Department for International Development Strategy for Research on Renewable Natural Resources
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DEPARTMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FOR RESEARCH ON RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES NATURAL RESOURCES SYSTEMS PROGRAMME FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT DFID Project Number: R7244 Project Title: ENERGY CONSTRAINTS IN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN PERI- URBAN AREAS AROUND KUMASI AND HUBLI DHARWAD Project Leader: Rona Wilkinson Organisation Intermediate Technology Consultants (ITC) With TIDE TECHNOCRATS Kumasi Institute of Technology, Energy and Environment (KITE) EDA Rural Systems (EDA) Centre for Development of People (CEDEP) October 1999 CONTENTS 1. Background 1-1 2. Review of Issues and Existing Data 2-1 2.1 Defining the Peri-urban Interface 2-1 2.2 Energy Needs and Options in Peri-Urban areas 2-4 2.3 Energy Development and the Peri-Urban Interface 2-7 2.4 Energy Issues in the Hubli-Dharwad PUI 2-10 2.5 Energy Issues in the Kumasi PUI 2-13 3. Approach and Methodology 3-1 3.1 Sampling and Informants 3-1 3.2 Key questions and Questionnaires 3-1 3.2.1 Energy Needs Assessment 3-3 3.3 Timing and Workplan 3-3 3.4 Constraints to the Survey Process 3-3 4. India Results and Analysis 4-1 4.1 Summary of Data from Hubli-Dharwad 4-1 4.1.1 Study Areas 4-1 4.2 Analysis of Data from Hubli-Dharwad 4-3 4.2.1 Domestic Energy 4-3 4.2.2 Energy in Small-Scale Enterprises 4-8 4.2.3 Energy Resources 4-9 4.2.4 Conclusions 4-13 5. Ghana Results and Analysis 5-1 5.1 Summary of Data from Kumasi 5-1 5.2 Analysis of Data for Kumasi 5-3 5.2.1 Domestic Energy 5-3 5.2.2 Energy in Small-Scale Enterprises 5-6 5.2.3 Energy Resources 5-9 5.2.4 Summary and Conclusions 5-15 6. Comparative Analysis and Recommendations 6-1 6.1 Energy Comstraints 6-1 6.1.1 Hubli-Dharwad 6-1 6.1.2 Kumasi 6-2 6.1.3 Common Constraints 6-3 6.2 Recommendations 6-4 6.2.1 Recommendations for Actions in Hubli-Dharwad 6-4 6.2.2 Recommendations for Actions in Kumasi 6-5 6.2.3 Recommendations for future research for DFID 6-6 6.3 Complimentary Project Outputs 6-6 6.3.1 Framework for the development of energy efficiency measures small-scale enterprises 6-6 6.3.2 Booklet: Energy constraints in peri-urban areas 6-7 7. References, Contacts & Other Sources 7-1 R7244: ENERGY CONSTRAINTS IN PERI-URBAN AREAS AROUND KUMASI AND HUBLI-DHARWAD 1. Background This report presents the findings of a short study carried out between December 1998 and March 1999 to assess energy constraints in peri-urban areas in Hubli-Dharwad, India and Kumasi, Ghana. This study was commissioned by Natural Resources International Ltd (NRIL) and Hunting Technical Services Ltd (HTS) as sub-contractors on behalf of the UK Government’s Department for International Development (DFID). The study is a contribution to the Peri-urban Interface (PUI) system of the Natural Resources Systems Programme (NRSP) of DFID’s Renewable Natural Resources Knowledge Strategy (RNRKS). The work was co-ordinated by Intermediate Technology Consultants (ITC) Ltd in the UK, part of the Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG). Field research in Ghana was carried out by the Kumasi Institute for Technology (KITE) and the Centre for the Development of People (CEDEP). Field research in India was carried out by EDA Rural Systems Ltd (Delhi) and TIDE Technocrats (Bangalore). The research builds on baseline studies carried in by NRI in Kumasi (1996) and the Universities of Birmingham, Nottingham and Bangor in Hubli-Dharwad (1998). These two cities have been chosen by the PUI of DFID’s RNRKS NRSP as case study cities which may be representative of peri-urban and natural resource issues in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. The research programme has three purposes: 1. Management of peri-urban resources optimised through improved productivity and energy efficiency; 2. Crop production intensified on a sustainable basis; 3. Productive potential increased by greater use of “waste” materials and recycling of resources. As such this study is only one of a number of commissioned studies in these areas, further details of which can be obtained from the PUI programme manager at HTS. This project aimed to review energy resource availability and use by households and small scale productive enterprises in peri-urban regions, illustrated by case studies from the peri-urban areas in Kumasi and Hubli-Dharwad. A short review of literature and previous work was conducted in the UK and in-country. This was followed up by two weeks of field work in each area by a three person inter- disciplinary team from the partner institutions. Due to the limited resources available UK team members were involved in design and monitoring of field work but not in implementation. The proposed activities of the project were to: S Identify the most significant