples are join up with the established network of open Many more species are periodic visitors. norway maple and london plane. Willow-carr Woodland at Stenner Woods and spaces and woodland edge along the Since the middle of this century there Rose Hill Woods. Nan Nook Wood contains city’s rivers and flood plains. has been a large net loss of hedgerows The trees that are planted on our streets an area of Alder-Carr woodland. The Carr within the U.K. Between 1984 and 1990 today are generally ornamental species, woodlands occur as part of larger woodland There is significant opportunity to continue 121,000 km of hedgerows were lost although there are still many native and veteran bodies with the ground flora being generally developing and improving these links. (Department of the Environment Report). trees thriving across the city. New trees are more diverse than the adjoining areas. In addition to improving public amenity, located so as to avoid problems with building creating links between existing woodland Urban hedgerows may be affected by foundations or blocking natural light. Ancient woodland sites are those, which can help wildlife to move through and a number of factors such as inappropriate have had continuous woodland cover since at within the city. Breaking down the barriers management practices and poor maintenance least 1600AD. Having been established for a between people’s perceptions of ‘city’ leading to a decline in value for wildlife, long time they can support a rich and diverse and ‘countryside is the basis of the urban uncertain ownership and new building flora and fauna. Ancient woodland occurs at forest concept which is part of Red Rose developments or street furniture resulting Cotteril Clough, Sunbank Wood, Well Wood, Forest’s objectives. in damage or removal of hedgerows. Bailey’s Wood and Boggart Hole Clough. This is being realised year by year, as the There is also an increased trend to turn Plantation woodlands have increased city’s trees and woodlands mature and are front gardens into parking areas, threatening over the past fifteen to twenty years due to the managed sustainably. The overall aim will some of the best hedgerows in the City. Community Forest Initiative. Older plantations be to create a diverse, living landscape Also, Highways regulations require wider tend to be dominated by exotic species such that is sensitively and innovatively managed entrances and sight lines to properties, leading as white poplar, sycamore, grey alder and horse to grow for many years to come. to further loss of hedgerows. This means it is City Centre tree planting, Portland Street chestnut with little value for wildlife. A good very important to identify opportunities to plant example of plantation woodland, which new hedgerows, and to find alternatives to is being managed to encourage wildlife is hedgerow removal wherever possible. "As a keen gardener and an 'old' Blackley Forest, which was planted in 1953 woodwork teacher, not only do I appreciate as one of the first community woodlands. the timber and the history of this invaluable resource but also the trees themselves, their shape, their form, their colours". Paul Roberts, Allotments Society

13 14 2.2.4 Parks, Open Spaces and Allotments 2.2.7 Churchyards and Cemeteries Manchester has 154 parks, open spaces Conflicts may arise when tree owners do Trees are a traditional feature of churchyards The Council has been investigating the and river valley sites totalling 1,270 hectares. not realise the aesthetic value placed on their and cemeteries; indeed many of Manchester’s possible use of woodland burial sites. This will Within these green spaces, there are more trees by other members of their community and oldest trees are found there. Trees do much to provide an opportunity for trees and graves to than 50 woodlands covering 190 hectares. remove trees without consulting neighbours. create a peaceful atmosphere within the site. be integrated more closely than conventional These range in scope from ancient semi-natural Similarly, large trees may increasingly cause cemetery layouts as memorials and headstones woodland to mature woodlands and young a nuisance to neighbouring communities by The council maintains five cemeteries in are generally not permitted, but often trees plantations. The city also has 42 actively overshadowing gardens or windows, blocking Blackley, Gorton, Manchester General Cemetery, are planted to mark the grave. used allotment sites. access to natural light. Should this occur, Philips Park Cemetery and Southern Cemetery. neighbours can contact the Council who will Management in the cemeteries involves the In closed churchyards and cemeteries, The Council manages the city’s parks, explore every opportunity to negotiate an pruning of the mature trees and the removal of trees can make a valuable enhancement to open spaces and allotments. Long term and amicable settlement. As a last resort, and after any dead and unsuitable trees where necessary. the landscape, but they can cause problems appropriate management is essential to ensure all other options have been investigated, the The tree’s condition is checked regularly. that include the obscuring of grave structures that these areas remain safe and attractive Council may decide to place an Improvement and disruption by tree roots and branches. for visitors and wildlife for years to come. Notice under the Antisocial Behaviour Act 2003 For hundreds of years, particular species Unfortunately, the cost of dealing with misuse to remedy the nuisance. If trees are unsafe planted in churchyards have carried Trees on Development Sites of parks and vandalism reduces the resources on business premises, the Health and Safety much significance. For example: Whenever land is due to be developed, available to improve their quality. Executive may choose to act. this presents a potential risk to trees on the site. As such, measures such as tree Unless a tree is in a conservation area, Tree species Significance preservation orders can be made to protect 2.2.5 Trees in private ownership protected by a Tree Preservation Order them, or planning conditions can be established Yew Since records began, yew has A significant percentage of Manchester’s (TPO), or unreasonably blocking visual to ensure that tree resources are conserved. trees grow on privately owned land, such amenity, private individuals and companies (Taxus baccata) been considered one of the most sacred trees due to as railway sidings, golf courses, university are at liberty to do as they see fit with their However, there is nothing to prevent a their longevity. Yew lives up or college grounds, business premises trees. However, it is considered good developer from removing unprotected trees to 1,000 years and residential gardens. practice to consult neighbours before from a site prior to submitting a planning engaging in works which may adversly Holly People used to believe that application, which is why ensuring that all affect local character. The management of such trees is the (Ilex aquifolium) the bushes protected tombs trees of value have adequate protection responsibility of the private owner and as and monuments from is important. Once a developer submits an such problems may arise where they do not application, if there is any activity that may 2.2.6 Schools lightening strikes. have sufficient knowledge, time or resources involve removal of, or works adjacent to trees, Trees within school grounds provide a to ensure proper maintenance of their trees. Common Oak Oak leaves were inscribed a tree survey and management plan will be great hands-on tool to raise awareness The standard of care for trees on private (Quercus robur) on tombs as a symbol for required by the Council, and this may form and understanding of the importance of land can range from complete indifference power, authority or victory part of a planning condition. nature through school-based initiatives. to those who take great pride in their trees They can be part of an ‘outdoor classroom’ Rowan Rowan is believed to and invest time and money into long Guidance is issued to developers to help for children where they can undertake (Sorbus deter bad spirits from term sustainable management. them understand the steps they need to curriculum focused activities. They also aucuparia) bothering the dead take. Manchester City Council has a target to provide shade from harmful UV-Rays. Cypress Bodies were once were laid increase tree cover across new developments (Cupressocyparis upon cypress branches before by 10% each year. Developers are required Eco Schools is an environmental award leylandii) burial. The mourners carried scheme for schools, rewarding and accrediting to provide details of existing tree coverage its branches as a sign of respect schools that have made a commitment to and surveys with their planning submissions. continuously improving their environmental Work is under way to maintain tree coverage performance. The council is working with on new developments in order to deliver over 75 schools to help them achieve the Eco progress against the target. Schools standard. School grounds are a key theme of the standard and well-managed trees can play an important role in helping increase the schools environmental credentials.

