Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation
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Native Land Claims and the Future of Archaeology in the Northwest Territories, Canada Thomas D
17 Native Land Claims and the Future of Archaeology in the Northwest Territories, Canada Thomas D. Andrews Charles D. Arnnold Elisa J. Hart Margaret M. Bertulli The settlement of comprehensive land claims is ushering in major changes in the manage ment of land and resources in the Northwest Territories, including heritage resources. This chap ter summarizes the progress that has been made in completing land claims, anticipates the impact that the claims will have on the way archaeological research is conducted, and discusses how the Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT) is responding to these changes. Suggestions for dealing with the current social and political setting in the design and implementation of archaeological projects are also presented. OUTLINE OF NATIVE LAND CLAIMS IN THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES In the early 1970s, the Government of Canada established a comprehensive claims policy to guide negotiations with Native groups in settling Aboriginal interests in lands that they tradition ally occupied. Although the Northwest Territories has its own legislative assembly and its own bureaucracy to administer most of the business of government, the Government of Canada has the sole responsibility for settling Aboriginal land claims in the Northwest Territories. The Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Territories are the Inuit, the Dene, the Cree, and the Metis. The Inuit include the Inuvialuit of the Beaufort Sea and Amundson Gulf areas of the west ern Arctic, who, in 1984, were the first Aboriginal group in the Northwest Territories to settle a land claim with the Government of Canada (see Figure 1). In May, 1993, the Inuit of the eastern Arctic, an area commonly referred to as “Nunavut” signed a final agreement on a land claim. -
The Spirit and Intent of Treaty Eight: a Sagaw Eeniw Perspective
The Spirit and Intent of Treaty Eight: A Sagaw Eeniw Perspective A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for a Masters Degree in the College of Law University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By Sheldon Cardinal Fall 2001 © Copyright Sheldon Cardinal, 2001. All rights reserved. PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for a graduate degree from the University ofSaskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries ofthis University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying ofthis thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head ofthe Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use ofthis thesis orparts thereoffor financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Requests for permission to copy or to make other use ofmaterial in this thesis in whole or part should be addressed to: The Dean, College ofLaw University ofSaskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5A6 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are a number ofpeople that I would like to thank for their assistance and guidance in completing my thesis. First, I would like to acknowledge my family. My parents, Harold and Maisie Cardinal have always stressed the importance ofeducation. -
LANGUAGES of the LAND a RESOURCE MANUAL for ABORIGINAL LANGUAGE ACTIVISTS
LANGUAGES of THE LAND A RESOURCE MANUAL FOR ABORIGINAL LANGUAGE ACTIVISTS Prepared by: Crosscurrent Associates, Hay River Prepared for: NWT Literacy Council, Yellowknife TABLE OF CONTENTS Introductory Remarks - NWT Literacy Council . 2 Definitions . 3 Using the Manual . 4 Statements by Aboriginal Language Activists . 5 Things You Need to Know . 9 The Importance of Language . 9 Language Shift. 10 Community Mobilization . 11 Language Assessment. 11 The Status of Aboriginal Languages in the NWT. 13 Chipewyan . 14 Cree . 15 Dogrib . 16 Gwich'in. 17 Inuvialuktun . 18 South Slavey . 19 North Slavey . 20 Aboriginal Language Rights . 21 Taking Action . 23 An Overview of Aboriginal Language Strategies . 23 A Four-Step Approach to Language Retention . 28 Forming a Core Group . 29 Strategic Planning. 30 Setting Realistic Language Goals . 30 Strategic Approaches . 31 Strategic Planning Steps and Questions. 34 Building Community Support and Alliances . 36 Overcoming Common Language Myths . 37 Managing and Coordinating Language Activities . 40 Aboriginal Language Resources . 41 Funding . 41 Language Resources / Agencies . 43 Bibliography . 48 NWT Literacy Council Languages of the Land 1 LANGUAGES of THE LAND A RESOURCE MANUAL FOR ABORIGINAL LANGUAGE ACTIVISTS We gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance received from the Government of the Northwest Territories, Department of Education, Culture and Employment Copyright: NWT Literacy Council, Yellowknife, 1999 Although this manual is copyrighted by the NWT Literacy Council, non-profit organizations have permission to use it for language retention and revitalization purposes. Office of the Languages Commissioner of the Northwest Territories Cover Photo: Ingrid Kritch, Gwich’in Social and Cultural Institute INTRODUCTORY REMARKS - NWT LITERACY COUNCIL The NWT Literacy Council is a territorial-wide organization that supports and promotes literacy in all official languages of the NWT. -
The Cultural Ecology of the Chipewyan / by Donald Stewart Mackay.