productive sub-sectors in the study areas under consideration. S Identify the energy service requirements of households and the small scale productive enterprises identified in 1 above. S Identify the constraints to production and income generation which arise due to access (or lack of access) to energy services in the study areas. S Analyse the energy resource streams currently and potentially available in the peri-urban areas under study (whether utilised or otherwise). S Identify competing uses for energy resource streams, including ranking of uses by priority by users themselves. S Identify opportunities for access to improved energy services, including access which will provide or support income generation and livelihood opportunities. The proposed outputs of the project were: S Recommendations for energy-enterprise development and promotion activities in the two areas in the period up to 2001. S A framework for the development of energy efficiency measures in households and small scale enterprises in the two case study areas. ITC with EDA, KITE, TIDE and CEDEP1-1 13 September 2001 R7244: ENERGY CONSTRAINTS IN PERI-URBAN AREAS AROUND KUMASI AND HUBLI-DHARWAD S Recommendations for research into strategies for increasing security of energy service supply by diversifying the energy resource base in the two regions. S A booklet synthesising the lessons learnt and the key recommendations, constraints and prospects for the two regions. The booklet will be cross-cutting, synthesising the lessons learned in terms of Natural Resources and Energy, and contributing to the growing debate on urbanisation. This report details the findings from this work and divided into five main sections: 1. Background to this research study is given in this section 2. Review of Issues and Existing Data at the peri-urban interface in developing countries and affecting the contribution energy services make to sustainable livelihoods. This section explores literature and work available to the project before field work was conducted. 3. Approach & Methodology details the key research questions identified by the review, and the methodology developed to tackle these with the resources available. 4. Findings & Analysis for India presents the data which resulted from the work, together with analysis of this, in light of previous studies. 5. Findings & Analysis for Ghana presents the data which resulted from the work, together with analysis of this, in light of previous studies. 6. Recommendations distils the analysis into a summary of the project team’s opinions of what represent the key energy constraints to and opportunities for improved livelihoods in Hubi-Dharwad and Kumasi and what role DFID and other partners might play in improving energy services in peri- urban areas in general. 7. References & Sources including literature, reports, contact details and web resources. 8. Appendices of questionnaires used to gather general village information, household information and industrial information. ITC with EDA, KITE, TIDE and CEDEP1-2 13 September 2001 R7244: ENERGY CONSTRAINTS IN PERI-URBAN AREAS AROUND KUMASI AND HUBLI-DHARWAD 2. Review of Issues and Existing Data 2.1 Defining the Peri-Urban Interface DFID RNRKS defines the peri-urban interface as “characterised by strong urban influences, easy access to markets, services and other inputs, ready supplies of labour, but relative shortages of land and risks from pollution and urban growth”. This describes an essentially rural area with both the advantages and disadvantages of urban influence; and an urban-rural trade-off of improved services and infrastructure but over utilised natural resources an environment. In defining “peri-urbaness” we should be careful to avoid purely spatial or physical descriptions. Leeming and Soussan (1979) discuss the differences between the concepts of 'urban fringe' - a zone of direct impact of the physically expanding city on the surrounding rural areas - and 'hinterland' - encompassing a more market-oriented view, where the people use the city for the provision of services, trade, employment and transportation. Sumberg (1996), based on a study of peri-urban livestock in Tanzania, argues that a food systems approach (economic/agroecological) is more appropriate than the peri-urban concept based on demographic systems (urban/peri-urban/rural). In addition, baseline studies in Kumasi (NRI and UST 1997) recommend a more inclusive systems approach in order to adequately understand the influence and interaction of urban economic and social processes on the agricultural and economic production systems and livelihood activities of surrounding areas. Hence the peri-urban system is not a fixed geographical area, nor a single production system, but does, according to both studies in Kumasi (NRI and UST 1997) and Hubli-Dhawad (Birmingham et al 1998) have the following characteristics compared to more traditionally