Queens Park, Cheetham 15 16 Enjoying Manchester’s trees International E. The Kyoto Agreement (1997) Removal includes action that would result in Health walks across Manchester are central The Bern Convention on the Conservation The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement the death or destruction of the hedge. It must be to people’s enjoyment of their local environment of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats setting targets for industrialised countries to cut stated that the Council will enforce this legislation and their engagement with trees. Research (1992). This imposes obligations to conserve their greenhouse gas emissions. Introduction of only as a last resort after all opportunities for from the Health Promotion Group has shown wild plants, birds and other animals with carbon credits for tree planting and other forest a settlement have been explored. that views of natural scenery such as trees particular emphasis on endangered and and land use-related activities have positive and fields promote a drop in blood pressure vulnerable species and their habitats. Provisions effects on achieving the agreement. British Standard (BS) 3998: and reduce feelings of stress of this Convention underlie the EC Habitats ‘Recommendations for tree work’ Directive and the UK’s wildlife legislation (for Provides guidance on the appropriate Experienced Park wardens from the Council example Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981). National maintenance and management of trees. run health walks across the city, on at least Town and Country Planning Act 1990 The standard is used to provide a technical a weekly basis, with popular sites such as The Rio Summit (1992) and the Town and Country Planning framework for appropriate works on trees. Clayton Vale offering up to seven walks per - Key issue - Ecosystem protection (Trees) Regulations 1999 are the primary week. The wardens use their local knowledge Agreements were reached on protecting forests acts for the protection of trees. They form It is to be introduced as a requirement to point out important natural, heritage, cultural and woodlands as World forests declined by a legal framework for the designation of that all contractors follow this standard when and landmark features during the walks, to around 90,000 sq km a year during the 1990s. Tree Preservation Orders. undertaking work on behalf of the Council, enhance walker’s enjoyment. Wooded and and we will also be encouraging our tree filled environments have been selected Agenda 21 (1992) Planning Policy Statements (PPS) partners to do the same. for many of these walks; Boggart Hole Clough - Chapter 12 Combating deforestation Set out the Government's national policies in the North, Alexandra Park, Platt Fields and on different aspects of land use planning British Standard (BS) 5837: Chorlton Water Park in the South and Central Chapter 12 of Agenda 21 makes provision in England. PPS 1 (Delivering sustainable ‘Trees in relation to construction’ part of the city, and Highfield Country Park for the following programme areas: development) and PPS 9 (Biodiversity and Provides guidance on how to decide which and Clayton Vale in East Manchester. n Sustaining the multiple roles and functions of Geological Conservation) provide support trees should be retained and how best to Further details on the individual walks can all types of forests, forest lands and woodlands; for both the protection and enhancement protect them when a site is being developed. be found on the Council’s website. n Enhancing the protection, sustainable of biodiversity and natural habitats. It also gives guidance on how to incorporate management and conservation of all forests, trees into the new landscape. Zest is a new healthy living project for North and the greening of degraded areas, Local Nature Reserves (LNRs) Manchester aiming to improve the health and through forest rehabilitation, reforestation The designation of LNRs is a key way of While it does not give specific legal protection, well-being of the people in the area. Zest has and other rehabilitative means; protecting wildlife habitats and natural features it does have wide-ranging implications and is selected Blackley Forest Local Nature Reserve n Promoting efficient utilisation and and increasing the public’s awareness of their of significant value in ensuring that developers as a key site for their health walks. assessment to recover the full valuation local environment. Manchester currently has four follow an appropriate code of practice in of the goods and services provided by LNRs; Chorlton Water Park, Blackley Forest, protecting trees on site. Both British standards forests, forest lands and woodlands Clayton Vale, Chorlton Ees and Ivy Green. can be used in conjunction with a Guide 2.3 Managing Trees in Manchester n Establishing and/or strengthening capacities available from the Arboricultural Association for the planning, assessment and systematic Antisocial Behaviour Act 2003 observations of forests and related Popularly known as the 'Leylandii clause' Currently, the standard recommends that 2.3.1 Policy and Legal Framework programmes, projects and activities, the Act makes provision for local Councils to ‘trees of particular historical, commemorative Legislation, agreements, policies and initiatives including commercial trade and processes determine complaints by the owners/occupiers or other value, or good specimens or rare are in place on an international, national, of domestic properties adversely affected by or unusual species’ should be retained. regional and local basis to help protect the The Helsinki Agreement (1993) evergreen or semi evergreen hedges over 2 world’s tree resources. This section provides metres in height. The Council are able to charge The definition does not specifically state an overview of the main measures in place. Four resolutions were adopted a fee for this service, which is to be paid by the trees which are important as wildlife habitat as at Helsinki regarding trees: complainant. The Council may also reject the a reason, but lists wildlife value as one of the 1 The sustainable management complaint if they consider that insufficient effort ‘other value’ elements that may cause a tree of European forests has been made to resolve the matter amicably. to be retained. It also recommends removal 2 The conservation of their biodiversity of trees with significant fungal decay at base 3 The implications of climate change The Act specifically excludes complaints about or main bole and trees with a major cavity 4 Forestry co-operation with the countries the effects of roots, such as damage to property, or cavities for safety reasons. of Central and Eastern Europe. nor does the Act allow for the remedial notice to require the reduction of the hedge to a height of less than 2 metres or the removal of the hedge. 17 18 Regional Local Trees that are retained near a development The NW Regional Plan The Unitary Development Plan (UDP) need protecting from construction damage. - Regional Spatial Strategy (RSS) for Manchester contains planning policies The BS provides guidance on the minimum Together with the UDP this forms the which set the framework for the control of distance around the tree that should be development plan for Manchester. The development, use of land and conservation protected by fencing: overriding aim of the regional plan is to promote within the city. It sets out policies for the sustainable patterns of development and protection and enhancement of habitats physical change. It recognises the significant and promotes the protection and enhancement ‘ecological footprint’ of the North West and of woodlands and trees. These policies Minimum distances for protective fencing around trees sets out policies that give support for urban will be reviewed and updated in the Local (and groups of trees/ woodlands) green spaces and further tree planting and Development Framework (LDF) that will Tree age Tree vigour Trunk diameter Minimum distance enhancing the public realm. The RSS is replace the UDP in 2010. (at 1.5m above ground) in metres currently under review, and it is anticipated in millimetres that the new RSS will further strengthen Guide to Development 2 the importance of trees in cities The Guide to Development 2 was released in Mature trees Normal vigour <350 4.0 and urban areas. May 2005 as an advisory document to assist 350 - 750 6.0 developers and planners in understanding the >750 8.0 Agenda for Growth - the Northwest council’s preferred development principles. Mature trees and Low vigour <350 6.0 Regional Forestry Framework overmature trees 350 - 750 9.0 An Agenda for Growth is the framework Council policies within the Guide to >750 12 for forestry in England's Northwest. Created Development in Manchester 2 recognise by the Forestry Commission after considerable the significant positive contribution both existing consultation both within and beyond the and new landscape features such as trees The standard is regularly used in local plans DEFRA publication forestry and timber sectors, it will help to can make to the character of the city and as a request to ensure that tree surveys are "Tree Preservation Orders - A Guide shape the woodland and forestry sector quality of the environment. The Guide states conducted in accordance with good practice, to the Law and Good Practice" in our region for the next twenty years. that different parts of the city have distinct and as a recommended framework to help This publication provides an excellent or individual characters, which can be guide the developer about what is and isn’t overview of tree preservation orders and attributed to the quality of the landscape. likely to be acceptable. A survey helps local the issues surrounding them. In particular, planning authorities evaluate the impact of any it outlines suggestions for conditions that Planting is recognised as both softening proposal on adjacent trees, and future impacts can be applied to planning application the urban environment and contributing of trees on buildings, allowing them to to ensure that appropriate tree protection to sustainability by reducing the effects adjust the scheme where necessary. and aftercare is in place. of carbon dioxide emissions.

