LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY OF AFRICA METAMORPHOSIS ISSN 1018-6490 EXECUTIVE COUNCIL Bennie Coetzer Acting President [email protected] Alf Curle Secretary [email protected] Alf Curle Treasurer [email protected] Bennie Coetzer Stock Custodian [email protected] Peter Roos Publicity [email protected] Mark C. Williams Conservation matters [email protected] Hermann Staude Editor [email protected] Martin Krüger Tvl. Museum [email protected] Lindsay Durham Social Secretary [email protected] Steve Collins East Africa Branch [email protected] Alan Gardiner Zimbabwe Branch [email protected] Alan Heath Cape Branch [email protected] Torben Larsen West Africa Branch [email protected] Renier Terblanche North West Branch [email protected] EDITORIAL Editor: Hermann Staude, Technical Editor: Andy Gray, Scientific advisers: Mark Williams, Martin Krüger, Rolf Oberprieler, Stephen Henning, Henk Geertsema, Alan Gardiner, Dick Vane Wright, Axel Hausmann. MEMBERSHIP The aims of The Lepidopterists’ Society Of Africa are to promote the scientific study and the conservation of Lepidoptera in Africa, and to provide a communication forum for all people who are interested in African Lepidoptera. Metamorphosis, which is the official journal of the Society, publishes original scientific papers as well as articles of a less technical nature. Membership of the Society is open to all persons who are interested in the study of Lepidoptera. There is no geographical limit to membership. There are four categories of membership: South Africa Rest of Africa Overseas Surface mail Air mail Sponsor Member R500.00 pa R500.00 pa R500.00 pa US$ 200.00pa Full Member R100.00 pa R125.00 pa R150.00 pa US$ 45.00 pa Juniors & pensioners R70.00 pa R87.50 pa R105.00 pa US$ 22.50 pa Affiliate members (Societies, R100.00 pa R125.00 pa R150.00 US$ 45.00 pa Museums, Schools etc.) Back issues of Metamorphosis are still available @ R20.00 per copy or US$12.00 for outside South Africa. Fees for outside South Africa are higher due to increased postage. Membership is annual per calendar year and fees are due on January 1 of each year. CORRESPONDENCE General: The Hon. Secretary, P. O. Box 477, Jukskei Park, 2153, South Africa, e-mail - [email protected] Metamorphosis: The Editor, P. O. Box 398, Magaliesburg, 1719, South Africa. e-mail - [email protected] Membership fees: The Hon. Treasurer, P. O. Box 477, Jukskei Park, 2153, South Africa, e-mail - [email protected] Covers. Front: Orbamia octomaculata (Wallengren,1872) photographed in situ, Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve, Mpumalanga. Back:Zamarada transvisaria (Guenée, [1858]) photographed in situ, Legalameetse Nature Reserve, Northern Province. [Photo’s H.S. Staude]

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AN ILLUSTRATED REPORT OF 510 GEOMETRID MOTH TAXA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) RECORDED FROM 28 PROTECTED AREAS FROM THE NORTHERN AND EASTERN PARTS OF SOUTH AFRICA

By H. S. Staude Insect Research Foundation of Africa (IRFA) P. O. Box 398, Magaliesburg, 1791, South Africa [email protected]

Abstract. Between 1991 and 1999, 28 Nature Reserves and protected areas in the eastern side of South Africa were surveyed for geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). The 510 species and subspecies that were found in these reserves are illustrated in colour and 1402 records of their occurrence in the 28 reserves recorded. The family Geometridae is briefly introduced. The following new genus/ specific name combinations are made: Mauna homales (Prout, L.B., 1922); Heterorachis roseifimbria mozambica Prout, L.B., 1930. The status of the following taxa is reversed: Eupithecia rubidimixta Prout, L.B., 1916; Comibaena coryphata (Felder, 1875); Heterorachis roseifimbria Prout, L.B., 1930. The reasons for the above taxonomic changes are given.

Key words: Lepidoptera, Geometridae, South Africa, Nature Reserve, conservation, bio-diversity, survey.

INTRODUCTION

Studies to determine the diversity of Geometridae in South African protected areas have been minimal, and only a few reports on such studies have been published (Staude in Williams,1993, Staude in Woodhall, 1994, Joannou, Staude & Woodhall, 1995). These reports covered only single surveys in single reserves and were not illustrated. Likewise unpublished reports, mainly to satisfy permit requirements, by Duke N. J., Kroon D. M., Krüger M., and Staude H. S., report on single reserves only and with the exception of Staude, unpublished, 1993,1994, are not illustrated. Two illustrated reports, one on the Bombycoidea and Notodontoidea of Northern Kwazulu-Natal, and the other on the Bombycoidea of the Northern Province appeared in January 1999 and April 1999 respectively (Joannou, unpublished). These reports are not only illustrated but they also report on taxa found in all the protected areas surveyed for a given region. This approach produces a document, which seems to be far more useful to conservators than non-illustrated single reserve reports, and is followed here. This document forms part of an ongoing survey of the Geometridae occurring in nature reserves and other protected areas in South Africa. The aim of the survey is to establish which of the South African taxa enjoy some form of protection through the conservation of their habitat. In addition, the ongoing work aims to highlight endangered and vulnerable species and to establish which species do not occur in protected areas.

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One of the major stumbling blocks to this exercise is that the family is relatively poorly worked taxonomically and a number of taxa remain unnamed. In addition, taxonomic work conducted, over the years, is very scattered with the last comprehensive works being Janse, 1932, 1935 and Prout in Seitz, 1934- 1938 (incomplete). Further some genera within the family are very large and complex. The result is that many taxa have often been misidentified in reports, the literature, and in museums. Some work towards addressing the problem of the large, complex genera has already been undertaken: D. S. Fletcher revised the genera Cleora (Fletcher, 1967) and Zamarada (Fletcher, 1974); A. Hausmann (Zoologische Staatssammlung, München) is currently revising the genus Scopula; M. Krüger (Transvaal Museum) revised the complex tribe Macariini (Krüger, submitted). The latter author is also currently tackling the general taxonomic backlog in the geometrid subfamily Ennominae and has described or is in the process of describing, over 100 new species from the Afrotropical region (Krüger, 1997, 1998/a, 1998/b,1999/a, 1999/b; Krüger, submitted). Scoble,1999, provides a complete catalogue of all the valid geometrid names of the world, which will prove to be an invaluable tool in this kind of work. The problem, however, of producing accurate identifications on a scale as is required by diversity studies such as this one, remains. There is no single comprehensive identification source for African Geometridae. In order to help towards alleviating the problem the author has now photographed over 900 African geometrid type specimens housed in: The Natural History Museum, London (BMNH); The Zoologische Staatssammlung, München; The Humbolt University Museum, Berlin; The National Museums Of Kenya, Nairobi; the Natural History, Museum, Pretoria; and the South African Museum, Cape Town. This photographic material is integrated into the Staude collection of dried specimens and, together with the published literature, forms the basis of identification for this report. This report is based on actual specimens housed in the Staude collection. Sight records are not included as they would compromise the empirical value of the document. Included in the report are photographic plates illustrating all the identified taxa. This is deemed important as it will make it easier to incorporate taxonomic changes, additions and corrections, in future. The photographic plates, it is hoped, will also enable conservators to identify some geometrids that occur in their reserves. For the sake of those readers not familiar with moths of the family Geometridae a short introduction is given: GEOMETRIDAE Moths of the family Geometridae (commonly called loopers) belong to the order Lepidoptera (Moths & Butterflies). Both the family’s scientific and common names refer to the particular way of locomotion that their larvae have adopted, whereby they seem to be measuring the earth. The larvae are often called "inch-worms". Geometridae are characterised by the presence of structurally unique tympanal organs at the base of the abdomen and eight subfamilies are currently recognised (Minet & Scoble, 1999). The Geometridae are highly successful animals and occur in all terrestrial biomes that support some plant life. More than 21 000 species have been described world-wide (Scoble, 1999)

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with around 1000 species occurring in South Africa and new species are still being discovered regularly. Five subfamilies, based on differences in the wing-venation, are recognised in southern Africa (Vári & Kroon, 1986). Most species can be readily placed into these subfamilies based on external characters present in the eggs, larvae, pupae and adults. However, there are many exceptions and their monophyly is still uncertain, with at least one (Oenochrominae) certainly polyphyletic (Scoble, 1994). Geometrinae The predominantly green colour of members of this subfamily is produced by the highly unstable pigment geoverdin (Cook et al. 1994), resulting in the green fading very quickly, even in older living specimens. These moths are commonly known as 'emeralds' (Pinhey, 1975). In southern Africa they are well represented in all major biomes and are the second most numerous subfamily (Vári & Kroon, 1986). The eggs are typically elliptical in shape and are dorso- ventrally flattened. The larvae feed on a number of plant families with most monophagous species, at least in South Africa, using plants belonging to the families Anacardiaceae, Rubiaceae and Mimosaceae (Duke & Duke, 1998). Polyphagous species are often flower feeders, and are widely distributed. The larvae typically have a bifid head and often have a pair of similar-looking thoracic processes. When the head and legs are tucked into the body the larva is a remarkable mimic of a new shoot of the host-plant. Setae are short, dense and frequently resemble the hairs of the preferred host-plant. The colour too, closely matches that of the twigs. Typically, the larvae spin a loose cocoon incorporating debris and foliage. The pupae are usually slender, green and have well developed cremasters. In South Africa the adults are nocturnal in habit and characteristically rest during the day with wings flat against the under surface of leaves (Staude, unpublished). Ennominae This subfamily, in its present state, includes by far the largest number of geometrid species (Vári & Kroon, 1986) in South Africa. The adults are very diverse in size, structure and appearance. The subfamily can be subdivided into a number of readily recognisable tribes. The eggs are mostly ovoid and dorso- ventrally flattened, but not as markedly as in the Geometrinae. The larvae too, are very diverse. Ennomine larvae may be slim or stout-bodied, uniformly cylindrical, have a bloated thorax, or abdominal appendages. Their colour can vary from plain monochrome to intricate coloured patterns, which even include metallic markings. Setae may be reduced or longer than twice body diameter. The only shared character in the larvae seems to be that the head is generally relatively large and always open and not sheathed by the thorax. The larvae are mostly monophagous although some are known to be polyphagous. Pupation normally occurs in the ground. The pupae are mostly brown and stouter than in the other subfamilies, cremasters are poorly developed and the pupae generally wriggle when disturbed (Staude, unpublished). The adults are mostly nocturnal but there are a number of species that have developed diurnal habits in conjunction with visual warning signals (e.g. Coenina poecilaria, Zerenopsis leopardina, Callioratis spp. Veniliodes spp.), which conform to prevailing local warning signals (Staude & Curle, 1997). The larvae of these species, where the