ThE CULTURAL ECOLOGY OF TkE CBIPE%YAN UONALD STEhAkT MACKAY b.A., University of british Columbia, 1965 A ThESIS SUBMITTED IN PAhTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE HEObIRCMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the department of Sociology and Anthropology @ EONALD STECART MACKAY, 1978 SIMON F hAShR UNlVERSITY January 1978 All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in, part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name : Donald Stewart Mackay Degree: Master of Arts Title of Thesis: The Cultural Ecology of the Chipewyan Examining Cormnit tee : Chairman : H. Sharp Senior Supervisor- - N. Dyck C.B. Crampton . Fisher Departme'nt of Biological Sciences / ,y/y 1 :, Date Approved: //!,, 1 U The of -- Cultural Ecology .- --------the Chipewyan ----- .- ---A <*PI-: (sign-ir ~re) - Donald Stewart Mackay --- (na~t) March 14, 1978. (date ) AESTRACT This study is concerned with the persistence of human life on the edge of the Canadian Barren Grounds. The Chipewyan make up the largest distinct linguistic and cultural group and are the most easterly among the Northern Athapaskan Indians, or Dene. Over many centuries, the Chipewyan have maintained a form of social life as an edge-of-the-forest people and people of the Barren Grounds to the west of Hudson Bay. The particular aim of this thesis is to attempt, through a survey of the ecological and historical 1iterature , to elucidate something of the traditional adaptive pattern of the Chipewyan in their explcitation of the subarc tic envirorient . Given the fragmentary nature of much of the historical evidence, our limited understanding of the subarctic environment, and the fact that the Chipewyan oecumene (way of looking at life) is largely denied to the modern observer, we acknowledge that this exercise in ecological and historical reconstruction is governed by serious hazards and limitations. -
LUBICON LAKE BAND No. 453 TREATY 8 LANDS and BENEFITS CLAIM SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT
LUBICON LAKE BAND No. 453 TREATY 8 LANDS AND BENEFITS CLAIM SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT LUBICON LAKE BAND No. 453 TREATY 8 LANDS AND BENEFITS CLAIM SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT CONTENTS ARTICLES: 1.0 DEFINITIONS, SCHEDULES AND APPENDICES 2.0 TREATY AND ABORIGINAL RIGHTS 3.0 COMPENSATION 4.0 SETTLEMENT LANDS 5.0 CLAIMS SETTLEMENT IMPLEMENTATION ACT 6.0 SETTLEMENT LANDS – THIRD PARTY INTERESTS 7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SITE ASSESSMENTS 8.0 PURCHASE LANDS IN THE HAMLET OF LITTLE BUFFALO 9.0 LANDS IN SEVERALTY 10.0 RELEASE AND INDEMNITY 11.0 DISCONTINUANCE OF PROCEEDINGS 12.0 RATIFICATION 13.0 CONDITIONS PRECEDENT 14.0 EXECUTION 15.0 EFFECTIVE DATE OF SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT 16.0 REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES 17.0 PROGRAMS AND SERVICES 18.0 DISPUTE RESOLUTION 19.0 AMENDMENTS 20.0 NOTICE 21.0 REPORTING 22.0 GENERAL PROVISIONS SCHEDULES: SCHEDULE 1 - FORM OF BALLOT QUESTION SCHEDULE 2 - VOTING GUIDELINES SCHEDULE 3 - FORM OF BAND COUNCIL RESOLUTION FOR PAYMENT & DIRECTION TO PAY SCHEDULE 4 - DIRECTION TO PAY SCHEDULE 5 - FORM OF SOLICITOR’S CERTIFICATE SCHEDULE 6 - SEVERALTY CLAIMS FORMS SCHEDULE 7 - FORM OF FINANCIAL ADVISOR’S CERTIFICATE SCHEDULE 8 - FORM OF BAND COUNCIL RESOLUTION APPROVING SETTLEMENT AND AUTHORIZING EXECUTION BY CHIEF AND COUNCIL SCHEDULE 9 - PURCHASE LANDS SCHEDULE 10 - FORM OF BAND COUNCIL RESOLUTION APPROVING SETTLEMENT LANDS SELECTION AND REPLACEMENT DISPOSITIONS SCHEDULE 11 - FORM OF BAND COUNCIL RESOLUTION RESPECTING PURCHASE LANDS SCHEDULE 12 - LUBICON LAKE BAND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT CAPITAL AGREEMENT SCHEDULE 13 - LUBICON LAKE BAND ADMINISTRATIVE AGREEMENT APPENDIX: APPENDIX 1 - CANADA-ALBERTA AGREEMENT LUBICON LAKE BAND No. 453 TREATY 8 LANDS AND BENEFITS CLAIM SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT THIS SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT BETWEEN: THE LUBICON LAKE BAND No. -