The Council and its partners are currently It also highlights issues such as the Following its trial period, the Guide was introducing a requirement for all developments importance of ensuring that developers updated, and sustainability principles including potentially affecting trees to submit identify and look after trees adjacent to site tree-related policies were strengthened. a management plan in accordance access routes, or those which may be The Guide was approved as a Supplementary with the standard. affected by the laying of services or roads Planning Document (SPD) in April 2007. beyond the site boundary, and the importance The SPD contains a requirement for developers of enforcing aftercare arrangements to submit a "sustainable environment report". to ensure that trees planted during the planning process become established. The report must show how the impact of the development on biodiversity has been addressed and how it will contribute to the Greenest City target to achieve a 10% net increase in tree cover across new developments. Plane Trees and the Town Hall

19 20 2.3.2 Protection and Enforcement Green City The Council’s role in The Public’s role in The Greening Manchester Report of March Tree Preservation Orders (TPOs) are used Protection and Enforcement Protection and Enforcement 2005 proposes a programme and campaign for to protect selected trees and woodlands if The main ways that the Council engages Manchester City Council cannot stop trees Manchester to become Britain’s Greenest City. their removal would have, ‘a significant impact in tree protection, are by using the measures being cut down in private grounds, but if the on the environment and its enjoyment by the outlined above. There are currently almost council becomes aware of a threat to a tree Working in partnership with businesses, public public’. They can apply to a single tree or 300 TPOs in place in Manchester (June 2006). we can immediately place an ‘interim TPO’ agencies and the community, the Council is a group of trees. Priority for TPOs is generally They are reviewed on an ad hoc basis when on it and if necessary this can be enforced. committed to put in place policies, targets and given to trees that are considered to be major development is considered, or when We can issue a TPO to stop the work, provided actions necessary to result in Manchester being under threat, for example where imminent the tree is worthy of an order i.e. condition reports on valuable trees are received from able to justify, against internationally recognised development is proposed. and location. Trees with TPOs on them can’t local agencies or the general public. benchmarks, the title “Britain’s Greenest City”. be worked on without written permission Conservation areas Manchester has from Planning. A TPO can only be issued In addition to targets regarding the Kyoto 35 conservation areas. Generally, all trees in Approximately 20 applications for TPOs if it meets set criteria. Accord which may lead indirectly to tree conservation areas have interim protection. are received per year, and in the last two years, planting for carbon sequestration and biofuel Anyone proposing to carry out works of pruning 39 TPOs have been issued. Over the same If a tree doesn’t have an interim or permanent projects, a specific target is in place for trees or felling must give the Council six weeks’ period, the Council has received only seven TPO, the council only has powers to stop a in Manchester. Target 5 of the Greening notice of their intention. This is to enable enforcement complaints regarding trees. tree being removed from locations such as Manchester Programme is to complete a the Council to examine the proposal and Formal action will be pursued where gardens if they are in a conservation area. city wide tree audit, assemble a management decide whether or not to issue a TPO. necessary. In 2003, the unauthorised In conservation areas, an application describing and development strategy and require destruction of six protected trees within proposed works must be sent to the council, a nett increase of 10% new tree planting Planning briefs are non-statutory guidelines a conservation area resulted in a fine who will determine if the work is justified. on all new developments. prepared for certain large sites that are of £30,000 for the developer concerned. A letter authorising, amending or refusing expected to be subject to development. Anecdotal evidence of tree damage the application will then be issued. Go to www.manchestergreencity.co.uk Briefs normally contain details of important associated with developments far exceeds for more information on the campaign. trees that are considered sufficiently valuable In parks and woodlands, the Council doesn’t the number of formal complaints. It is not to retain. In order to protect the trees it is normally notify the general public about tree Key Environmental Strategies normal practice to issue a TPO., as it can be possible for the Council to continuously felling or pruning unless it’s a major job, used to protect important trees. Conditions monitor all trees, so measures are needed or if local interest groups (such as ‘friends of’ The Tree Strategy is part of a framework are attached to planning permissions to to improve the extent to which such organisations) have expressed an ongoing of key environmental strategies: protect these trees during development incidents are reported by the public. interest in the location. Notice Boards in parks from damage by building machinery, and provide a contact number for park wardens n The Manchester Biodiversity strategy to require that certain trees are retained. A benchmarking exercise indicated that and their incident response teams. highlights priority habitats and species that we have much fewer protected trees in are of primary concern across the City; This requires the developer to submit a the north of the city than the south, and so When works are conducted on street trees, n The Manchester Waterways strategy landscape plan showing retained trees together efforts to increase tree protection in the north the councillor for the local area is informed, highlights a range of potential environmental with new planting for which a maintenance have been underway for two years. The tree and in some cases, leaflets are also distributed interventions across the City’s Rivers requirement should be required as standard. campaign taking place during 2006 aims to in the local community. When works are and canals that will benefit the treescape; The onus is on the owner or developer improve awareness of the value of trees in planned for trees in council owned domestic The Manchester Energy strategy to comply with these conditions, and any premises, the local councillor is informed n Manchester, and also provides an opportunity aims to increase energy efficiency infringement may render them liable and tenants will receive a letter or leaflet for people to nominate trees they believe and sustainability across the City. to enforcement action. outlining the works. are worthy of increased protection.