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host-plants have been recorded, feed on known toxic plants and, despite being diurnal, the adults are often still attracted to light at night (Staude & Curle, 1997). The subfamily is clearly far more diverse than others and in need of revision. Taxonomists are currently working on the higher classification of this subfamily and will hopefully shed more light on the phylogeny of the group. In the South African context two unique groups may be mentioned. The first is a group of genera called the "Drepanogynis group"(Krüger,1997). These unique ennomines are primarily found in our fynbos and grassland biomes and include the genera: Drepanogynis, Axiodes, Hebdomophruda, Sicyodes, Aspilatopsis, Derrioides, Eupagia, Argyrophora, Microligia and Pseudomaenas. Only a few species have managed to invade tropical savannah and forest biomes. Some species remain in remnant fragments of fynbos, which are reflected in this survey. Two genera (Hebdomophruda and Pseudomaenas) are endemic to South Africa and of the other genera only a few species are found further north, mostly on the higher mountains occurring on the eastern side of Africa. Very little is known about the early stages of these moths. At least one species (Axiodes sp.), a highveld resident, is a true winter moth, with the adults emerging only from mid-June to mid-July (Staude, unpublished). Many undescribed species belong in this group. The second group is the Diptychini. These moths use cycads as their larval host-plants (Staude, 1994) and manage to sequester the toxin macrozamin from the cycad leaves (Donaldson & Bösenberg, 1995). In so doing they have rendered themselves unpalatable to predators. They have become diurnal probably to enable them to make use of local visual warning signals occurring in their habitat. Indeed in their natural habitat, they form part of such a complex where together with other presumed poisonous Lepidoptera, belonging to four superfamilies, they display similar black and orange aposematic warning colours, patterns and flight habits (Staude & Curle, 1997). At least one species (Callioratis abraxas) has developed an interesting courtship behaviour. In this sexually dimorphic species the white males congregate around the tops of certain trees that protrude above the forest canopy and are therefore not generally seen from below. The orange females fly widely and are often observed feeding on flowers at ground level. When a female approaches the tree where the males have congregated, there is a marked increase in activity by the males and when the female comes within a few meters of the group, a male grasps the female and copulation occurs in mid-air. Once in copula the female flies away with the male hanging from her passively. The males have patches of very long hair pencils on their hind wings that are probably used to disperse sexually attracting pheromones (Staude, 1996). Sterrhinae This fairly small subfamily of moths is dominated by the very large genera Scopula and Idaea. They are well distributed in all major biomes, with Scopula abundant in grassland and Idaea well represented in forests. The subfamily seems to be virtually absent from afro-montane grasslands above 2800m. The eggs are variable even within genera (as in Scopula). Some eggs are very slender and are laid perpendicular to the substrate, which is unusual for Geometridae. Typically the larvae are long, smooth and slender and taper down

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towards the relatively small head, which is usually sheathed by the thorax. The larvae construct a flimsy cocoon in which they pupate and are typically brown, slender and wriggle when disturbed (Staude, unpublished). These moths are often called 'waves' on account of the wavy lines normally present on their wings. In South Africa they are nocturnal but many species are easily disturbed by day. Larentiinae Moths belonging to this subfamily are known as 'carpets' because of the intricate patterns many of them display on their forewings. They like cold and wet habitats and most occur in temperate regions and at high altitude in the tropics (Holloway, 1986). This is also the case in South Africa, where they are the most numerous subfamily in afro-montane habitats. Although they are still well represented in wet forests and fairly common in fynbos, they are virtually absent in dry woodland and savannah, as can be clearly deduced from the results in this report. In South Africa very little is known about their early stages and food preferences. Known host plants belong to many different families (Duke & Duke, 1998). Although the larvae of the virtually cosmopolitan genus Eupithecia generally feed on flowers, there are some species in Hawaii that are true predators. These have been recorded catching, and feeding on, flies and other insects (Montgomery, 1982). Larentine eggs are usually oblong and flattened. The larvae are typically short and relatively stout, and some are known to construct nests of leaves. Night feeding is frequent in the group and some are concealed in the ground litter by day (Scoble, 1994). “Oenochrominae” This polyphyletic subfamily comprises those unique genera that cannot readily be placed into the other subfamilies. Included in the subfamily is the genus Cartaletis, a group of diurnal species that display various warning signals, and which are found all over the forested regions of Africa. Another diurnal species is Petovia marginata that displays typical orange and black warning signals. Other species are nocturnal in habit. Only a handful of species from South Africa are placed in this subfamily.

MATERIALS & METHODS Nocturnal moths were collected from standard “Oberprieler Beach Umbrella light attractors” (Oberprieler, in Woodhall, 1992) modified to suit the collecting of Geometridae. Diurnal moths were collected using a standard “Butterfly type” handnet. Surveys were undertaken in the following reserves:

Ben Alberts (A) Ben Alberts Nature Reserve, Northern Province, Jurisdiction: ISCOR. Specimen label data: South Africa, Northern Province, Thabazimbi, Ben Alberts Nature Reserve, 24.38S, 27.33E, savannah, 1000m, 11-05-1996, H. S. Staude. Nocturnal collecting for one night only using three light attractors; one placed near the river, one in Acacia woodland and one on the slope of the hill in Combretum veld.

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Entumeni (B) Entumeni Nature Reserve, Kawzulu-Natal, Jurisdiction: Kwazulu-Natal Nature Specimen label data: South Africa, Kwazulu-Natal, Entumeni forest, coastal scarp forest, 700m, 28.53S, 31.23E. 08-10-1997/10-04-1998/27-04-1998, H. S. Staude. Nocturnal as well as diurnal sampling was conducted on 08-10-1997 & 27- 04-1998; Diurnal collecting only on 10-04-1998. Light attractors were placed in the forest along the road leading to the picnic site as well as on the forest edge.

Krantzkloof (C) Krantzkloof Nature Reserve, Kwazulu-Natal, Jurisdiction: KZNNCS. Specimen label data: South Africa, Natal, Pinetown, Krantzkloof Nature Reserve, 200m, 29° 46’ S. 30° 50’E, Riverine forest, H. S. Staude, 04-04-1994/12-05-1994/26-04-1995/24- 04-1998. Nocturnal as well as diurnal sampling was conducted on 12-05-1994 & 24- 04-1998; Diurnal collecting only on 04-04-1994 & 26-04-1995. Light attractors were placed in the forest on the main path leading to the waterfall at the main entrance.

Dlinza (D) Dlinza Forest Nature Reserve, Kwazulu-Natal, Jurisdiction: KZNNCS. Specimen label data: South Africa, Kwazulu-Natal, Eshowe, Dlinza forest reserve, coastal scarp forest, 29.54S, 31.27E, 500m, 04-10-1997/ 27-04-1998, H. S. Staude. Nocturnal collecting only was conducted by placing light attractors along most of the paths accessible by vehicle in the forest on 04-10-1997 & 27-04- 1998.

Ngoye (E) Ngoye Forest, Kwazulu-Natal, Jurisdiction: KZNNCS. Specimen label data: South Africa, Kwazulu-Natal, Ngoye forest, coastal scarp forest, 270m, 28.57S, 31.44E. 30-12-1990/25-04-1998/ 08/08/1998/26-04-1999, H. S. Staude. Nocturnal as well as diurnal sampling was conducted on 25-04-1998 & 26- 04-1999; Diurnal collecting only on 30-12-1990 outside the reserve boundaries. Light attractors were placed in the forest on the main path as well as in the grassland adjacent to the forest.

Umlalazi (F) Umlalazi Nature Reserve,. Kwazulu-Natal, Jurisdiction: KZNNCS. Specimen label data: South Africa Kwazulu-Natal Umlalazi Nature Reserve, 29°03'S, 31°41'E, 20m, coastal dune forest, 17-06-1995,H S Staude. Nocturnal collecting only on 17-06-1995. Light attractors were placed in the forest on the path between the first and second dunes from the beach as well as in the open grassland near the marsh.

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Sodwana (G) Sodwana Bay National Park, Kwazulu-Natal, Jurisdiction: KZNNCS. Specimen label data: South Africa, Natal, Maputoland, Sodwana Bay National Park 50m, dune forest, 27°33’ S, 32° 40’E, 28-10-1994/ 25-04-1999, H. S. Staude. South Africa, Sodwana Bay Nat. Park, 27.33S, 32.40E, Coastal dune forest, 28 to 29-02-1992, H. S. Staude. Nocturnal collecting only on the above dates. Light attractors were placed in clumps of forest in the camping ground. Collecting was also done at the ablution block lights as well as at the main entrance.

Maphelana (H) Part of St. Lucia Park, Kwazulu-Natal, Jurisdiction: KZNNCS. Specimen label data: South Africa, Natal, Maphelana, 28.25S, 32.26E, 07 to 14-12-1991. Nocturnal collecting only on the above dates. Light attractors were placed along the main coastal track leading into the reserve following the dunes in dune forest as well as in the camping site.

Kosi Coastal (I) Kosi Coastal Reserve, Kwazulu-Natal, Jurisdiction: KZNNCS. Specimen label data: South Africa, KwazuluNatal, Kosi Bay Coastal Reserve, Manzengwenya, coastal forest/ grassland 27.15.44S, 32.46.08E, 50m, 29-10-1994/18-10-1998, H. S. Staude. Nocturnal collecting only on the above dates. Light attractors were placed along the main northern coastal track leading from Manzengwenya north to Black rock in dune forest as well as on the open grassland on 18-10-1998 and on the eastern shores of Lake Sibaya on 29-10-1994 in the open and in the dune forest.

Garden Castle (J) Mzimkulwana Nature Reserve, Kwazulu-Natal, Jurisdiction: KZNNCS. Specimen label data: South Africa, Natal, Garden Castle Nature Reserve, montane grassland, 1900m, 29.41S, 29.12E, 15 to 18-12-1992, H. S. Staude. Nocturnal collecting only on the above dates. Light attractors were placed in as many places as could be reached by offroad vehicle: along the river, near marshes, in open grassland, near clumps of fynbos remnants (e.g. Erica spp.), near Protea clumps and along prominent ridges.

Giants Castle (K) Giants Castle Nature Reserve, Kwazulu-Natal, Jurisdiction: KZNNCS. Specimen label data:

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South Africa, Kwazulu-Natal, Giants Castle, grassland/forest, 29.08S, 29.32E, 1800m, 21-12-1997, H. S. Staude. Nocturnal collecting only on the above date. A single light attractor was placed in grassland near the stream.

Royal National (L) Royal Natal National Park, Kwazulu-Natal, Jurisdiction: KZNNCS. Specimen label data: South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Royal National Park. 1500-1700m, 28.41S, 28.56E, Protea grassland/riverine forest, 12,13-02-1999, H. S. Staude. Nocturnal collecting only on the above dates. Light attractors were placed on the edge of forest patches, in open grassland, in Protea veld and along the Tugela river, from the main entrance to the Tendele camp.

Hlabeni Forest (M) Hlabeni Forest Reserve, Kwazulu-Natal, Jurisdiction: Dept. of Forestry. Specimen label data: South Africa, Natal, Creighton, Hlabeni Forest, mist forest, 1500m, 29.58S, 29.44E, 19 to 21-12- 1992, H. S. Staude. Nocturnal collecting only on the above dates. Light attractors were placed in the forest and along the forest edges in disturbed, mostly exotic scrub.