Ancient Knowledge of Ancient Sites: Tracing Dene Identity from the Late Pleistocene and Holocene Christopher C
11 Ancient Knowledge of Ancient Sites: Tracing Dene Identity from the Late Pleistocene and Holocene Christopher C. Hanks The oral traditions of the Dene of the Mackenzie Valley contain some intriguing clues to cul tural identity associated with natural events that appear to have occurred at the end of the Pleisto cene and during the early Holocene. The Yamoria cycle describes beaver ponds that filled the ancient basins of postglacial lakes, while other narratives appear to describe the White River ash fall of 1250 B.P. This paper examines Dene views of the past and begins the task of relating them to the archaeological and geomorphological literature in an attempt to understand the cultural per spectives contained in these two different views of “history.” STORIES, NOT STONE TOOLS, UNITE US The Chipewyan, Sahtu Dene, Slavey, Hare, Mountain Dene, Dogrib, and Gwich’in are the Athapaskan-speaking people of the Northwest Territories. Collectively they refer to themselves as the Dene. Their shared cultural identity spans four distinct languages and four major dialects, and is spread from Hudson's Bay to the northern Yukon. Based on archaeological culture histories, there are relatively few strands of evidence that suggest a close relationship between these groups (Clark 1991; Hanks 1994). However, by using oral traditions, the archaeological record, linguistic theories, and the geological record, it can be argued that in the distant past the ancestors of the Dene lived as one group in the mountains along the Yukon-Alaskan border (Abel 1993: 9). For some archaeologists, the Athapaskan arrival east of the Cordilleran is implied by the appearance of a microlithic technology 6000-5000 B.P. -
<Original Signed By>
Table of Contents 1. Introduction and Terms of Reference 1 2. Personal Qualifications and Areas of Expertise 8 3. Issues of Terminologies and Origins 12 4. Ethnography of People who now form the Mikisew Cree First Nation 21 Domestic Mode of Production 23 Fur Trade Mode of Production 27 Forces of Production 34 Relations of Production 41 Superstructure 43 5. Mikisew Cree First Nation Traditional Territory 44 6. 20th Century Restrictions Imposed on Mikisew Cree First Nation Traditional Lands 64 7. Mikisew Population Growth and Relocation to Fort McMurray 69 8. Maintaining Tradition: Passing on Mikisew Cree First Nation Traditions and Cultural Practices 70 9. Competing for Territory 72 Figures 76-78 References 79 Appendix 1. Publications Related to this Region 89 Appendix 2. Curriculum vitae 94 1. Introduction and terms of reference I was requested by Janes Freedman Kyle Law Corporation on behalf of Mikisew Cree First Nation to provide an ethno-historical report with respect to the following questions (e-mail message from Karey M. Brooks, 27 July 2010): 1. Provide an ethnographic description of the people who now form the Mikisew Cree First Nation, including an analysis of how traditional band structures are different from those created by virtue of the Indian Act. 2. Provide a description of the Mikisew traditional territory, including: a. whether there was a pre-contact concept of a “Mikisew territory,” b. the extent to which the Mikisew moved around their territory (including the amount of space required to carry out their traditional activities; the need to be respectful of others’ rights; and the depletion of resources), and c. -
Acknowledging Land and People