21 22 Planting Appropriately A 2005 survey of Local Authority Tree Officers Friends of Parks Newlands Moston Vale Red Rose Forest by Gardening Which? found that, on average, Friends of Parks are groups of local residents Newlands is a unique land regeneration Red Rose Forest, established in 1991, is a 24% of the street trees in their care were who volunteer to care for and improve their local scheme that is working to reclaim 435 hectares partnership of Natural England, the Forestry damaged by utility board trenching. This can park or green space. They have a vital and of neglected land in Northwest England. Commission and the local authorities of Bolton, range from a handful to thousands of trees. inspirational role in conserving and enhancing Bury, Trafford, Wigan, Manchester and Salford. Damage may only become apparent ten to the trees and woodlands in parks. Manchester Newlands will support and enhance the wider Red Rose Forest covers almost 777 square km twenty years after the event, so we do not yet currently has 47 Friends groups. Irk Valley project and invest 1.7million pounds of Greater Manchester . understand the full extent of damage caused by in environmental improvements on an area of extensive cable installations in the recent past. Manchester's Friends network is recognised former landfill. The land regeneration of Moston Red Rose Forest concentrates on increasing as an example of good practice of community Vale will also set a benchmark for the restoration tree cover, encouraging investment and visitors While it is important to ensure that trees in involvement by GreenSpace, a not-for-profit of other areas of environmental development to the area and plays a vital role in greening the vicinity, as well as on the site of new organisation set up to help those committed in the region, and is the first Newlands site and improving England's North West. developments are considered for protection to the planning, design, management and to receive full approval and begin works. when building works are undertaken, a vigilant use of public parks and open spaces. Since 1991, Red Rose Forest has planted and informed public can also help to around 1,183 hectares of woodland. Part of prevent some of the damage. Agreed physical improvement will include Green Streets extensive use of solar lighting along newly the Red Rose Forest plan is to plant 25 million The Green Streets project was established in built footpaths and recreation areas, in a trees over forty years. 2.3.3 Management initiatives December 2001. It helps local communities in greenspace setting of wildflower areas There are a wide range of organisations Manchester, Salford and Trafford to green their amongst 7,500 trees. Protecting Strongly who act as maintenance agencies and manage neighbourhoods by planting street trees, making Blackley Forest Local Nature Reserve schemes in Manchester, details of which hanging baskets, filling planters with flowers, Extensive community consultation,15 years Declaring sites as Local Nature Reserves are given in Appendix 1. creating community gardens or establishing management funding and the Forestry reflects the importance of sites in relation environmental art works. The Green Streets Commission's 99 year management to recreation and biodiversity conservation. initiative is the result of a partnership between commitment will ensure a sustainable Designated sites are shown in the City’s 2.3.4 Case Studies Manchester City Council, Red Rose Forest long term future of the project. Unitary Development Plan. LNRs offer many and Manchester City Centre Management benefits not only to wildlife but also to the This section contains details of best practice Company, resulting in 1,058 trees Co-op Bank Community Woodland quality of life for the people of Manchester. in tree protection, community involvement and being planted in Manchester. As part of the development of the Red Rose sustainable management. The section contains Forest, the Co-operative Bank celebrated its The value of Blackley Forest for Manchester Manchester examples together with national Managing Sustainably 125th anniversary by helping create over 250 was rewarded in May 2005, as it received and international case studies. Project Bullfinch hectares of community woodlands in Trafford, Local Nature Reserve (LNR) status from English An innovative tree project has been set up Wigan, Salford and the Mersey Valley. The Nature, only the second to be designated Manchester Examples to safeguard one of Britain’s most beloved chosen site for Manchester was Kenworthy in the city. The Biodiversity Strategy aims to but under threat bird species. Wood, in Northenden. Kenworthy Wood, in have eight new LNR designations over the Involving Creatively the Mersey Valley, is managed by the Mersey next four years and two new sites will be Roots of East Manchester Local community groups and Chorlton High Valley Countryside Warden Service. In 1997 designated in Summer 2006. Local residents of all ages across East School planted hundreds of fruit trees and and 1998, 13 hectares of new woodland Manchester are currently working in partnership gorse shrubs at Chorlton Water Park Local and over 1km of new path networks were to create habitats for wildlife and improve the Nature Reserve. Bullfinches are mainly fruit were created on site. Approximately 30,000 appearance of the local environment. eaters so the fruit trees were planted to trees of predominantly native species provide wintering feeding resources whilst such as silver birch, alder, oak and ash, The Roots of East Manchester Tree Campaign aims to raise awareness and understanding the gorse plants will provide more natural were chosen to suit local climate and soils. of the importance of trees and the environment, habitats for the birds. Bullfinches are classed and to encourage community ownership of as priority species within the Manchester newly planted trees. To date, Philips, Bradford Biodiversity Strategy as their population has and Delamere Parks have benefited from decreased in the UK over the past 30 years. new trees, and four Giant Redwoods were planted at Openshaw Park. Friends of Blackley Forest event