Mariepskop (N) Mariepskop State Forest and Blyderivier picnic-site, Mpumalanga, Jurisdiction: Dept. of Forestry. Specimen label data: South Africa, Northern Transvaal, Mariepskop, 1900m, fynbos, 24°33’S, 30° 52’E , 04-03-1995/ 08-11-1996/21-07-1997/08-03-1997, H. S. Staude. South Africa, Northern Transvaal, Mariepskop, 1500m, montane forest, 24°33’S, 30°52’E, 04-03-1995/08-11-1996/21-07-1997/08-03-1997, H. S. Staude. South Africa, Northern Transvaal, Mariepskop, Blyderivier picnic-site, riverine bush, 750m, 24°36’S, 30° 49’E, 08-03-1997/08-11-1996, H. S. Staude. Nocturnal collecting only, on the above dates. On the western side of the mountain this forest consists of unbroken forest from 700m to 1900m resulting in a succession of forest types from lowland forest through typical scarp forests to wet montane mist forest to fynbos at the top. On the eastern side a markedly drier forest exists which also is a succession of vegetation types from lowland riverine woodland on the banks of the Blyde river through a number of veld types to dry montane forest to grassland to fynbos at the top. Light attractors were placed in as many places as could be reached by off-road vehicle on the east as well as the west side of the mountain. At least one light attractor was placed in most of the identified vegetation types with the notable exception of the eastern high grasslands that were not surveyed because of the difficulty in reaching them.

Lekgalameetse (O) Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve, Northern Province, Jurisdiction: Northern Province Dept. of the Environment (NPDE).

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Specimen label data: South Africa, Northern Province, Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve, Malta Forest, lowland forest, 24°10’S, 30°14’E, 900m, 07-12-1996, H. S. Staude. South Africa, Northern Province, Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve, Makutse Camp, riverine woodland, 24°11’S, 30°20’E, 750m, 07-12-1996, H. S. Staude. South Africa, Northern Province, Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve, Open dry woodland, 24°09’S, 30°19’ E, 810m, 07-12-1996. H. S. Staude. Malta forest, Lekgalameetse, 24.09.41S, 30.15.15E, 940m, 18-05-1996, J. Joannou. Nocturnal and diurnal collecting on the above dates. Light attractors were placed at Makutse camp, along the road from Makutse camp to Malta forest and in the Malta forest. The higher areas towards the Downs have not been surveyed.

Blyderivier (P) Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve, Mpumalanga, Jurisdiction: Mpumalanga Parks Board. Specimen label data: South Africa, Mpumalanga, Blyderivierspoort Nature reserve, Swadini, riverine forest/dry lowveld bushveld, 600m, 24.31S, 30.48E, 24/25-09-1998, H. S. Staude. Nocturnal collecting only on the above dates. Light attractors were placed in differing vegetation types along the road from Swadini resort to the information centre overlooking the dam.

Lapalala (Q) Lapalala Wilderness, North Province, Jurisdiction: Private. Specimen label data: South Africa, Transvaal, Melkrivier, Lapalala Sanctuary, 1100m, 23°44’S, 28°20’E, mixed savannah, H. S. Staude, 1-02-1992/19-02-1994. South Africa, Transvaal, Melkrivier, Lapalala Sanctuary, 1100m, May 1998, 23°44’S, 28°20’E, mixed savannah, J. Joannou. Nocturnal collecting only on the above dates. Light attractors were placed near the river, in the Acacia veld, in the Combretum ridges as well as in the Terminalia / Burkea sandveld higher up.

Mkambati (R) Mkambati Nature Reserve, Eastern Cape Province, Jurisdiction: Eastern Cape Nature Conservation. Specimen label data: South Africa, Transkei, Mkambati Nature Reserve, 50m, grassland/sandstone, forest gorge, 31°16'S, 30°00'E, 21-12-1995, H. S. Staude. Nocturnal collecting only on the above date. Light attractors were placed on the edge of forest patches, in open grassland and in a gorge which included some fynbos remnants.

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Blouberg (S) Blouberg Nature Reserve, Northern Province, Jurisdiction: Northern Province Dept. of the Environment (NPDE). Specimen label data: South Africa, Northern Transvaal, Blouberg , montane forest, 23°9’ S, 29° 0’E 1500m, 10 to 13-10-1985/ 21-02-1993, H. S. Staude. Nocturnal collecting using a mobile 6V small attractor which was placed in the main forest on the eastern high slope of the mountain on the above dates.

Mount Sheba (T) Mount Sheba Nature Reserve , Mpumalanga, Jurisdiction: Private. Specimen label data: South Africa, Mpumalanga, Pilgrimsrus, Mount Sheba Nature Reserve, montane forest, 24.56S, 30.43E, 1550m, 23-09-1996, H. S. Staude. South Africa, Mpumalanga, Pilgrimsrus, Mount Sheba Nature Reserve, montane forest, 24.56S, 30.43E, 1550m, 03-05-1999, M. Boppré & O. Fischer. Nocturnal collecting only on the above dates. Light attractors were placed in the forest along the roads leading to the hotel etc. as well as in the grassland/ fynbos remnants above the forest.

Langjan (U) Langjan Nature Reserve, Northern Province, Jurisdiction: Northern Province Dept. of the Environment (NPDE). Specimen label data: South Africa, Northern Province, Alldays, Langjan Nature Reserve, dry sandveld savannah, 760m, 22°52’S, 29°13’E, 07-11-1997, H. S. Staude. Nocturnal collecting only on the above dates. Light attractors were placed in the sandveld areas as well as along the dry river bed.

Maleboch (V) Maleboch Nature Reserve, Northern Province, Jurisdiction: Northern Province Dept. of the Environment (NPDE). Specimen label data: South Africa, Northern Province, Vivo, Maleboch Nature Reserve, Dry mixed veld, northern Blouberg foothills, 1050m, 22°52’S, 29°13’E, 08-11-1997, H. S. Staude. Nocturnal collecting only on the above dates. Light attractors were placed near the camp and along the road leading to the base of the mountain.

Golden Gate (W) Golden Gate National Park, Free State, jurisdiction: National Parks Board. Specimen label data: South Africa, Golden Gate National Park, 28°31’S, 28°30’E, 2000m+, grassland, 05-02-1994, H. S. Staude. Nocturnal collecting only on the above dates. Light attractors were placed at the camping ground and along the high ring-road in the grassland.

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Pilanesberg (X) Pilanesberg National Park, North West Province, Jurisdiction: North West Nature Conservation. Specimen label data: South Africa, Bophuthatswana, Pilanesberg National Park, sour bushveld, 1200m, 25.11S, 27.08E, 17-09-1993, H. S. Staude. Nocturnal collecting only on the above dates. Light attractors were placed in the savannah veld in the vicinity of the caravan park only.

Umzumbe (Y) Armadale farm, Umzumbe Conservancy, Kwazulu-Natal, Jurisdiction: Private Specimen label data: South Africa, Natal, Umzumbe Conservancy, Armadale farm, 30°39’S, 30°32’ E, Dune forest, 12-18/12/1993, H. S. Staude. Nocturnal collecting only on the above dates. Light attractors were placed in the forest, on the forest edges and in the adjacent grasslands on the hill as well as near the river on Armadale farm.

Phinda (Z) Phinda Resource Reserve, Kwazulu-Natal, Jurisdiction: Private. Specimen label data: Vlei Lodge, Phinda Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal, sand forest, 145m, 27.46.52S, 32.21.10E, 24 to 26-09-98, J. Joannou. Nocturnal collecting only on the above date. Light attractors were placed only near the staff accommodation.

Vernon Crookes (#) Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve, Kwazulu-Natal, Jurisdiction: KZNNCS. Specimen label data: Vernon Crookes, KwaZulu-Natal, Coast forest margin, 430m, 30.16.48S, 30.35.51E, 17 to 19-12-96, J. Joannou.

Nocturnal collecting only on the above dates. Light attractors were placed on the edge of forest patches, in open grassland.

Zebediela (%) Mogoto Nature Reserve, Northern Province, Jurisdiction: Private, Zebediela Citrus Estates. Specimen label data: South Africa, North Province, Zebediela Estates, Makapaansberg, fynbos remnant/grassland, 2000m, 24.10S, 29.15E, 06-02-1998, H. S. Staude. Nocturnal collecting only on the above date. Light attractors were placed only in the area high up near the towers in fynbos remnants and in Protea grassland.

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The collected material was identified using various reference sources. These sources are reflected as abbreviations in a column named ‘Det. method’ in the results section. The abbreviations are as follows: Type The taxon was identified by comparing material with a type specimen, usually the holotype wherever possible, or with a photograph of the type specimen. Janse The taxon was identified by comparing material with the description and illustrations thereof in Janse, 1932 and Janse, 1935. Seitz The taxon was identified by comparing material with the description and illustrations thereof in Prout, 1934-1938 in Seitz 1908-1940. Fletch/1. The taxon was identified by comparing material with the description and illustrations thereof in Fletcher, 1967. Fletch/2. The taxon was identified by comparing material with the description and illustrations thereof in Fletcher, 1974. BMNH. The taxon was identified by comparing material with non-type material identified and housed in The Natural History Museum, London, UK. TMSA. The taxon was identified by comparing material with non-type material identified and housed in The Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, South Africa. Krüger The identification of the taxon was made or confirmed by M. Krüger, Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. Pertaining to material from groups that have been reviewed or are being reviewed by M. Krüger. Hausm. The identification of the taxon was made or confirmed by A. Hausmann, Zoologische Staatssammlung, München. Pertaining to material from groups that have been reviewed or are being reviewed by A. Hausmann. Duke The identification of the taxon was made or confirmed by the late N. J. Duke or identified from non-type material identified as such in the Duke collection now housed in The Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. Priority was given to determinations where type specimens were examined and where material was identified by taxonomists who recently reviewed the group in question. With the exception of those taxa mentioned under the section on taxonomy; taxa described in Krüger, 1999/a; and taxa described in Krüger, submitted, the nomenclature in the results sections was checked to conform with Scoble,1999. Over 4000 specimens were processed. Duplicate material collected was donated to: The Natural History Museum, Pretoria; The Natural History Museum, London; The Zoologische Staatssammlung, München; and M. Krüger, Pretoria. The bulk of the material however is housed in the Staude collection, Magaliesburg, South Africa.

