Mondi Nuovi a Teatro: L'immagine Del Mondo Sulle Scene Europee Di Cinquecento E Seicento

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Mondi Nuovi a Teatro: L'immagine Del Mondo Sulle Scene Europee Di Cinquecento E Seicento AperTO - Archivio Istituzionale Open Access dell'Università di Torino Mondi nuovi a teatro: l'immagine del mondo sulle scene europee di Cinquecento e Seicento This is a pre print version of the following article: Original Citation: Availability: This version is available http://hdl.handle.net/2318/86509 since Publisher: Mimesis Terms of use: Open Access Anyone can freely access the full text of works made available as "Open Access". Works made available under a Creative Commons license can be used according to the terms and conditions of said license. Use of all other works requires consent of the right holder (author or publisher) if not exempted from copyright protection by the applicable law. (Article begins on next page) 07 October 2021 CHIARA LOMBARDI MONDI NUOVI A TEATRO L’immagine del mondo sulle scene europee di Cinquecento e Seicento: spazi, economia, società MIMESIS Volume stampato con il contributo dell’Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze del Linguaggio e Letterature moderne e comparate. © 2011 – MIMESIS EDIZIONI (Milano – Udine) www.mimesisedizioni.it / www.mimesisbookshop.com Via Risorgimento, 33 – 20099 Sesto San Giovanni (MI) Telefono e fax: +39 02 89403935 Via Chiamparis, 94 – 33013 Gemona del Friuli (UD) E-mail: [email protected] In copertina: Jacopo Zucchi (1541-1596), Allegoria della scoperta dell’America INDICE PREMESSA p. 9 INTRODUZIONE p. 13 1. GEOGRAFIE TEATRALI La maturazione della cultura rinascimentale: p. 33 una nuova rappresentazione del mondo Il teatro e l’allegoria p. 33 Scrivere l’altro: immagini, riproduzione, circolazione p. 35 L’economia entra in scena p. 41 Mercantilismo e teorie economiche moderne p. 41 Letteratura vs economia? p. 47 Il teatro italiano, inglese, spagnolo p. 52 Machiavelli e Bruno p. 52 Marlowe, Shakespeare, Jonson p. 53 Lope de Vega e Calderón de la Barca p. 57 Mappe dei mondi nuovi p. 62 Metamorfosi, dionisismo e apocalissi p. 62 2. LA SCENA ITALIANA p. 69 Paesaggi moderni p. 69 Simboli ed eterotopie p. 69 Firenze, Napoli e il teatro italiano p. 73 Venezia in Inghilterra p. 77 Firenze: Mandragola e Clizia p. 81 Diavoli, donne e capitale p. 81 La scena teatrale e le architetture distorte p. 91 Napoli: Il candelaio p. 97 Sotto questo campano clima… “subest Mercurio” p. 97 Dipingere il mondo p. 105 Venezia: The Jew of Malta, The Merchant of Venice p. 111 Ancora Machiavelli p. 111 Tra Malta a Venezia: una lunga storia di ebrei p. 113 e mercanti Barabas, Shylock e i ‘mondi chiusi’ p. 118 Il sacrifi cio, la fortuna, l’azzardo p. 129 Confusione e distopia in Volpone p. 137 “All the world’s his soil” p. 137 Diamanti a colazione p. 142 3. SCONFINAMENTI p. 149 “Aldilà delle mura fi ammeggianti del mondo” p. 149 Viaggiatori e attori p. 149 “From the east unto the further west”: p. 152 Tamburlaine the Great I-II Conquista e spettacolo p. 152 Penna, spada, mappa: un immaginario ‘apocalittico’ p. 158 Defl agrazione e bellezza p. 164 4. NEL NUOVO MONDO p. 169 America p. 169 Incontri p. 169 L’utopia e il fl irt p. 173 El nuevo mundo p. 176 Tra immaginazione, realtà e follia: la mappa p. 176 di Cristoforo Colombo I rami d’oro p. 182 L’oro e la croce p. 186 The Tempest p. 191 Cannibali, diavoli, mostri p. 191 Le ‘risorse’ dell’isola: Calibano e Ariel p. 199 Miranda p. 207 L’utopia di Prospero p. 209 5. ORIENTE p. 217 L’immaginario orientale p. 217 Corporeità e repressione p. 217 Tra mori e paradossi: Othello p. 224 L’amore e l’Oriente: ancora su El nuevo mundo p. 224 La magia e il paradosso p. 228 “Haply, for I am black”: tra coccodrilli, p. 233 rospi, fi ori e alabastri Antony and Cleopatra p. 238 Venere e bacco, giochi e baccanali: mondi ubriachi p. 238 “A wonderful piece of work”. Cleopatra p. 248 è un souvenir? 6. PAESAGGI INFERNALI p. 255 Nuove catabasi, altre strade p. 255 Doctor Faustus p. 260 “And search all corners of the new-found world”: p. 260 la ricerca di Faust Sulla vetta dell’Olimpo: una cosmografi a spettacolare p. 268 El mágico prodigioso p. 275 “Al gran cadáver de oro / son monumentos de plata”: p. 275 la Turchia e il demonio Magia e idolatria p. 279 “No ha sido el precio mucho”: Giustina, Elena p. 284 e le immagini vuote CONCLUSIONI p. 287 BIBLIOGRAFIA p. 291 A Zaveria Tallano, ai “principles of joy / in our affections” (W. Wordsworth) 9 PREMESSA E fi gurato è il mondo in breve carta; Ecco tutto è simile, e discoprendo, Solo il nulla s’accresce… (G. Leopardi, Ad Angelo Mai, vv. 98-100) Questo studio è dedicato all’immagine con cui lo spazio viene rappre- sentato sulle scene della prima età moderna, dopo la scoperta dell’Ameri- ca. Se infatti nella drammaturgia tardo rinascimentale e barocca la storia tende a sostituirsi al mito, come ben ha illustrato Walter Benjamin1, con essa fa il suo ingresso