23 24 National Examples Managing Sustainably International Examples Planting Appropriately Wakefield Metropolitan District Council Trees for Madrid Involving Creatively Tree Strategy Managing Sustainably Trees for Cities is an independent charity The Tree Council Wakefield MDC have developed their first New York Street Trees/Trees Count which was established in 1993 to work with The Tree Council began in 1973, the comprehensive tree and woodland strategy for Between 1995 and 2001, the New York City local communities on tree planting projects. ‘National Tree Year’ with its slogan of Plant a 2004-2009. The Treescape strategy recognises Department of Parks and Recreation planted Their objective is to educate and involve Tree in ’73. Founded the following year with the importance of trees to health, economic over 85,000 street trees and cleared a backlog communities in tree planting and training government support, the Tree Council organised regeneration and quality of life. It includes a of 9,000 dead trees. In 1996, New York’s initiatives whilst tackling the issue of climate its first National Tree Week in 1975 and became comprehensive action plan to be delivered by first tree census took place, following which change. Trees for Madrid is a recent project a registered charity in 1978. The Tree Council’s the Council and its Partners, and this is to be the city's 500,000 street tree population was undertaken by Trees for Cities, with the aim nationwide Tree Warden Scheme was launched reviewed every five years. It is both innovative entered onto a database called Tree Manager, of planting native tree species in the city. in 1990. There are now thousands of Tree and challenging, providing opportunities for all and a citywide tree maintenance system An urban woodland with 1,000 trees and Wardens in 130 local networks, covering town local stakeholders to get involved and contribute was installed. The Department also started shrubs in the south-east of Madrid will be the and countryside throughout the British Isles. to enhancing Wakefields tree resource. Greenstreets; planting flowers, shrubs initial stage of the project. Two neighbourhood Tree Wardens are active volunteers who and trees on pavements and traffic islands, groups and three local schools are already champion, conserve and enhance their The Wakefield District Treescape Partnership and have since created over 1,765 very involved in the project planning. communities’ trees and woods. In 2000, was established as a Steering Group to guide Greenstreets locations. they set a Guiness World Record by planting and develop the Treescape and also to involve Protecting Strongly 107,781 trees over three days, including the local community. The Treescape Partnership The New York project was reviewed in Japanese Tree Management over 300 in Manchester. also committed to developing a district-wide 2005, and it was recognised that without In Japan, rapid development from 1950 Tree Warden scheme. the support and involvement of communities, onwards led to the loss of almost three quarters Mersey Forest it is not possible to effectively identify, of their tree resources. In the 1980s this rapid The Mersey Forest is the largest of England’s Protecting Strongly establish baselines for and manage tree tree loss was noticed, and action was taken. 12 Community Forests and covers 420 square Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council resources. The project also identified Now, trees are valued as an integral part of miles of Merseyside and North Cheshire. Supplementary Planning Guidance that tight controls on tree protection and the landscape. In order to cut down any tree The Mersey Forest School Grounds / Developer Contributions towards detailed tree resource monitoring during over three years old, approval must be sought, Development programme has developed Red Rose Forest the development process is essential and reparation must be paid to local authorities. an holistic approach to tackling the problem to ensure that planting schemes result of bleak and uninspiring school grounds. Trafford MBC is one of the first local authorities in a net benefit to tree resources. Due to the pressures of housing and increasing In addition to encouraging a more child friendly to implement a policy to automatically consider population, all new city developments must and environmentally sound environment, imposing planning conditions and / or negotiate In 2005, the Department organised another contribute to the creation and management the programme also promotes behavioural ‘Section 106’ planning obligations with applicants tree census named ‘Trees Count!’. So far, of amenity woodland adjacent to the City, change. Children, teachers, staff, parents in order to secure the planting of trees, hedges trained volunteers have counted 228,228 even if previously developed land is being and governors were involved in the design, and woodland on all development proposals trees. Information on how citizens should reused. The policies have resulted in an implementation and management of throughout the Borough care for their street trees and Greenstreets estimated 15% increase in tree cover planting schemes. is given on the Department’s website, since they were introduced in 1985. Their target is to increase Trafford's mature providing an interactive way for New Yorkers woodland cover from the current 1.9% to 16% to get involved and find out what’s planned by 2035 as part of its commitment to Red Rose for the City’s trees. Forest objectives. They aim to ensure that such obligations are related to the scale and type of the proposed development. Where planting cannot be provided on site in line with the "Fog lane Park in Withington is one of the target, a financial contribution of £235 per tree most diverse for its trees in the north of Engalnd. is sought to enable off site planting as close The Scotch Laburnum is potentially the tallest to the development as possible. in Britain at present, while the silver limes are also particularly fine for the north". The policy has been in operation for almost Owen Johnson, co-author Collins Guide two years, and the Authority has been able to To Trees of Britain and Europe Mixed deciduous woodland, Mersey Forest negotiate funding of approximately £100,000 Tree reflections New York, USA for environmental improvements. 25 26 3. Strategy Development 3.3.2 Opportunities In order to achieve sustained improvement It will necessitate the development of a 3.3.1 Conclusions in our tree stock we need to set challenging database which will have different layers In taking a strategic approach to the but achievable targets. Specifying an increase of information representing the different tree management of trees across the City, an Our research and consultation to in the number of trees fails to give sufficient groupings, such as street trees, trees understanding of existing assets, weaknesses, date has shown that as a city we must: weight to the need to protect and manage our in parks and trees in gardens, providing a key opportunities and potential threats that existing stock. However we currently do not comprehensive picture and baseline of the may affect our ability to provide a diverse n Apply more mandatory controls as the have a sufficiently accurate figure to provide us city’s tree resource. The council in co-operation tree resource can be summarised as: case studies show this will give results with the current level of leaf cover. Neither do with its partners will all need to work together n Make sure people know about how trees we even have an accurate figure of the number to provide such a resource, but we are not Strengths are being managed in the city of trees in Manchester. The number of trees starting from scratch. By compiling existing n Over 150 parks and tree–rich open spaces n Improve our understanding of existing tree will always be changing but it is vital that we information held by council departments, n Internationally and locally important resources, and introduce ways to monitor can start to have a baseline to provide a means developers and key partners, we can tree resource changes in tree cover by which we can monitor our progress. then prioritise audit resources to those n Robust charity and volunteer network n Have planting schemes that fully places we know least about such as n A world class geographic information system compensate the lose of any mature trees Looking at New York’s experience the most trees in private ownership. to enable us to share tree information n Prioritise tree planting to develop cost effective and comprehensive way of of new tree planting e.g. green stocks wildlife corridors achieving this is to involve the local community, We also need to ensure that when trees are n Favour the planting of native trees as but this needs to be supported with mandatory planted, they remain viable, and thrive. A review Weaknesses they provide better habitats for biodiversity, controls and collation of tree data during of tree planting in new developments suggests n Lack of cohesive and accessible while recognising that non-native trees development and regeneration projects. that there is a relatively low survival rate in information on the total tree resource also add value to our tree stock Manchester’s tree-scape has developed comparison to trees in parks or even street n Loss of important specimens in recent years n Include trees in new developments not over hundreds of years and will continue trees. Ensuring that management plans are due to disease, age and development just for environmental reasons but also to change. Trees will be lost, while more in place for trees planted, periodically checking n Inappropriate planting historically leading to for health and economic reasons are planted in a continual cycle of regeneration. that they are being implemented, and using tree loss, particularly in street tree population n Buy wood which is sustainably managed We need to understand and monitor these enforcement measures where encouragement n Lack of funding for sustained maintenance as the rainforests are still at risk long-term changes. does not succeed will greatly improve the n Increase public participation in tree quality and quantity of trees in Manchester, Opportunities management and protection At present we have some detailed information and address a subject identified as a primary n Positive climate in terms of funding n Actively check whether valued and about street trees and an overview of trees concern by participants in the conference and public attitude newly planted trees are receiving adequate and woodlands in parks, open spaces and and Tree Strategy Group. n Increasing availability of IT based protection, and ensure that we enforce river valleys. Information regarding trees in information and tools commitments and requirements. private ownership is very limited. Unfortunately, n Increasing use of wood based fuel all of this information is not accessible in a way to provide climate efficient fuels that is easily comparable and collatable. In order n Engagement with the newly to effectively manage trees, we urgently need to formed Natural England make this information readily available. We need to have tree and woodland data Threats in a cohesive and agreed format that enables n Climate Change it to be accessed easily. An audit of all tree n Pollution and impact damage stock across the city, and the development n Vandalism of an effective tool for sharing tree-related n Inappropriate development information is a therefore a priority. n Lack of awareness of role of trees in sustainable development