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Notes on the taxonomy

In any work of this kind one invariably comes across shortcomings in the current nomenclature. Contrary to earlier works, e.g. Prout 1934-1938, where new species were briefly described as and when they were identified, it was decided that this report is not the place in which to describe new taxa. This decision was made, firstly, because only distributional data are attached to identified undescribed taxa in this report and rather than adding to an already overburdened nomenclature it is probably better to wait for future taxonomic revisions to formalise these taxa. Secondly, because the taxa are illustrated it will probably be relatively easy to attach the data in this report to future formalised names. Thirdly, the taxa identified were separated on morphological differences, indicating only that they are probably currently genetically isolated from closely related taxa, and it is not implied that they are distinct species in a ‘being genetically incompatible’ sense. In fact it is probable that many of the closely related taxa, named and unnamed, which are illustrated here are in a state of speciation because their genetic incompatibility has not been demonstrated (Staude, 1997). Unnamed taxa are designated with the abbreviation sp. after the genus name and in the case where there is more than one in a genus a number is added e.g. Pareclipsis sp. 2. A number of currently used genera such as Gnophos have their origin from Palearctic species and South African species are probably misplaced in these (Krüger pers. comm.). These name combinations are retained until suitable replacement genera become available through revisional work. New combinations were used in the past without qualification (e.g. Eulycia subpunctata in Vári & Kroon, 1986). It is felt, however, that new combinations should be explained and the following combination is thus qualified: Mauna homales (Prout, L.B., 1922). comb. n. This species was placed by Janse, 1932 in the genus Gonodontis. It was referred to the genus Odontopera by Vári & Kroon, 1986. (unqualified). It, however, possesses the distinctive characters of the genus Mauna and the larvae feed on Protea sp. (Staude, 1999) as do all the species of Mauna of which the host-plants are known (Duke & Duke, 1998). The following species were synonymised (as stated below) in the literature without qualification. Careful comparisons of specimens for this report with the types of these taxa however show that the differences to related taxa are distinct and there is no evidence that they are mere forms in a single active gene pool. These names have thus been retained (for the reasons stated below) until evidence emerges that they are conspecific. Heterorachis roseifimbria Prout, L.B., 1930. stat. n. Janse, 1935, synonymised this with Heterorachis devocata (Walker, 1861) without qualification. Scoble, 1999 treated this as a subspecies of H. devocata. Specimens comparing well with the type of Heterorachis roseifimbria however show as many constant differences to H. devocata as they do to Hetereorachis despoliata Prout, L.B., 1916. The host-plant of H. roseifimbria is Pygmaeothamnus zeyheri and that of both H. devocata and H. despoliata are Canthium spp. (Duke & Duke, 1998; Staude, 1999) and there are differences in

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the larvae (Staude, unpublished). Therefore H. roseifimbria is treated as a distinct species. Heterorachis roseifimbria mozambica Prout, L.B., 1930. comb. n. Janse, 1935, synonymised this with H. devocata without qualification. Scoble, 1999, treated this as a subspecies of H. devocata. This taxon, however, is very close to H. roseifimbria and is treated here as a subspecies thereof. Comibaena coryphata (Felder, 1875). stat. n. Janse, 1935, synonymised this with C. leucospilata without qualification. Scoble, 1999, treated it as a subspecies of Comibaena roseifimbria (Walker, [1863]). Specimens comparing well with the type of C. coryphata however show constant differences to C. leucospilata and have a specific distribution which overlaps but is not the same as that of C. leucospilata. The original taxon is thus retained. Eupithecia rubidimixta Prout, L.B., 1916. stat. n. Janse, 1935, synonymised this taxon with Eupithecia gradatilinea Prout, L.B., 1916, stating that the only known female at the time was very similar to E. gradatilinea and as no males were known he treated it as a form only. Scoble, 1999, treated it as a subspecies of E. gradatilinea. Males and females of this taxon are now known and are clearly different to E. gradatilinea. In addition larvae of E. gradatilinea are known to feed on Acacia karroo (Duke & Duke, 1998; Staude, unpublished) a tree which is not found in close proximity to where Eupithecia rubidimixta occurs. Scopula rufinubes (Warren, 1900) This species was not found in Scoble, 1999. As the reason for this is unclear, it is retained here as a good species. Neromia rhodomadia Prout, L.B., 1922 This species seems misplaced in Neromia as it seems to be better placed in Centrochria. Until further investigation it is, however, left in Neromia.

RESULTS Over the past decade 28 Nature Reserves and other protected areas in the northern and eastern parts of South Africa were visited and surveyed for moths belonging to the family Geometridae. A total of 510 species and subspecies were identified from material collected in these reserves.

The results of this study are best presented in table form:

* = Comb. nov. (Krüger, submitted)

MS = Manuscript name (Krüger, submitted) September 1999 METAMORPHOSIS, Vol. 10 No. 3 111 Genus, species; Author Det. ill. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z # % method No.

Subfamily: ENNOMINAE Cabera elatina Janse 1 x x x x x (Prout, L.B., 1913) Caberini sp. 2 x Cabera strigata Janse 3 x x Warren, 1897 Heterostegane auranticollis Janse 4 x Prout, L.B., 1922 Heterostegane bifasciata Janse 5 x (Warren, 1914) Lomographa indularia Janse 6 x x x x (Guenée, 1857) Ligdia batesii Janse 7 x x (Wallengren, 1875) Ligdia pectinicornis Janse 8 x x Prout, L.B., 1913 Obolcola decisa TYPE 9 x x x (Warren,1914) Obolcola deocellata TYPE 10 x x x Prout, L., B.,1913 Obolcola petronaria TYPE 11 x x x (Guenée,[1858]) Obolcola sp. 12 x x Zamarada adiposata Fletch/2 13 x x x Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875 Zamarada iobathra Fletch/2 14 x x Prout, L. B., 1932 Zamarada transvisaria Fletch/2 15 x x x x x (Guenée,[1858]) Zamarada plana denticincta Fletch/2 16 x x x Hampson,1910 Zamarada varii Fletch/2 17 x x Fletcher,D. S., 1974 Zamarada d. dentigera Fletch/2 18 x x Warren,1909 Zamarada cf. crystallophana 19 x Mabille, 1900 Zamarada consecuta Fletch/2 20 x Prout,L.B.,1922 Zamarada deceptrix Fletch/2 21 x x x Warren,1914 Zamarada differens Fletch/2 22 x x x Bastelberger 1907 Zamarada jansei Fletch/2 23 x Fletcher, D. S. ,1974 Zamarada phaeozona Fletch/2 24 x x Hampson, 1909 112 METAMORPHOSIS, Vol. 10 No. 3 September 1999 Genus, species; Author Det. ill. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z # % method No.

Zamarada erugata Fletch/2 25 x x Fletcher, D. S. ,1974 Zamarada metallicata Fletch/2 26 x x Warren,1914 Zamarada pulverosa Fletch/2 27 x x x x x x x Warren,1895 Oaracta sp. 28 x x Oaracta maculata Duke 29 x (Warren,1897) Oaracta neophronaria Duke 30 x x x (Oberthür,1912) Ochroplutodes haturata Janse 31 x (Walker,1860) Epigynopteryx ommatoclesis Janse 32 x x x x (Prout,L. B.,1922) Phoenicocampa terinata Janse 33 x x x (Felder & Rogenhofer,1875) Epigynopteryx m. maeviaria Janse 34 x x x x (Guenée,[1858]) Pitthea neavei neavei TYPE 35 x Prout, L.B.,1915 Omizodes complanata Janse 36 x x Prout, L.B.,1922 Omizodes ocellata Janse 37 x x x Warren, 1894 Rhodopthitus commaculata Janse 38 x x Prout, L.B.,1897 Nassinia c. caffraria Janse 39 x x (Prout, L.B.,1938) Nassinia pretoria TYPE 40 x x (Prout, L.B.,1916) Nassinia aurantiaca TMSA 41 x (Prout, L.B.,1928) Plegapteryx anomalus viridis Janse 42 x x Warren, 1909 Psilocladia obliquata Janse 43 x x x x x x Warren,1898 Xenimpia erosa linearis Janse 44 x x x x x x x x Warren,1897 Coenina dentataria TMSA 45 x Swinhoe,1904 Coenina poecilaria Janse 46 x (Herrich-Schäffer,[1854]) Euexia p. percnopus Janse 47 x x x x x x x Prout, L.B., 1922 Sesquialtera ridicula Duke 48 x Prout, L.B.,1916 September 1999 METAMORPHOSIS, Vol. 10 No. 3 113 Genus, species; Author Det. ill. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z # % method No.

Oedicentra albipennis Janse 49 x x x x x x Warren, 1902 Cerurographa bistonica Janse 50 x (Prout, L.B., 1922) Xylopteryx arcuata Janse 51 x (Walker, 1862) Miantochora gumppenbergi Janse 52 x x x x (Möschler,1887) Xylopteryx prasinaria Janse 53 x x x x x Hampson, 1909 Xylopteryx protearia Janse 54 x x x x x x x Guenée, [1858] Psilocerea immitata TYPE 55 x x x x x x x Janse,1932 Psilocerea pulverosa Janse 56 x x x x x x x x (Warren,1894) Erastria madecassaria natalensis TYPE 57 x x x x x x x x (Warren, 1897) Lhommeia subapicata TYPE 58 x x x (Warren,1899) Lhommeia b. biskraria TYPE 59 x x (Oberthür,1884) Erastria leucicolor TYPE 60 x x x x (Butler,1875) Phtoniandria pinguis TYPE 61 x x (Warren,1904) Hypomecis intrusilinea Duke 62 x x (Prout, L.B.,1915) Hypomecis sp.1 63 x x x x Hypomecis sp.2 64 x x x Hypomecis ectropodes Janse 65 x x x x (Prout,L. B., 1913) Orbamia octomaculata Janse 66 x x x x x (Wallengren,1872) Orbamia sp. 67 x Zeuctoboarmia octopunctata Janse 68 x x x x x (Warren, 1897) Zeuctoboarmia sp. 69 x x x Zeuctoboarmia hyrax Duke 70 x x (Townsend, 1952) Colocleora divisaria TYPE 71 x x x x x x x x x x (Walker, 1860) Colocleora p. proximaria TYPE 72 x x x x x x x x x (Walker, 1860) Colocleora faceta TYPE 73 x x x (Prout, L.B., 1934) Aphilopota conturbata Duke 74 x (Walker,1863) 114 METAMORPHOSIS, Vol. 10 No. 3 September 1999 Genus, species; Author Det. ill. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z # % method No.

Aphilopota decepta TYPE 75 x x Janse, 1932 Aphilopota euodia BMNH. 76 x x Prout, L.B., 1954 Aphilopota patulata TYPE 77 x (Walker, [1863]) Aphilopota perscotia TYPE 78 x Prout,L.B.,1931 Aphilopota semiusta TYPE 79 x (Distant, 1898) Aphilopota sp.1 80 x Aphilopota sp.2 81 x x Aphilopota subalbata TYPE 82 x (Warren,1905) Menophra obtusata TYPE 83 x x x x (Warren, 1902) Menophra s. serrataria Janse 84 x x x x x x x x x (Walker, 1860) Racotis incauta Janse 85 x x (Prout,L.B.,1915) Zeuctoboarmia cataimena Janse 86 x x (Prout,L.B.,1915) Racotis breijeri Janse 87 x x (Prout, L. B., 1922) Racotis apodosima TMSA 88 x x x x x Prout, L.B.,1931 Anacleora extremaria haploocnema TYPE 89 x (Prout, L. B. ,1922) Anacleora pulverosa Janse 90 x x x x x (Warren,1904) Anacleora e. extremaria TYPE 91 x (Walker,1860) Anacleora sp. 92 x x x Ascotis reciprocaria TMSA 93 x x x x x x x x x x (Walker, 1860) Cleora munda Fletch/194 x x x x x x x x x x (Warren,1899) . Cleora tulbaghata Fletch/1 95 x x x x x x x x x (Felder & Rogenhofer,1875) Cleora betularia Fletch/1 96 x x x x (Warren,1897) Cleora herbuloti phaea Fletch/1 97 x x x x Fletcher, D. S.,1967 Cleora nigrisparsalis Fletch/1 98 x x x (Janse,1932) Cleora quadrimaculata Fletch/1 99 x x x (Janse,1932) September 1999 METAMORPHOSIS, Vol. 10 No. 3 115 Genus, species; Author Det. ill. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z # % method No.