* ACKNOWLEDGING LAND AND PEOPLE Smith’s Landing First Nation TREATY 4 Dene Tha’ Mikisew First Nation MNA Cree Lake REGION 6 Nation TREATY 6 Athabasca Athabasca Beaver First Nation Chipewyan TREATY 7 Little Red River First Nation Cree Nation TREATY 8 Tallcree MNA First REGION 1 Nation Fort McKay TREATY 10 PADDLE PRAIRIE MNA REGION 5 First Nation Métis Settlements Loon River Peerless/ Lubicon First Nation Trout Lake Fort McMurray Lake Nation MNA Regional Zones First Nation Woodland Cree Métis Nation of First Nation Whitefi sh Lake Fort McMurray Alberta (MNA) First Nation Bigstone Cree First Nation (Atikameg) Association Nation PEAVINE Cities and Towns GIFT LAKE Chipewyan Kapawe’no Duncan’s Prairie First First Nation First Nation Kapawe’no Nation Sucker Creek First Nation Grande First Nation Lesser Slave Lake Sawridge Horse Lake Prairie First Nation First Nation EAST PRAIRIE Swan Heart Lake River First Nation** Sturgeon Lake Driftpile First BUFFALO LAKE Nation Cree Nation First Nation Beaver Cold KIKINO Lake Cree Lake First Nation Nations Whitefi sh Lake First MNA N a t i o n ( G o o d fi s h ) Kehewin ELIZABETH TREATY 4 First Nation Frog REGION 4 Alexander First Nation Saddle Lake Michel First Lake First Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation Cree Nation Nation TREATY 6 Nation FISHING Edmonton Paul First Nation LAKE TREATY 7 Papaschase First Nation Enoch Cree Nation (Edmonton) Ermineskin Cree Nation TREATY 8 Louis Bull Tribe Jasper Samson MNA Montana Cree Nation Cree Nation TREATY 10 REGION 2 Métis Settlements O’Chiese First Nation Sunchild First -
Ca. 1700-1717)
2% ARCTIC PROFILES Thanadelther (ca. 1700-1717) The Thanadelther of Chipewyan legend wasone of the most Company’sterritories and forts to them in 1713, Captain important and enduring figures of northwestern Canada and Knight assumed command at YorkFort, replacing N. JCrkmie, perhaps the only woman to play a truly significant part in its the French commandant. Knight discussed with Jkrkmie the earlyhistory. Her importance extends far beyondher own prospects of establishing peace between Chipewyan andCree, culture. The journals of York Fort celebrate a woman they but the latter laughed at the proposal, for he had been unsuc- refer to as the Slave Woman, and although they never record cessfulat this effort for many years.Nevertheless, Knight her Indian name, which means “marten shake”, Thanadelther wrote in the post journal that “I am Endeavouring to make a and the Slave Woman are one and the same. Serving as guide peace in the whole Country Round from N to SWt for a IO00 and interpreter, she led employees of the Hudson’sBay Com- Miles”. pany to their first meeting with the Chipewyanin the Indians’ He had placed his hope in the ability of a Chipewyanboy to home territory. As well, she was instrumental in establishing be the guide and interpreter, and on the boy’s death, Knight peacebetween the Cree and theirtraditional enemies, the was neardespair. Then in theautumn of 1714, theSlave Chipewyan, an absolute requisite before the Chipewyan could Woman - whohad just escapedher Cree captors - met be brought into the trade with the Company.At the time of her Englishgoose hunters atTen Shilling Creek. -
Oil and Lubicons Don't Mix: a Land Claim in Northern Alberta in Historical Perspective
OIL AND LUBICONS DON'T MIX: A LAND CLAIM IN NORTHERN ALBERTA IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Darlene Abreu Ferreira Department of History Arts and Administration Building Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's, Newfoundland Canada, A1C 5S7 Abstract / Resume The author reviews the position of the Lubicon people of northern Alberta in their struggle for recognition as a people. She also examines the different and changing positions of the federal and provincial governments since the 19th century on the right of the Lubicon to determine their own membership and to receive Reserve lands. L'auteur réexamine la situation des Lubicon du nord d'Alberta dans leur lutte de reconnaissance comme nation. Elle examine aussi les positions différentes et variables des gouvernements fédéral et provincial depuis le XIXe siècle sur le droit des Lubicon de déterminer leur appartenance à une Réserve et de recevoir les terres de cette Réserve. 2 Darlene Abreu Ferreira Introduction All Native groups in Canada have had their land base diminished through the years, while some are still fighting for recognition of their homeland. One such group is the Lubicon Lake Cree Band of Little Buffalo, Alberta. It was 1899, almost one hundred years ago, when a government party visited northern Alberta to make arrangements with the local resi- dents for large land surrenders under Treaty No. 8. Some of these residents were never contacted and continued to live in their traditional manner. With the liquid gold rush of the 1970s, these treaty-less people were over- whelmed with the influx of developers who were equally convinced of their right to use the land. -