Wythenshawe Park Tree planting, Chorlton Water Park

27 28 3.3.3 Vision 4. Action Plan Key to Abbreviations Priorities In response to the vision and objectives the The strategy aims to: Tree Strategy Group has created a five year In order to achieve these action plan. The Action Plan provides a range CN4M Community Network 4 Manchester n Secure a long-term future for our objectives we need to: of themed initiatives, grouped according to trees and woodlands, providing the their contribution to the each of the objectives FC Forestry Commission right management and strong protection n Continue to develop sound management listed above. It is intended that all those with GMEU Greater Manchester Ecology Unit for generations to come practices in order to protect trees an interest in trees should work together to and ensure their future survival deliver the Action Plan. GMWDA Greater Manchester Objectives n Establish detailed and consistent baseline Waste Disposal Authority n To Involve Creatively information in order for us to monitor Progress in delivering the Action Plan will n Promote the value and importance the impact of our actions be overseen by a tree and woodland forum, GW Groundwork Environmental of trees across the city n Increase awareness of the importance of trees formed from the members of the Tree Strategy Regeneration Agency Engage, educate and actively involve and participation in tree management across Group. They will continue to meet periodically n MCC Manchester City Council all stakeholders across the city all parts of the community, and improve the to share information and assess the extent n To Manage Sustainably protection offered to existing tree resources to which the action plan is effectively delivering Section/Department n Ensure a best practice approach to n Use all development as an opportunity to tree-related improvements across the city. the management of trees and woodland increase tree resources, and require tree MIMP Manchester is my Planet n Develop a city wide audit of cover to increase by at least 10% each A review of progress in implementing the tree and woodland year across new developments and the action plan and an assessment of its ongoing MMU Manchester Metropolitan University Plant n To Appropriately redevelopment of existing sites relevance will be conducted every two RRF Red Rose Forest n Plant more trees n Establish good practice for timber disposal, years, and a progress report will be issued. n Improve landscape value and diversity to ensure it is reused as material or fuel, RVI River Valley Initiatives n To Protect Strongly rather than placed in landfill If necessary, elements of the Tree Strategy n Protect and conserve the city’s n Increase protection measures, and make and / or action plan may be revised to reflect SNP Sustainable Neighbourhoods Partnership trees and woodland sure that when commitments have been the results of the review. A quarterly progress TPO Tree Preservation Order made, they are enforced update will be provided to the Sustainable Neighbourhoods Partnership.

BTCV at Sunbank Wood Alder cones Indian Bean tree, Brazennose Street Cherry tree, Wythenshawe Park

29 30 Action Plan

Targets and milestones Targets and milestones Objective 1 Lead Agencies 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Objective 1 Lead Agencies 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 agency involved agency involved

To Involve MCC RRF Create a web area Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain To Involve MCC MCC Increase access Produce 2 Produce 2 Creatively CN4M within the Green City and improve and improve and improve and improve Creatively GW signage and tree specific tree specific RVI site to help inform Web area Web area Web area Web area RVI information by interpretation interpretation people about our producing 2 tree panels panels tree resources, specific interpretation and notify them panels for use in of tree/biodiversity the City’s streets related events. and parks CN4M to provide links to other sites MCC Develop a site As 2007 signage system MCC ALL Implement Celebrating to notify the public Manchester’s Trees of intended works Campaign to trees TPOs to valued trees MCC MCC Encourage Introduce measures G/w Establish links to Investigate developers to include to require developers local tree campaigns opportunities to notification of works to include notification using beacons roll out scheme including removal of works including roots campaign city wide or planting of trees removal or planting on site boundary of trees on site MCC RVI Deliver 10 tree As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 information boundary information related Wildabout Manchester events MCC ALL Develop and Maintain an As 2007 As 2007 As 2007 publish guidance to effective system MCC RRF Hold at least three As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 encourage people to for the reporting GW tree related events report trees at risk of at risk trees, Tree Council during National Tree and tree related or suspected RVI Week. Including an offences tree offences annual Celebrating trees event and a MCC MCC Hold at least 10 tree As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 school event GW themed walks a year RVI as part of the Healthy GW MCC Investigate opportunities walks initiatives RRF for Green Gym Scheme

31 32 Action Plan

Targets and milestones Targets and milestones Objective 1 Lead Agencies 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Objective 2 Lead Agencies 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 agency involved agency involved

To Involve MCC ALL Operate a Manchester As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 To Manage RVI RRF Prepare Mgt Plans Complete Management Creatively Tree and Woodland Sustainably MCC and biodiversity Woodland Mgt Plans reviewed Forum meeting assessments Plans for and renewed quarterly for all Council Manchester owned woodlands parks and RRF CN4M Develop a pilot tree Establish tree Maintain As 2008 As 2008 River Valleys MCC warden scheme warden network Warden and recruit wardens and determing Network MCC RRF Provide tree focussed funding training / workshops requirements to Staff and interested parties CN4M ALL Co-ordinate and As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 evaluate community MCC EA Encourage private Integrated tree Designate one group tree activity Network Rail landowners and Management plans privately owned Highways external partners for partners and woodland as a MCC ALL Encourage and As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 Agency to commit to long Statutory bodies Local Nature promote private M/c Airport term management e.g. Network Rail, Reserve or Site sector contributions Developers of trees and Environment of Biological to strategy objectives woodlands Agency, private Importance MCC ALL Research and Use packs to Deliver teacher As 2008 As 2008 landowners develop material support pupils training days RRF ALL Encourage and As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 for use in schools in conducting assist owners to and promote School grounds take up grant aid appropriate usage surveys for at for woodland via eco-schools least 5 schools and hedgerows MCC ALL Hold 50 tree related As 2006 RVI school based projects GW per year, including events to celebrate the cultural and religious significance of trees RRF SNP Hold a capacity Hold two tree As 2007 As 2007 As 2007 CN4M building event on specific training tree management days through the Community network MMU MCC Develop tree Publish guide on identification guide www.manchester with MMU students greencity.co.uk Universities City Implement one tree As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 Centre mgt - focussed university Company project RRF MCC