Cleora rothkirchi Fletch/1 100 x x x x x x (Strand,1914) Ectropis delosaria Janse 101 x x x x x (Walker, 1863) Ectropis fraudulenta TYPE 102 x x Janse, 1932 Ectropis obliquilinea Janse 103 x Prout L.B., 1915 Ectropis simplex TYPE 104 x (Warren, 1914) Ectropis spoliataria Janse 105 x x x x x x x x x (Walker, 1860) Gnophos delagardei Janse 106 x x x Prout, L.B., 1915 Gnophos rubricimixta TYPE 107 x Prout, L.B., 1915 Acanthovalva inconspicuaria Krüger 108 x x x x x x x x x x x (Hübner,1796)* Acanthovalva antennata Krüger 109 x (Warren,1897)* Chiasmia extrusilinea TYPE 110 x Prout L.B., 1925 Chiasmia nubilata TYPE 111 x x (Warren, 1897) Hypotephrina exmotaria Janse 112 x x (Walker, 1861) Chelotephrina acorema Krüger 113 x Krüger, MS Luxiaria ngomensis Krüger 114 x x Krüger, MS Isturgia arizeloides Krüger 115 x Krüger, MS Isturgia catalaunaria Janse 116 x x x x x x x x (Guenée, [1858]) Isturgia deerraria Janse 117 x x x x x x (Walker, 1861) Isturgia exospilata Janse 118 x x x (Walker, 1861) Isturgia geminata Janse 119 x (Warren, 1897) Isturgia spissata Janse 120 x x x x (Walker, 1862) Isturgia supergressa Janse 121 x (Prout L.B.,1913) Chiasmia grimmia Krüger 122 x (Wallengren, 1872) Chiasmia i. inaequilinea Krüger 123 x (Warren,1911) 116 METAMORPHOSIS, Vol. 10 No. 3 September 1999 Genus, species; Author Det. ill. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z # % method No.

Chiasmia natalensis Krüger 124 x x x (Warren,1904) Chiasmia procidata semispurcata Krüger 125 x (Walker,[1863]) Chiasmia turbulentata Krüger 126 x x x (Guenée, [1858]) Chiasmia rectistriaria Krüger 127 x x x x (Herrich-Schäffer,1854) Chiasmia simplicilinea Krüger 128 x x (Warren,1905) Chiasmia nobilitata Krüger 129 x x (Prout, L.B.,1913) Chiasmia feraliata Krüger 130 x x (Guenée,[1858]) Chiasmia s. separata Janse 131 x x x x (Warren, 1899) Chiasmia confuscata Krüger 132 x x x x x x x x x x (Warren, 1899) Chiasmia sororcula Krüger 133 x x x x x (Warren, 1897) Chiasmia s. streniata Krüger 134 x x x x (Guenée, [1858]) Chiasmia a. amarata Krüger 135 x x x (Guenée, [1858]) Chiasmia duplicilinea Krüger 136 x (Warren, 1897) Chiasmia u. umbrata Janse 137 x x x x x (Warren, 1897) Chiasmia interrupta Janse 138 x x (Warren, 1897) Chiasmia m. multistrigata Janse 139 x x x x x (Warren, 1897) Chiasmia inquinata Krüger 140 x Krüger, MS Chiasmia trizonaria Krüger 141 x x (Hampson, 1909) Chiasmia b. brongusaria Krüger 142 x x x x x x x x x x x (Walker,1860) Chiasmia suriens Krüger 143 x x (Strand,1912) Chiasmia semitecta Krüger 144 x (Walker,1861)

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Chiasmia johnstoni Krüger 145 x x x x x (Butler,1893) Chiasmia grisescens Krüger 146 x (Prout,L.B.,1916) Chiasmia alternata Krüger 147 x (Warren,1899) Chiasmia tecnium Krüger 148 x x x x (Prout,L.B.,1915) Chiasmia arenosa Krüger 149 x x (Butler,1875) Chiasmia normata Krüger 150 x x x x (Walker,1861) Chiasmia assimilis Krüger 151 x x x (Warren,1899) Chiasmia i. inconspicua Krüger 152 x x (Warren,1897) Chiasmia furcata Krüger 153 x x (Warren, 1897) Chiasmia s. subcurvaria Krüger 154 x x x x x (Mabille, 1897) Plateoplia acrobelia Janse 155 x x x x x x x x (Wallengren, 1875) Platypepla spurcata TYPE 156 x x x (Warren, 1897) Pareclipsis ochrea TYPE 157 x (Warren,1905) Pareclipsis oxyptera TYPE 158 x x Prout,L.B.,1916 Pareclipsis punctata TYPE 159 x x x x x Warren,1900 Pareclipsis sp. 1 160 x Pareclipsis sp. 2 161 x x x Pareclipsis sp. 3 162 x Acrasia crinita Janse 163 x x Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875 Acrasia sp. 164 x Larentioides cf. cacothemon 165 x x Prout,L. B., 1917 Mauna ardescens Janse 166 x x Prout,L. B., 1916 Mauna a. ava Janse 167 x x Prout, L. B.,1938 Mauna filia Janse 168 x x (Cramer,1780) Mauna homales TYPE 169 x (Prout,L. B.,1922) Mauna pictifimbria TMSA 170 x x x x Prout, L. B.,1938 134 METAMORPHOSIS, Vol. 10 No. 3 September 1999 Genus, species; Author Det. ill. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z # % method No.

Omphalucha albosignata Janse 171 x Janse,1932 Omphalucha crenulata TYPE 172 x x x x (Warren,1897) Omphalucha ditriba TYPE 173 x x Prout,L. B.,1938 Omphalucha indeflexa Janse 174 x Prout,L. B.,1922 Omphalucha maturnaria Janse 175 x (Möschler,1883) Omphalucha praeses TYPE 176 x Prout,L. B.,1938 Omphalucha sp. 177 x Eulycia accentuata TYPE 178 x (Felder & Rogenhofer,1875) Eulycia subpunctata TYPE 179 x (Warren,1897) Eulycia grisea TYPE 180 x x x x (Warren,1897) Eulycia extorris TYPE 181 x x (Warren,1904) Palaeonyssia trisecta TYPE 182 x (Warren,1897) Drepanogynis monas Seitz 183 x Prout, L.B., 1916 Eupagia determinata TYPE 184 x x Walker,1860 Derrioides cf. villaria 185 x (Felder & Rogenhofer,1875) Drepanogynis arcuifera Seitz 186 x x Prout, L.B., 1934 Drepanogynis nigrapex Janse 187 x x x (Prout, L.B., 1913) Drepanogynis glaucichorda TMSA 188 x Prout, L.B., 1915 Drepanogynis vara Janse 189 x Prout, L.B., 1922 Drepanogynis mixtaria Janse 190 x x x x x x Guenée, 1857 Aspilatopsis admiranda Janse 191 x (Warren, 1905) Drepanogynis tripartita Janse 192 x x (Walker, 1898) Drepanogynis sp. 193 x Drepanogynis epione Janse 194 x x (Prout, L.B., 1913) Eupagia valida Janse 195 x x x (Warren, 1914) September 1999 METAMORPHOSIS, Vol. 10 No. 3 135 Genus, species; Author Det. ill. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z # % method No.

Aspilatopsis orthobates Janse 196 x Prout, L.B., 1917 Aspilatopsis punctata Janse 197 x x x Warren, 1897 Aspilatopsis sp. 198 x Sicyodes sp. 199 x x Sicyodes costipicta olearis TYPE 200 x x Prout,L.,B.,1938 Sicyodes o. olivescens Janse 201 x x x Prout,L.B.,1938 Sicyodes cambogiaria Janse 202 x x x x x x x x x x (Guenée, 1857) Sicyodes o. ocellata TYPE 203 x Warren, 1897 Sicyodes alicata Seitz 204 x (Felder & Rogenhofer,1875) Pseudomaenas tricolor Janse 205 x x (Warren,1897) Pseudomaenas alcidata Janse 206 x x x x (Felder & Rogenhofer,1875) Axiodes dochmoleuca Janse 207 x x x Prout,L.B.,1917 Argyrophora trofonia Janse 208 x x x (Cramer, 1779) Argyrophora variabilis Krüger 209 x Krüger, 1999 Microligia luteitincta Janse 210 x Prout L.B., 1916 Microligia dolosa Krüger 211 x x x Warren, 1897 Microligia paradolosa Krüger 212 x x x x Krüger, 1999 Durbana setinata Janse 213 x (Felder & Rogenhofer,1875) Veniliodes inflammata TYPE 214 x x Warren,1894 Veniliodes sp. 215 x Veniliodes pantheraria Janse 216 x (Felder,1874) Callioratis a. abraxas TYPE 217 x x Felder & Rogenhofer,1874 218 Zerenopsis leopardina TYPE 219 x x x x x x Felder,1874 Callioratis millari TYPE 220 x Hampson,1905

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Subfamily OENOCHROMINAE Cartaletis libyssa natalensis Janse 221 x x x Prout,L. B.,1917 Petovia marginata TYPE 222 x (Walker, 1854) Conolophia c. conscitaria Janse 223 x x (Walker,1861) Conolophia aemula Janse 224 x x (Warren,1894) Afrophyla v. vethi Janse 225 x (Snellen,1886) Ozola pulverulenta Janse 226 x x x Warren,1897 Panagropis equitaria TYPE 227 x x (Walker,1861) Panagropis muricolor TYPE 228 x x (Warren,1897)

Subfamily GEOMETRINAE Pingasa d. distensaria Duke 229 x x x (Walker, 1860) Pingasa ruginaria communicans TMSA 230 x x x x (Walker, 1860) Pingasa rhadamaria aterata Janse 231 x x x x (Walker, 1860) Pingasa l. lahayei TYPE 232 x Oberthür, 1887 Mimandria c. cataractae Janse 233 x Prout, L.B., 1917 Mictoschema swierstrai TYPE 234 x Prout, L.B., 1922 Holoterpna e. errata TYPE 235 x Prout, L.B., 1922 Xenochroma candidata TYPE 236 x x Warren,1902 Victoria fuscithorax Seitz 237 x x x Warren,1905 Victoria mirabilis Seitz 238 x x x Warren,1911 Luashia zonata Janse 239 x (Walker, [1863]) Antharmostes p. papilio TYPE 240 x x x Prout, L.B., 1912 Bathycolpodes chloronesis Janse 241 x Prout, L.B., 1930 Paragathia albimarginata Janse 242 x Warren, 1902 September 1999 METAMORPHOSIS, Vol. 10 No. 3 137 Genus, species; Author Det. ill. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z # % method No.