Report on the Inuvialuit Settlement Region Cancer Sharing Circle
Breaking the Silence Report on the Inuvialuit Settlement Region Cancer Sharing Circle January 20 - 21, 2015 Inuvik, Northwest Territories Strength Spirit Resilient Inspire Resilient Love Sharing Peace Love Courage Inspire Spirit Hope Strength Sharing Resilient Bravery Inspire Love Hope Strength Peace Bravery Inspire Love Strength Resilient CourageInuvialuit Regional Corporation Inuvialuit SettlementOur Region Elders: Cancer Our Sharing Communities Circle • January 20-21, 2015January Inuvik, 2015 NWTwww.hss.gov.nt.ca1 1 K÷spin ki nitawiht÷n ‘ n÷h÷yawihk ◊ma ‘cim◊win, tipw’sin’n. Cree ˘eriht¯ö÷s dëne sÿ¯in’ yati töa hutsöelkër xa bey’yati the˙fi ˙atöe, nuwe tsöën y◊¯ti. Chipewyan If you would like this information in another official language, call us. English Si vous voulez ces renseignements en français, contactez-nous. Français Jii gwandak izhii ginjÃk vatöatröijfihchöuu zhÃt yinohthan jÃö, diitsöàt ginohknÃi. Gwich’in Hapkua titiqqat pijumagupkit Inuinnaqtun, uvaptinnut hivajarlutit. Inuinnaqtun b4fx tt6vw5 WJmAFQ5 wk4tgo6ymlt4, s?5t8k5 scM J8N6gt5. Inuktitut UVANITTUAQ ILITCHURISUKUPKU INUVIALUKTUN, QUQUAQLUTA. Inuvialuktun Kö’hsh◊ gotö‡ne x˚d¸ kö’ hederi ˙ed‡htlö’ yeriniwfl n÷d’ dÿle. North Slavey Edi gondä dehg’h gotö‡e zhati’ köÛÛ edat¯ö’h enahddhfl nide. South Slavey T¯‡ch· yati köÈÈ dÀ wegodäà weköÀho‡z· nflflw· dÀ, gotsöÎ goahde. T¯‡ch· 1-867-767-9052, ext. 49045 Table of Contents Dedications ............................................................................ 1 Acknowledgements ................................................................... -
As Long As the Rivers Flow Athabasca River Knowledge, Use and Change
As Long as the Rivers Flow Athabasca River Knowledge, Use and Change by Craig Candler, Rachel Olson, Steven DeRoy and the Firelight Group Research Cooperative with the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation (ACFN) and the Mikisew Cree First Nation (MCFN) November 26, 2010 As Long As The Rivers Flow: Athabasca River Knowledge, Use and Change November 26, 2010 Download the full report at parklandinstitute.ca or thefirelightgroup.com By Craig Candler, Rachel Olson, Steven DeRoy and the Firelight Group Research Cooperative, with the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation (ACFN) and the Mikisew Cree First Nation (MCFN) Published by the Parkland Institute, University of Alberta Text and figures prepared by Craig Candler (Ph.D.) and Rachel Olson (Ph.D. candidate) of the Firelight Group Maps prepared by Steven DeRoy (GIS Specialist), the Firelight Group Internal Peer Review by Ginger Gibson (Ph.D.), the Firelight Group. External peer review by David Schindler (Professor, University of Alberta) and Peter Usher (Member, Joint Panel Review for the Mackenzie Gas Project). Any errors are the authors’ alone. ISBN 978-1-894949-30-9 Disclaimer The information contained in this report is Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation P.O. Box 366, Fort Chipewyan, AB, T0P 1B0 based on limited research conducted as part t: 1.780.697.3730 | toll free: 1.888.420.7011 of the Athabasca River Use and Traditional e: [email protected] www.acfn.com Ecological Knowledge Study. It reflects the understanding of the authors, and is not a complete depiction of the dynamic and living Mikisew Cree First Nation system of use and knowledge maintained by P.O.