33 34 Action Plan

Targets and milestones Targets and milestones Objective 2 Lead Agencies 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Objective 2 Lead Agencies 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 agency involved agency involved

To Manage MCC ALL Work with all As 2006 and As 2007 As 2007 As 2007 To Manage MCC GMEU Develop a project Develop Have a robust Monitor trends Sustainably programmes involving also ensure that Sustainably ALL plan for a Citywide an integrated overview and and changes release of council tree resource tree audit and database to record of in tree cover land or significant management is establish and agree record trees Manchester’s council expenditure explicitly required a single system and woodlands. tree stock to identify potentially within tender approach to data Publish a valuable trees, and contract recording based on baseline encourage new documentation MCC’s corporate GIS planting and improved tree MCC RRF Digitally record Continue As 2007 As 2007 As 2007 management as 5000 trees in parks digitisation of part of relevant per year trees in parks major programmes MCC Transfer existing Digitise records Digitise RRF MIMP Explore development Implement Timber Reduce timber records into of all street trees records of Local of trial biofuel and waste project material going to GIS format all street trees timber Yards biomass planting and landfill to zero MCC timber waste fuel CN4M MCC Develop and As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 production to progress encourage alternative and community layers sustainable energy of tree information production MCC ALL Introduce Implement Implement MCC GMWDA Continue tree Expand Christmas As 2007 As 2007 As 2007 guidance for guidance as guidance as a recycling points tree recycling contractors, a requirement requirement for and aim to collect points and aim project delivery for contractors developers at least 50 tonnes to collect at agencies and and on project across the City least 50 tonnes how developers delivery partners across the City to record and and agencies provide records MCC RRF Introduce checks Identify the Increase As 2007 As 2007 in GIS format to ensure that no best market for on site council wood waste composted composting MCC Provide accessible As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 enters landfill materials information through the corporate MCC ALL Promote use As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 GIS system of online waste exchange and wood processing facilities for wood waste CN4M ALL Undertake at least As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 3 Community tree surveys

MCC RRF Develop and offer As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 CN4M Tree care and tree survey training to key stakeholders MCC CN4M Designate 5 tree As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 RVI focussed biodiversity hotspots GMEU RVI 3 SBIs revisited and As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 reassessed specifically for tree value 35 36 Action Plan

Targets and milestones Targets and milestones Objective 3 Lead Agencies 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Objective 3 Lead Agencies 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 agency involved agency involved

To Plant MCC CN4M Plant 3000 trees Plant 3000 trees Establish the To Plant MCC RRF Continue new tree AS 2006 Use section Appropriately RRF per annum across per annum across equivalent of Appropriately planting as part 106 agreements GW Manchester parks, Manchester parks, 1 hectare of the planning or equivalent to Open Spaces Open Spaces of planting process to ensure secure planting and allotments and allotments per annum at least 10% net new trees increase in tree RVI CN4M Plant at least 1000 Develop tree cover per year MCC RRF hedgerow species planting in Gardens RVI RRF Prepare Provide Deliver2 Practical Create wildlife campaign MCC CN4M management guidance and events on removing tree copses in plan for invasive advice on invasive species all parks by RVI CN4M Plant 4 As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 species and appropriate from Woodlands 2010 MCC RRF, GW new orchards conduct clearance planting and MCC RRF Plant and maintain Investigate of invasive species aftercare 600 new trees opportunities at two woodlands along Manchester’s for natural burials MCC Further develop Investigate the Introduce tree streets and Highways and finalise report city-wide beacon development of nurseries at on feasibility trees project tree nurseries two locations MCC RRF Identify potential Increase the area MCC ALL Complete Moston Complete Integrate As 2008 As 2008 new sites for of new woodland Vale Planting New Islington significant tree planting totalling by 10 Ha. scheme Planting planting into 5 Ha on Scheme at least one Public Land regeneration scheme RRF FC ALL Identify locations Develop, Develop, Develop, Develop, with poor tree cover identify funds identify funds identify funds identify funds across the City for and for and for and for and implement implement implement implement planting planting planting planting schemes at schemes at schemes at schemes at two identified two identified two identified two identified locations locations locations locations

37 38 Action Plan

Targets and milestones Objective 4 Lead Agencies 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 agency involved

To Protect MCC SNP Introduce indicators Review and Monitor Strongly and checks to update all tree success monitor tree cover related policies as of tree changes resulting part of the Local related from development Development policies activity Framework to increase tree protection and require a 10% increase in tree cover across developments

MCC GMEU Increase the number As 2006 As 2006 Review LNR and Natural and area of existing SBI designations England woodland sites to assess with LNR and SBI performance designations by against Natural at least one England guidance MCC MCC Use planning As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 conditions and technical supervision to ensure high quality of arboricultural surveys and work i.e. under BS 3998 and BS 5837 MCC MCC Monitor sites to As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 As 2006 ensure compliance with tree conditions MCC MCC Wider promotion of Review Increase Increase Increase CN4M existing TPO Process the existing protected trees protected trees protected (e.g. tree campaign). TPO by 2% by 2% trees by 2% Ensure that trees of process high value are actively sought and TPOs Review existing issued accordingly enforcement to increase the effectiveness number of protected trees