Lophorrhachia rubricorpus TYPE 243 x x x x x x x x x x (Warren,1898) Lasiochlora b. bicolor Janse 244 x Thierry-Mieg, 1907 Lasiochlora diducta TYPE 245 x x x (Walker, 1861) Dolosis illacerata TYPE 246 x x x Prout, L.B., 1912 Chlorotenis conspersa Duke 247 x Warren, 1909 Rhodesia viridalbata Janse 248 x x x Warren,1905 Adicocrita discerpta Janse 249 x (Walker, 1861) Adicocrita koranata TYPE 250 x x x x x x (Felder &Rogenhofer, 1875) Thalassodes quadraria TYPE 251 x x x x x x x x x x x x Guenée,1857 Celidomphax quadrimacula Janse 252 x x x Janse, 1935 Omphax bacoti Janse 253 x Prout, L.B., 1912 Omphax bilobata Janse 254 x Janse, 1935 Omphax idonea Janse 255 x Prout, L.B., 1916 Omphax leucocraspeda Janse 256 x Prout, L.B., 1912 Omphax bilobata BMNH. 258 x x x Janse, 1935 Omphax p. plantaria Janse 257 x x x Guenée, [1858] Heterorachis disconotata TYPE 259 x Prout, L.B., 1916 Heterorachis perviridis TYPE 260 x x (Prout, L.B., 1912) Heterorachis simplicissima BMNH. 261 x x x (Prout, L.B., 1912) Heterorachis despoliata TYPE 262 x Prout, L.B., 1916 Heterorachis devocata TYPE 263 x x x x x (Walker, 1861) Heterorachis r. roseifimbria TYPE 264 x x x x x Prout, L.B., 1930 Heterorachis roseifimbria mozambica TYPE 265 x x Prout, L.B.,1930 Xenochlorodes xina TYPE 266 x x x x x x x x x x Prout, L.B.,1916 138 METAMORPHOSIS, Vol. 10 No. 3 September 1999 Genus, species; Author Det. ill. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z # % method No.

Chlorocoma clopia TYPE 267 x x Prout, L.B., 1922 Chlorocoma cf. eucela TYPE 268 x x x x Prout, L.B., 1922 Prasinocyma panchlora Janse 269 x x x x x x x Prout,L. B., 1913 Prasinocyma salutaria TYPE 270 x x (Swinhoe, 1904) Prasinocyma pictifimbria TYPE 271 x Warren,1904 Prasinocyma n. niveisticta TYPE 272 x x x Prout, L. B. ,1912 Prasinocyma inversicaulis TYPE 273 x x x x x Prout, L. B. ,1913 Prasinocyma germinaria TYPE 274 x x x (Guenée,[1858]) Prasinocyma cf. triangulata TYPE 275 x (Fletcher, 1958) Prasinocyma i. immaculata TMSA 276 x x x x x x x x (Thunberg,1784) Prasinocyma vermicularia TYPE 277 x x x (Guenée,[1858]) Prasinocyma dorsipunctata BMNH. 278 x x Warren, 1911 Prasinocyma oculata TYPE 279 x x x x x x Prout, 1915 Prasinocyma bilobata TYPE 280 x Fletcher, D.S.,1978 Prasinocyma bifimbriata BMNH. 281 x x x Prout, L.B., 1912 Syndromodes cellulata Janse 282 x x Warren,1898 Syndromodes invenusta Janse 283 x x x x (Wallegren,1863) Syndromodes prasinops Janse 284 x x x x Prout,L. B.,1930 Syndromodes sp. 285 x Omphacodes punctilineata Janse 286 x x (Warren, 1897) Microloxia ruficornis Janse 287 x x Warren, 1897 Lophostola atridisca TYPE 288 x x x x (Warren, 1897) Lophostola sp. 289 x Comibaena leucospilata TYPE 290 x x x x x x (Walker, 1863) Comibaena coryphata TYPE 291 x (Felder,& Rogenhofer 1875) September 1999 METAMORPHOSIS, Vol. 10 No. 3 139 Genus, species; Author Det. ill. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z # % method No.

Microbaena pulchra TYPE 292 x x (Staudinger,1897) Comibaena rhodolopha TYPE 293 x Prout, L.B., 1915 Comibaena b. barnsi TYPE 294 x Prout, 1930 Androzeugma tenuis TYPE 295 x x (Warren, 1898) Centrochria deprensa TYPE 296 x (Prout, L.B., 1913) Neromia rhodomadia TYPE 297 x Prout,L.,B.,1922 Neromia impostura TYPE 298 x x x x x x x x Prout, L.B., 1915 Neromia sp. 299 x Neromia strigulosa TYPE 300 x x Prout, L.B., 1925 Neromia rubripunctilla TYPE 301 x x x Prout, L.B., 1912 Chlorissa articulicornis TYPE 302 x x x (Prout, L.B., 1916) Chlorissa attenuata TYPE 303 x x (Walker, [1863]) Chlorissa d. dorsicristata TYPE 304 x x x (Warren, 1905) Chlorissa malescripta TYPE 305 x x (Warren, 1897) Phaiogramma stibolepida TYPE 306 x x x x x x (Butler, 1879) Chlorissa unilinea TYPE 307 x x (Warren, 1897) Comostolopsis apicata TYPE 308 x x (Warren, 1898) Comostolopsis capensis TYPE 309 x x x x x (Warren, 1899) Comostolopsis germana TYPE 310 x x Prout, L.B., 1916 Comostolopsis s. stillata TYPE 311 x x x x (Felder &Rogenhofer, 1875) Metallochlora grisea TYPE 312 x x x Prout, L.B., 1915 Allochrostes biornata Janse 313 x x x Prout, L.B.,1913 Allochrostes imperfecta Duke 314 x x Prout, L.B.,1916 Allochrostes impunctata TYPE 315 x x x (Warren, 1897)

140 METAMORPHOSIS, Vol. 10 No. 3 September 1999 Genus, species; Author Det. ill. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z # % method No.

Allochrostes saliata TYPE 316 x x x (Felder &Rogenhofer, 1875) Allochrostes sp. 317 x Euchrostes albicornaria Duke 318 x (Mabille,1880) Euchrostes disparata Duke 319 x (Walker, 1861) Euchrostes rhodophthalma TYPE 320 x Prout, L.B., 1912 Euchrostes sp. 321 x Mixocera albistrigata BMNH. 322 x x (Pagenstecher, 1893) Mixocera frustratoria BMNH. 323 x (Wallengren, 1863) Mixocera xanthostephana TYPE 324 x x x Prout, L.B., 1912 Acollesis fraudulenta TYPE 325 x x x x x Warren, 1898 Acollesis terminata TYPE 326 x x x x Prout L.B.,1912 Collesis mimica TYPE 327 x x Warren, 1897 Argyrographa moderata Janse 328 x (Walker, 1862) Dichroma equestralis Janse 329 x x Duncan & Westwood, 1841 Conchyliodes distelitis Janse 330 x x Prout, L.B., 1930 Rhadinomphax divincta Janse 331 x x x x (Walker,1861) Acidaliastis bicurvifera BMNH. 332 x Prout, L.B., 1916 Acidaliastis c. curvilinea TYPE 333 x (Prout, L.B., 1912) Thetidia undulilinea TYPE 334 x x (Warren, 1905)

Subfamily LARENTIINAE Scotopteryx albiclausa Janse 335 x (Warren, 1897) Scotopteryx atrosigillata Janse 336 x x x (Walker, [1863]) Scotopteryx deversa Janse 337 x (Prout, L. B., 1913) Scotopteryx horismodes Janse 338 x x x (Prout, L.B., 1913) Scotopteryx n. nictitaria Janse 339 x x x x x x (Herrich Schäffer, 1855) September 1999 METAMORPHOSIS, Vol. 10 No. 3 141 Genus, species; Author Det. ill. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z # % method No.

Scotopteryx sp. 340 x Scotopteryx peringueyi Janse 341 x x (Prout,L.B., 1917) Perizoma alumna Janse 342 x (Prout,L. B., 1925) Perizoma a. artifex Janse 343 x Prout,L. B., 1925 Perizoma epipercna Janse 344 x x x x x (Prout,L. B., 1913) Perizoma sp. 345 x Haplolabida coaequata TMSA 346 x Prout, L.B., 1935 Haplolabida inaequata TMSA 347 x x (Walker,1861) Epirrhoe achatina Janse 348 x Prout,L. B.,1915 Epirrhoe annulifera Janse 349 x (Warren, 1902) Mimoclystia explanata Janse 350 x x x x x x x x (Walker, 1862) Mimoclystia p. pudicata TMSA 351 x x x x x (Walker,1862) Mimoclystia pudicata quaggaria TMSA 352 x x (Wallengren, 1872) Mimoclystia undulosata Janse 353 x x x x Warren, 1901 Polystroma subspissata Janse 354 x x x x x Warren, 1897 Xanthorhoe ? sp. 355 x x Xanthorhoe exorista Janse 356 x x x x x Prout, L.B., 1922 Xanthorhoe poseata Janse 357 x x x x x x (Geyer, 1837) Xanthorhoe transjugata Janse 358 x x x Prout, L. B., 1923 Piercia bryophilaria Janse 359 x x x x x x x (Warren, 1903) Piercia cidariata TYPE 360 x (Guenée,[1858]) Piercia ciliata Janse 361 x x x Janse,1933 Piercia dryas Janse 362 x x x x x x (Prout, L.B., 1915) Piercia l. lightfooti Janse 363 x (Prout, L.B., 1925) Piercia nimipunctata Janse 364 x x Janse,1933

142 METAMORPHOSIS, Vol. 10 No. 3 September 1999 Genus, species; Author Det. ill. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z # % method No.

Piercia olivata Janse 365 x x Janse,1933 Piercia perizomoides TYPE 366 x x (Prout, L.B., 1916) Piercia prasinaria TMSA 367 x x x x x (Warren, 1901) Piercia smaragdinata Janse 368 x (Walker, 1862) Piercia sp.1 369 x x Piercia sp.2 370 x Piercia spatiosata Janse 371 x x (Walker, 1862) Piercia subterlimbata TMSA 372 x (Prout, L.B., 1917) Piercia vittata Janse 373 x Janse,1933 Eupithecia gradatilinea TYPE 374 x Prout, L.B., 1916 Eupithecia hypophasma Duke 375 x x Prout, L.B., 1913 Eupithecia infectaria TMSA 376 x x (Guenée, [1858]) Eupithecia infelix Janse 377 x x x x x x Prout, L.B., 1917 Eupithecia irenica TYPE 378 x x x Prout, L.B., 1937 Eupithecia laticallis TYPE 379 x x Prout, L.B., 1922 Eupithecia nigribasis TYPE 380 x (Warren, 1902) Eupithecia perigrapta Janse 381 x x x Janse, 1933 Eupithecia pettyi Duke 382 x x Prout, L.B., 1935 Eupithecia polylibades TYPE 383 x Prout, L.B., 1916 Eupithecia rigida sporadica TMSA 384 x x Prout, L.B., 1932 Eupithecia rubidimixta TYPE 385 x x x Prout, L.B., 1916 Eupithecia rubiginifera Duke 386 x x Prout, L.B., 1913 Eupithecia sagittata Janse 387 x (Warren, 1897) Eupithecia sp.1 388 x Eupithecia sp.2 389 x Eupithecia sp.3 390 x Eupithecia sp.4 391 x September 1999 METAMORPHOSIS, Vol. 10 No. 3 143 Genus, species; Author Det. ill. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z # % method No.