a teatro anche lo spazio, il mondo, che assume una diversa fi sionomia rispetto al passato, più stratifi cata e legata ai rapporti di forza e di dominio che lo delineano e lo connotano. L’immagine di cui si tratta non è perciò soltanto geografi ca, ma inevitabilmente sociale, esteti- ca, esistenziale in senso lato. Ed è il mondo stesso che comincia ad essere concepito e conquistato come immagine. In questo senso si può parlare di mondi nuovi, intendendo con essi sia l’America e l’Oriente, sia anche l’Italia e il Mediterraneo, riscritti e interpretati alla luce delle relazioni con gli altri spazi e con altri discorsi2 (quello economico, in primo luogo), e persino l’Inferno, dal momento che la sua simbologia scivola dalle antiche catabasi alle odierne, ‘reali’ distopie. Nel delineare la mappa performativa di questi mondi, quindi, l’analisi si concentrerà su alcuni drammi scritti tra Cinquecento e Seicento: Man- dragola (1520) e Clizia (1525) di Niccolò Machiavelli; Candelaio (1582) di Giordano Bruno; Tamburlaine the Great I-II (“Tamerlano il Grande”, 1 W. Benjamin, Il dramma barocco tedesco, Torino, Einaudi, 1999 [ed. orig. Ur- sprung des deutschen Trauerspiels, Frankfurt, 1963]. 2 Per la nozione di “discorso”, rimando diffusamente alla teoria di Michel Foucault (cfr. L’ordine del discorso e altri interventi, Torino, Einaudi, 2004 [ed. orig. L’or- dre du discours, Paris, 1971]; L’archeologia del sapere, Milano, Rizzoli, 1971 [ed. orig. L’Archéologie du savoir, Paris, 1969]). 10 Mondi nuovi a teatro 1587-88), The Jew of Malta (“L’ebreo di Malta”, 1590) e Doctor Faustus (“Dottor Faustus”, 1588-93) di Christopher Marlowe; The Merchant of Venice (“Il mercante di Venezia”, 1596-1597), Othello (“Otello”, 1602- 04), Antony and Cleopatra (“Antonio e Cleopatra”, 1606-1607), The Tem- pest (“La tempesta”, 1611) di William Shakespeare; Volpone (“Volpone”, 1606) di Ben Jonson; El nuevo mundo descubierto por Cristóbal Colón (“Il nuovo mondo scoperto da Cristoforo Colombo”, 1598-1603) di Lope de Vega; El mágico prodigioso (“Il mago dei prodigi”, 1637) di Pedro Calderón de la Barca. Oltre alla grandezza dei testi, che meritano continue riletture, la scelta di queste opere deriva dalla forza innovativa e critica con cui esse rap- presentano gli spazi ed elaborano un potenziale polifonico ad amplissimo spettro, specie in rapporto alle forze economiche e antropologiche che li attraversano. Tra le antiche favole di inaccessibili eldoradi, a cui si sostitui- scono le nuove, persuasive mitologie di conquista, e le distopie della prima età moderna, il teatro spicca come luogo potente di sconfi namenti (reali e simbolici), di incontri e inattese rivelazioni. E si impone come spazio uto- pico capace di restituire signifi cato e valore a quegli aspetti fondamentali dell’uomo che sono la corporeità e la parola, sempre più sacrifi cati alle logiche di affermazione del potere politico, religioso ed economico. Occorrono, tuttavia, alcune precisazioni preliminari. In primo luogo, pur in un quadro generale di letteratura europea e comparata, il mio studio limi- ta la sua esemplifi cazione, per ragioni di competenza e di sintesi, al teatro inglese, italiano e spagnolo. Rispetto alla totalità degli spazi, inoltre, esso non pretende di essere esaustivo, ma nasce dalla volontà di individuare, nei testi scelti e nei motivi che li mettono in comunicazione, almeno al- cuni simboli capaci di re-inventare e ri-conoscere un mondo, dei mondi3. In questo senso, si metteranno in luce punti di vista parziali, veri e propri scorci da disporre come le tessere di un mosaico imperfetto nel quale, però, il rilievo dipende dall’originalità delle visuali e dal palinsesto simbolico che viene a comporsi. Infi ne, per quanto collocati, per ovvie ragioni di ordine, entro capitoli separati, gli spazi qui analizzati sono da leggersi in una prospettiva di intertestualità e di interteatralità quasi macrotestuale, in una continua comunicazione reciproca, al di là di ogni barriera e divisione, e nella condivisione di un immaginario collettivo. 3 Si veda N. Goodman, Vedere e costruire il mondo, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1988, pp. 122-123 [ed. orig. Ways of Worldmaking, Indianapolis-Cambridge, 1978]. Per il teatro inglese, fondamentale S. Greenblatt, Renaissance Self-Fashioning. From More to Shakespeare, Chicago-London, 1980. Premessa 11 Per il teatro moderno, affrontare questo rapporto con i mondi nuovi e con i loro abitanti signifi ca non soltanto dare corpo ai pregiudizi, agli ste- reotipi e alle paure ad essi collegati (la tirannide e la magia per l’Oriente, l’America come miraggio di ricchezze e di fortune, il male collegato al diavolo e ai paesaggi infernali), per discuterli, ridefi nirli, domandare a essi nuovi signifi cati, ma anche modifi care le proprie modalità di esprimersi e di rappresentarsi e, soprattutto, maturare e rifl ettere sulla propria funzione estetica e sociale.
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