39 40 Appendix 1

The Forest Certification Scheme and Sustainable woodland management practices The Mersey Valley Countryside The Irk Valley Project Partnership Woodland Grant Scheme run by the Forestry applied in the City's parks include: Warden Service has managed 195.5 was established in 2000, to manage the Irk Commission encourages woodlands to be hectares of urban countryside on behalf Valley and Moston Brook corridors. As the managed in an environmentally sound and n thinning cycles of Manchester City Council since 1978. largest of the City’s river valleys, the Irk’s natural appropriate way. n wood product recycling These managed countryside areas vary in greenspaces and river banks have extensive n encouraging natural regeneration terms of landscape, habitat and size, and woodland cover; including Blackley forest Forest Stewardship Council Certification n leaving standing decaying wood and fallen together create a green corridor along the Local Nature Reserve and one of the City’s Certification against this standard ensures that, timber on site where appropriate to provide river Mersey across South Manchester. few areas of semi-natural ancient woodland not only are woodlands and forests managed in a habitat and food source for wildlife The aims of the Warden Service are threefold: at Baileys Wood in Charlestown. a sustainable way which promotes biodiversity, n encouraging native species increased access and opportunities for but also that wood products such as paper, n woodland wildflower planting recreation for local people, plus enhancing the Site-specific management and maintenance furniture and timber that carry the FSC logo n removal of invasive, non-native species nature conservation value of the landscape. The plans are provided by the Irk Valley Project have been sourced from well managed sites. n promoting accessible and networked Mersey Valley woodland areas mostly comprise Officer and implemented by a combination of green spaces high density mixed plantations dating from the specialist estate workers, contracting services, Red Rose Forest n promotion of biodiversity and 1970’s and 1980’s. The Warden Service the Council and organised volunteer groups. Red Rose Forest is one of twelve community environmental education. implements a winter thinning programme. Most of the Irk Valley woodland is under forests across England. The Red Rose Forest Council ownership. Grants have been rewarded aims to increase tree cover and encourage Over 50,000 trees within the Council’s This enhances the woodlands for both people through the Forestry Authority’s Woodland investment and visitors to the area, believing responsibility are managed directly by the and wildlife, as thinning the dense woodlands Grant Scheme system. that this will make Greater Manchester Council. The aim of management is to provide improves both physical access and perceptions a greener, more rewarding place to live, Manchester with an appropriate and safe tree of safety for the visiting public, and creates The Medlock Valley Project is a similar work, visit and do business. stock. Inspections and programmes of work are opportunities for ground flora by letting light reach partnership to the Irk, and it manages the undertaken on a five-year rolling programme. the plantation floor. Rotational coppicing is used smallest of Manchester’s river valleys. The River Red Rose Forest was established in 1991 as a woodland management technique in some Medlock runs east to west into the City Centre and covers almost 700 square km of Greater The Council also provides a 24-hour areas especially in willow plantations, creating from the boundaries of Tameside and Oldham. Manchester. Manchester is at the heart of emergency call out service for trees on withies for use by local community artists. It still retains a semi-natural character in the Red Rose Forest core forest area. Council land. Dangerous trees on private The in-house Sustainable Woodland Project areas like Clayton Vale and Philips Park, land, when the owners cannot be traced has enabled the Warden Service to process with extensive tree cover along its banks. The Council’s Role or are unwilling to implement works on trees, and sell logs, charcoal and other timber The Council has extensive tree management are also dealt with when they are a danger products to the local community, which Community Groups have a key role to are essentially by-products of the play in maintaining Manchester’s tree resources. experience and expertise ranging from to the public as a duty of care. regular thinning regime. Getting involved with local tree planting training in Arboriculture to species identification, initiatives, or helping to identify valued trees landscape design, horticulture, surveying All the Mersey Valley woodlands will come under in your local area is key to supporting the and mapping. This includes over thirty park Woodland Management plans by 2007, and they delivery of the Tree Strategy and its Action wardens working in every ward across the are registered under the Forestry Commission’s Plan. There would be considerably fewer City. They play an active role in using trees Woodland Grant Scheme that requires a high trees in Manchester if it were not for the and woodland as an important educational standard of management. Trees are regularly willingness of the public to get involved in resource for local communities. assessed for damage and disease, and planting and maintaining trees. Contact details individual trees are felled if deemed necessary. for groups with an interest in trees in your The Council aims to manage parks and local area may be obtained by contacting open spaces sustainably to suit the needs of the Community Network for Manchester. people and wildlife. As a result of pro-active and sensitive management, Manchester now has one of the highest numbers of green flag parks in the Country.

Winter woodpile May Blossom

41 42 Glossary

Biodiversity Variety of animals and plants. Invasive A plant that moves in and takes over an ecosystem to the detriment of other species. Biofuel Fuels devised from biological materials including crops (especially trees) Local Nature Reserve Is a statutory and animal wastes. designation in England made under Section 21 of the National Parks and Access Broadleaved Having broad and flat leaves to the Countryside Act 1949 by principal that persist from year to year. local authorities.

Budburst The time at which the buds on Photosynthesis The process by which green trees and other woody plants begin to grow plants use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from each year. carbon dioxide and water.

Carbon sequestration Refers to the process Pioneer species Fast growing species which by which atmospheric carbon is absorbed in are the first to colonise an area of open land. to carbon sinks such as the oceans, forests and soil. Reforestation The planting or seeding of trees in an area that previously contained forest. Climate Change Means a change of climate that is attributed directly or indirectly to human Sites of Biological Importance Is the name activity that alters the composition of the global given to the most important non-statutory sites atmosphere and which is in addition to natural for nature conservation in Manchester and climate variability observed over comparable provides a means of protecting sites that time periods. are of local interest and importance.

Coniferous Plant bearing cones. Site of Special Scientific Interest An area of land which in the opinion of English Nature Coppicing Traditional management of cutting is of special interest at a national level due down trees and shrubs near ground level, to its flora, fauna or geological or allowing the species to regrow from the stump physiographical features. and re-cutting at intervals of one or more decades to provide long straight poles. Species A set of animals or plants in which the members have characteristics to each Ecosystem The relationship between air, other and can breed with each other. land, water, animals, plants etc. Sustainability The ability to provide for the Fauna Animals. needs of the world’s current population without damaging the ability of future generations to Flora Plants. provide for themselves.

Fossil fuel Fossil fuels are the remains of plant Water cycle The recycling of water between and animal life that are used to provide energy the earth and the atmosphere. by combustion; coal, oil, natural gas.

43 44 Notes Notes

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

45 Notes Partners and Participants

------n Association of Manchester Allotments ------n City Centre Management Company Community Network for Manchester ------n n Environment Agency ------n Friends of Manchester Parks Groups Groundwork Manchester Salford and Trafford ------n n Leach Rhodes Walker Architects ------n Forestry Commission ------n Greater Manchester Ecology Unit Red Rose Forest ------n n Manchester Airport ------n Manchester City Council Manchester Metropolitan University ------n n Manchester Museum ------n Manchester Wildlife ------n Medlock Valley Project n Mersey Valley Countryside Warden Service ------n Network Rail ------n New Deal for Communities Rambler's Association ------n n Red Rose Forest ------n Salford City Council Taylor Woodrow ------n n Tree Aid New Sudan ------n Trafford MBC ------n Tree Council University of Manchester ------n n Urban Splash ------n Wakefield MBC Willow Park Housing ------n n Withington Civic Society ------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

47 48 This document is available in braille, on tape or in large print on request. Please contact 0161 234 3166 for details.

This document has been published on revive silk - 75% recycled - totally chlorine free