Eupithecia dilucida TYPE 392 x x x (Warren, 1899) Eupithecia brachyptera TYPE 393 x x Prout, L.B., 1913 Mesocolpa consobrina Janse 394 x x x (Warren, 1901) “Chloroclystis” dentatissima Janse 395 x x Warren, 1898 “Chloroclystis” grisea Janse 396 x x x (Warren, 1897) “Chloroclystis” gymnoscelides Janse 397 x (Prout, L. B., 1916) “Chloroclystis” derasata jansei Seitz 398 x x x x x Prout, L.B., 1937 Mesocolpa lita Janse 399 x x x x x (Prout, L.B., 1916) “Chloroclystis” muscosa tumefacta Janse 400 x x x x x x x x x x x x x (Prout, L.B., 1917) Conchylia ditissimaria Janse 401 x Guenée, [1858] Conchylia pactolaria TMSA 402 x Wallegren, 1872 Asthenotricha pycnoconia TYPE 403 x Janse, 1933 Asthenotricha sp. 404 x Melanthia ustiplaga Janse 405 x x x x x (Warren, 1899) Eccymatoge melanoterma TYPE 406 x x Prout, L.B., 1913 Collix foraminata TMSA 407 x x x x Guenée, [1858] Horisme minuata Janse 408 x x x x (Walker, 1860) Horisme o. obscurata Janse 409 x x x Prout, L.B., 1913 Horisme pallidimacula Janse 410 x Prout, L.B., 1925 Disclisioprocta natalata Janse 411 x x x x (Walker, 1862) Eois grataria Janse 412 x x x x x (Walker, 1861) Eois sp.1 413 x Eois sp.2 414 x Gonanticlea m. meridionata TMSA 415 x x x (Walker, 1862) Protosteira spectabilis Janse 416 x x x (Warren, 1899)

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Lobidiopteryx eumares Janse 417 x x Prout, L.B., 1935 Lobidiopteryx sp. 418 x Episteira confusidentata Janse 419 x (Warren, 1897) Trimetopia a. aetheraria Janse 420 x Guenée, [1858] Orthonama o. obstipata Janse 421 x x (Fabricius, 1794) Chionopora tarachodes Janse 422 x x x Prout, L.B., 1922 Pseudolarentia megalaria Janse 423 x x (Guenée, [1858]) Larentia bitrita Janse 424 x x x x (Felder & Rogenhofer,1875)

Subfamily STERRHINAE Chrysocraspeda l. leighata Janse 425 x Warren, 1904 Clyclophora unocula Janse 426 x x x x Warren, 1897 Rhodometra sacraria Janse 427 x x x x (Linnaeus, 1767) Chlorerythra r. rubriplaga Janse 428 x x x Warren, 1895 Epicosymbia dentisignata Janse 429 x x (Walker, [1863]) Epicosymbia nitidata Janse 430 x x x x x x x (Warren, 1905) Epicosymbia cf. nitidata 431 x Metallaxis ? sp. 1 432 x Metallaxis ? sp. 2 433 x Traminda falcata Janse 434 x x x x Warren, 1897 Traminda neptunaria Janse 435 x x x x (Guenée, [1858]) Traminda o. obversata Janse 436 x x x x (Walker, 1861) Traminda ocellata Janse 437 x x x Warren, 1895 Traminda vividaria Janse 438 x x x (Walker, 1861) Palaespilates inoffensa Janse 439 x Warren,1894 Cyclophora inaequalis Seitz 440 x Warren, 1902

September 1999 METAMORPHOSIS, Vol. 10 No. 3 145 Genus, species; Author Det. ill. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z # % method No.

Cyclophora lyciscaria Janse 441 x (Guenée, [1858]) Cyclophora cf. sublunata Seitz 442 x x (Swinhoe, 1904) Antitrygodes callibotrys Duke 443 x x x Prout, L.B., 1918 Problepsis aegretta Janse 444 x x x x x x Felder & Rogenhofer,1875 Problepsis latonaria Janse 445 x x x x (Guenée, [1858]) Somatina centrophora Janse 446 x Prout, L.B., 1915 Somatina ctenophora Janse 447 x Prout, L.B., 1915 Somatina ioscia TYPE 448 x Prout, L.B., 1932 Somatina f. figurata Janse 449 x Warren, 1897 Somatina sedata Janse 450 x x x x x Prout, L.B., 1922 Somatina sp.1 451 x Somatina sp.2 452 x Somatina vestalis Janse 453 x x (Butler, 1875) Discomiosis arciocentra Janse 454 x x x Prout, L.B., 1922 Discomiosis crescentifera Janse 455 x (Warren, 1902) Zygophyxia roseicincta Janse 456 x (Warren, 1899) Idaea a. auriflua Janse 457 x x (Warren, 1902) Idaea basicostalis Janse 458 x x x (Warren, 1900) Idaea laticlavia Janse 459 x (Prout, L.B., 1922) Idaea malescripta Janse 460 x x (Warren, 1897) Idaea ossicolor Janse 461 x (Janse, 1935) Idaea purpurascens Janse 462 x x (Prout, L.B., 1916) Idaea sinuilinea Janse 463 x x (Prout, L.B., 1913) Idaea squamulata Janse 464 x x (Warren, 1900) Idaea sublimbaria Janse 465 x x x x x x (Warren, 1900) 146 METAMORPHOSIS, Vol. 10 No. 3 September 1999 Genus, species; Author Det. ill. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z # % method No.

Idaea trissosemia Janse 466 x x x (Prout, L.B., 1922) Idaea pulveraria subculta Janse 467 x x x x (Prout, L.B., 1916) Scopula s. sanguinisecta Janse 468 x (Warren, 1897) Scopula curvimargo Janse 469 x (Warren, 1900) Scopula penricei Seitz 470 x Prout, L.B., 1933 Scopula tenuiscripta Janse 471 x Prout, L.B., 1933 Scopula natalica Janse 472 x x x (Butler, 1875) Scopula f. fimbrilineata Janse 473 x x x x x (Warren, 1902) Scopula nemorivagata Janse 474 x x (Wallengren, 1863) Scopula i. internata Janse 475 x x x x (Guenée, [1858]) Scopula cf. argentidisca 476 x x (Warren, 1902) Scopula r. rufisalsa Janse 477 x x x (Warren, 1897) Scopula s. sinnaria Janse 478 x x (Swinhoe, 1904) Scopula pertinax TMSA 479 x x (Prout, L.B., 1916) Scopula dissonans Janse 480 x x x (Warren, 1897) Scopula deserta Janse 481 x (Warren, 1897) Scopula erinaria isolata Janse 482 x Prout, L.B., 1920 Scopula donovani Janse 483 x x x (Distant, 1892) Scopula sp.1 484 x Scopula bigeminata Janse 485 x (Warren, 1897) Scopula opperta TMSA 486 x x (Prout, L.B., 1920) Scopula cf. opperta 487 x x x x Scopula spoliata TMSA 488 x x x x x (Walker, 1861) Scopula cf. spoliata 489 x x x x x Scopula latitans TMSA 490 x x x (Prout, L.B., 1920) Scopula cf. latitans 491 x September 1999 METAMORPHOSIS, Vol. 10 No. 3 147 Genus, species; Author Det. ill. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z # % method No.

Scopula i. internataria TMSA 492 x x x x x x x (Walker, 1861) Scopula cf. S. oryx Hausm 493 x x x Herbulot, 1985 Scopula ludibunda TMSA 494 x x (Prout, L.B., 1915) Scopula serena Hausm 495 x x x x x x (Prout, L. B., 1920) Scopula m. minorata Hausm 496 x x x x (Boisduval, 1853) Scopula sublobata TMSA 497 x (Warren, 1898) Scopula rossi Janse 498 x x (Prout,L.B., 1913) Scopula straminea Janse 499 x x (Felder & Rogenhofer,1875) Scopula q. quintaria Janse 500 x x x x x (Prout, L.B., 1916) Scopula gazellaria Janse 501 x (Wallengren, 1863) Scopula picta Janse 502 x (Warren, 1897) Scopula punctilineata Janse 503 x (Warren, 1897) Scopula quadrifasciata Janse 504 x (Bastelberger, 1909) Scopula accentuata exiguaria Janse 505 x x (Walker, 1860) Scopula inscripta Janse 506 x x (Walker, [1863]) Scopula cf. hectata TMSA 507 x x x x x (Guenée, [1858]) Scopula acentra Janse 508 x (Warren, 1897) Scopula rufinubes Janse 509 x x (Warren, 1900) Scopula sp.2 510 x Scopula cf. nigrinotata 511 x x (Warren, 1897) 1 Scopula cf. nigrinotata 512 x (Warren, 1897) 2

148 METAMORPHOSIS,Vol.10 No.3 September 1999

DISCUSSION

This paper was written with the primary objective of providing conservators with information on the geometrid moths occurring in reserves under their jurisdiction and for them to use it as an identification tool. One must, however, ask the question: how comprehensive is this report? Names could not be found for only 59 (11,6%) of the 510 taxa identified and it is seems that they have not been described. Scoble,99999, postulates that allthough there remains a large number of undescribed geometrids worldwide, the figure is not exponentially large, as is sometimes speculated. These findings support Scoble’s statement. One must, however take into account that the area surveyed has been, relative to the rest of Africa, well worked and one could probably expect a far greater percentage of unnamed taxa in other areas. The 510 taxa illustrated represent approximately half the estimated total of southern African Geometridae. Many taxa, however, are unique to the southern and western Cape, the Free State grasslands, western Kalahari desert and to countries north of our borders and are not likely to occur in the reserves covered by this work. If the estimated number of such taxa were to be subtracted from the total for southern Africa it is probable that more than 80% of the Geometridae likely to occur in these reserves are recorded. At first glance this is a substantial percentage, implying that the surveys have been fairly comprehensive. However, on analysis of the distribution of these taxa relative to the reserves surveyed, the results indicate otherwise. In comparison to truly comprehensive surveys conducted regularly and over an extended number of years [Gloster - 134 species, Koedoeskop, 94 species, Golden Valley, 89 species, Hekpoort - 106 species, (Staude, unpublished)], these results fare poorly. On the basis of the above surveys, notwithstanding notable exceptions, a given reserve within the area covered should, if comprehensively surveyed, yield a rough average of 100 species. Multiplying this average by the number of reserves covered in this work (28) indicates that in order for it to be deemed in any way comprehensive, 2800 records should have been accumulated. The actual number of species records contained in this report is 1402, which is just about half of the ideal figure for these reserves. The 28 reserves visited make up only 17.8% of the 157 reserves and protected areas given by Stuart & Stuart, 1989, for the area covered by this report. One would have a good idea of the Geometridae occurring in all of these reserves only once a figure of around 15700 species records has been achieved. Another way of looking at it would be to postulate that a survey for a given reserve could only be deemed comprehensive if it was conducted for every month of the year given the uneven emergence of adults in the Geometridae. This would mean that each of the 157 reserves would have to be visited at least twelve times. This represents 1884 visits. Even if one reserve is surveyed every month, it would take 157 years to reach the ideal situation, far September 1999 METAMORPHOSIS,Vol.10 No.3 149

beyond the capabilities of any individual. It can thus be concluded that this report is far from complete and much research is still needed. It is at the same time sobering and exciting to realise how data deficient these results are. Exciting because it underlines the amazing diversity of life out there waiting for us to discover and enjoy. It is for the above reasons that the author has resisted the temptation to total the number of species found in each reserve or to total the number of reserves in which a given species was found. Given the data deficiency, surely statistics obtained from these totals would result in very interesting but probably misleading interpretations. It can be seen from the above that this report is merely the beginning of the huge task that lies ahead. Nevertheless it is hoped that this work will form a basis from which future work can be tackled and that it will encourage others to join in so that we can at least know what we have before we destroy it.

Permits This report serves to satisfy the requirements of the following permits: Natal Parks Board: J.A./2-S (1995-1996); J.A./2-S (April 1995-May1995); (7- 14/12/1991); (May1994-May1995); (February1992-March1992); (14-24 December 1992). KZNNCS: ***351/1999; **3398/1998;**1326/1998 Cape Nature Conservation - Eastern Cape region: WpE 1/10/1 (1994) Eastern Cape Nature Conservation: 3/95- 58/95EC Lebowa Government: 9/4/6/A Zebediela: T98/028 Mpumalanga Parks Board: ZI No. 829

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For a report like this, which spans almost a decade of field and laboratory work, this section is the most difficult. There are so many people who have in one way or another helped with this study. Wherever I went, be it in the field, at conservation offices, or in museums I have invariably met courteous and helpful people, I thank them all for their support. I would in particular like to thank: My family for not only their patience in putting up with me through all this, but also for helping me with the photographic plates and with the manuscript. Martin Krüger, the late Neville Duke and Axel Hausmann for helping with some identifications. Martin Krüger, for permission to use manuscript names contained in his pending publications. My partner in this, John Joannou, for his support. John Joannou, Otti Fischer and Michael Boppré for donating specimens. Alf Curle, John Joannou, Martin Krüger, Otti Fischer, Michael Boppré, Rolf Oberprieler, Denis Eckard, Nelis Moll, Mark Williams and Adrian Armstrong for their pleasurable company during field trips. Nolan Owen- Johnston for the setting of hundreds of specimens. Lizanne Nel, Northern Province Nature Conservation, and Orti Borquin, formerly of Natal Parks Board, 150 METAMORPHOSIS,Vol.10 No.3 September 1999

for their encouragement. Miss S. M. Hughes (KZNNCS) for sometimes rushing through permits under trying circumstances. Denis and Memory Eckard for their hospitality. Mark Williams, Martin Krüger and John Joannou for comments on parts of the manuscript. Doug Kroon for his tremendous help in the process of getting the nomenclature to conform with the latest literature. Kwazulu-Natal Nature Conservation Service, Mpumalanga Parks Board, Northern Province Department of the Environment, Eastern Cape Nature Conservation, ISCOR, Zebediela Citrus Estates, Phinda, Lapalala, Mount Sheba, Dept. of National Parks, Bophuthatswana Nature Conservation and the Dept. of Forestry are thanked for permission to work in reserves under their jurisdiction.

REFERENCES COOK, M.A., HARDWOOD, L.M., SCOBLE, M.J., & MCGAVIN, G.C., 1994. The Chemistry and Systematic Importance of the Green Wing Pigment in Emerald Moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Geometrinae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 22(1): 43-51, Elsevier Science Ltd., UK. DONALDSON, J.S., & BÖSENBERG, J.D., 1995. Life history and host range of the leopard magpie moth, Zerenopsis leopardina Felder (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). African Entomology 3(2): 103 -110. DUKE, N.J., & DUKE, A.J., 1998. An annotated List of Larval Host-plants utilized by southern African Geometridae (Lepidoptera). Metamorphosis 9(1): 5-22 FLETCHER, D.S., 1967. A revision of the Ethiopian species and a check list of the world species of Cleora (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History (Entomology), supplement 8: 3- 119. London, UK. FLETCHER, D.S., 1974. A revision of the old world genus Zamarada (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History (Entomology), supplement 22: 1-498. London, UK HOLLOWAY,J.D., 1986. Chapter 21. Origins of Lepidopteran faunas in high mountains of the Indo-Australian tropics. In VUILLEUMIER, F., & MONASTERIO, M. (EDS.). High Altitude Tropical Biogeography: 533-556. Oxford University Press, New York. JANSE, A. J. T., 1932. The Moths of South Africa. Volume 1.Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. JANSE, A. J. T., [1935]. The Moths of South Africa. Volume 2. Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. JOANNOU, J.G., STAUDE, H.S., & WOODHALL, S.E., 1995. An annotated List of Lepidoptera Collected at Mariepskop, South Africa. Metamorphosis 6(2): 57-66. JOANNOU, J. G., January 1999. Northern KwaZulu-Natal surveys of the Lepidopteran super-families Bombycoidea and Notodontoidea. October 1997 to October 1998. Unpublished report . 43 pp. September 1999 METAMORPHOSIS,Vol.10 No.3 151

JOANNOU, J.G., April 1999. Some records of the lepidopteran superfamily Bombycoidea in the Northern Province. Unpublished report. 63 pp. KRÜGER, M., 1997. Revision of Afrotropical Ennominae of the Drepanogynis Group I: the Genus Hebdomophruda Warren, Part 1 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Annals of the Transvaal Museum 36(21): 257-295. KRÜGER, M., 1998/a. Revision of Afrotropical Ennominae of the Drepanogynis Group II: the Genus Hebdomophruda Warren, Part 2 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Annals of the Transvaal Museum 36(25): 333-349. KRÜGER, M., 1998/b. Revision of the Genus Hypotephrina Janse,1932 ( Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae). Annals of the Transvaal Museum 36(26): 350-372. KRÜGER, M., 1999/a.Revision of Afrotropical Ennominae of the Drepanogynis Group III: the the genera Argyrophora Guenée, Pseudomaenas Prout and Microligia Warren (Lepidoptera: Geometridae:Ennominae). Annals of the Transvaal Museum 36(32):427-496. KRÜGER, M., 1999/b. Pachycnemoides n. gen., eine neue Ennominen-Gattung aus dem südlichen Afrika (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Entomologische Zeitschrift 109(5):192-205, Alfred Kernen Verlag, Essen, Germany. KRÜGER, M., submitted. A Revision of the tribe Macariini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) of Africa, Madagascar and Arabia. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Entomology series. MINET, J., & SCOBLE, M., 1999. The Drepanoid/Geometroid Assemblage, in KRISTENSEN, N. P., (ed.). Lepidoptera , Moths and Butterflies Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Walter de Gruyter. Berlin. New York. MONTGOMERY, S.L., 1982. Biogeography of the moth genus Eupithecia in Oceania and the evolution of ambush predation in Hawaiian caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Entomologia Generalis 8(1):27-34. PINHEY, E.C.G., 1975. Moths of Southern Africa. Tafelberg Publishers Ltd., Cape Town. SCOBLE, M. J., 1994. The lepidoptera form function and diversity. Oxford University Press. SCOBLE, M.J., (Ed.), 1999. Geometrid Moths of the World - a catalogue. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia SEITZ, A., 1934-1938, Editor. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, 14. Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart. STAUDE, H.S., 1994. Cycad-associated Geometrid Moths in southern Africa, Encephalartos 40:16-19. The Cycad Society Of South Africa. Pretoria. STAUDE, H.S., 1996. Observations on Lek Behaviour and the description of Male Scent Disseminating Structures of Callioratis abraxas Felder, 1874 (Lepidoptera:Geometridae). Metamorphosis 7(3):121-126. 152 METAMORPHOSIS,Vol.10 No.3 September 1999

STAUDE, H.S., 1997. An Idiot’s Guide to Some Species Concepts and Their Application in Taxonomy. Metamorphosis 8(2): 51-55. STAUDE, H.S., 1999. New Host-Plant Records of Loopers (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from South Africa. Metamorphosis 10 (1):42-45. STAUDE, H.S., & CURLE, A.I., 1997. A Classification of Visual-signals Emanating from the Wings of Afrotropical Lepidoptera. Metamorphosis Occasional Supplement 3: 156-182. STUART, C., & STUART, T., 1989. Guide To Southern African Game & Nature Reserves, Struik. Cape Town, South Africa. VÁRI, L., & KROON, D.M., 1986. Southern African Lepidoptera: A Series of Cross-referenced Indices:180. The Lepidopterists’ Society of Southern Africa & The Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, South Africa. WILLIAMS, M.C.,1993. Butterflies and Moths of Pilanesberg National Park, Metamorphosis 4(1):19-21. WOODHALL, S.E., (Ed.), 1992. A Practical guide to Butterflies and Moths in Southern Africa. The Lepidopterists’ Society of Southern Africa, Florida Hills. WOODHALL, S.E.,1994. Report on Lepidopterists’ Society Visit to Lapalala Wildernis 18th - 19th February 1994. Metamorphosis 5(2): 58-65.

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Table abbreviations and legends

Ben Alberts A Det. method: Entumeni B Determination of taxon was made Krantzkloof C with the aid of: Dlinza D TYPE any type specimen Ngoye E Umlalazi F Janse Janse, 1932, 1935 Sodwana G Maphelana H Seitz Prout, 1934-1938 Kosi Coastal I Garden Castle J Fletch/1 Fletcher, 1967 Giants Castle K Fletcher, 1974 Royal Natal L Fletch/2

Hlabeni Forest M BMNH The Natural History Mariepskop N Museum, London Legalameetse O

Blyderivier P TMSA The Natural History Lapalala Q Museum, Pretoria Mkambati R Blouberg S Krüger Dr. M. Krüger, Mount Sheba T Pretoria Langjan U Maleboch V Hausm Dr.A. Hausmann, Golden Gate W München Pilanesberg X Umzumbe Y Duke the late Mr. N. J. Phinda Z Duke Vernon Crookes # Zebediela % For more details see Materials & Methods in text. comb. nov. (Krüger, submitted) * Manuscript name (Krüger, submitted) MS

ill. No.: The number beneath the illustrated specimen in plates 1-16.

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