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Improving Transit Security T R A N S I T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M SPONSORED BY The Federal Transit Administration TCRP Synthesis 21 IMPROVING TRANSIT SECURITY A Synthesis of Transit Practice Transportation Research Board National Research Council TCRP OVERSIGHT AND PROJECT TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1997 SELECTION COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN OFFICERS MICHAEL S. TOWNES Peninsula Transportation District Chair: DAVID N. WORMLEY, Dean of Engineering, Pennsylvania State University Commission Vice Chair: SHARON D. BANKS, General Manager, AC Transit Executive Director: ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council MEMBERS MEMBERS SHARON D. BANKS AC Transit BRIAN J. L. BERRY, Lloyd Viel Berkner Regental Professor. Bruton Center for Development Studies, LEE BARNES University of Texas at Dallas Barwood, Inc LILLIAN C. BORRONE, Director, Port Department, The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (Past GERALD L. BLAIR Chair, 1995) Indiana County Transit Authority DAVID BURWELL, President, Rails-to-Trails Conservancy SHIRLEY A. DELIBERO E. DEAN CARLSON, Secretary, Kansas Department of Transportation New Jersey Transit Corporation JAMES N. DENN, Commissioner, Minnesota Department of Transportation ROD J. DIRIDON JOHN W. FISHER, Director, ATLSS Engineering Research Center, Lehigh University International Institute for Surface DENNIS J. FITZGERALD, Executive Director, Capital District Transportation Authority Transportation Policy Study DAVID R. GOODE, Chairman, President, and CEO, Norfolk Southern Corporation SANDRA DRAGGOO DELON HAMPTON, Chairman & CEO, Delon Hampton & Associates CATA LESTER A. HOEL, Hamilton Professor, University of Virginia, Department of Civil Engineering LOUIS J. GAMBACCINI JAMES L. LAMMIE, President & CEO, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc SEPTA BRADLEY L. MALLORY, Secretary of Transportation, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania DELON HAMPTON ROBERT E. MARTINEZ, Secretary of Transportation, Commonwealth of Virginia Delon Hampton & Associates JEFFREY J. McCAIG, President & CEO, Trimac Corporation KATHARINE HUNTER-ZAWORSKI MARSHALL W. MOORE, Director, North Dakota Department of Transportation Transportation Research Institute CRAIG E. PHILIP, President. Ingram Barge Company ALAN F. KIEPPER ANDREA RINIKER, Deputy Executive Director, Port of Seattle Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas JOHN M. SAMUELS, Vice President-Operating Assets, Consolidated Rail Corporation PAUL LARROUSSE WAYNE SHACKLEFORD, Commissioner, Georgia Department of Transportation Madison Metro Transit System LESLIE STERMAN, Executive Director of East-West Gateway Coordinating Council ROBERT G. LINGWOOD JOSEPH M. SUSSMAN, JR East Professor and Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, MIT BC Transit JAMES W. VAN LOBEN SELS, Director, California Department of Transportation GORDON J. LINTON MARTIN WACHS, Director, University of California Transportation Center. Berkeley, California FTA DAVID L. WINSTEAD, Secretary, Maryland Department of Transportation DON S. MONROE Pierce Transit PATRICIA "Tish" S. NETTLESHIP The Nettleship Group, Inc MIKE ACOTT, President, National Asphalt Pavement Association (ex officio) ROBERT E. PAASWELL ROY A. ALLEN, Vice President, Research and Test Department, Association of American Railroads (ex The City College of New York officio) JAMES P. REICHERT JOE N. BALLARD, Chief of Engineers and Commander, U S Army Corps of Engineers (ex officio) Reichert Management Services ANDREW H. CARD, JR, President & CEO, American Automobile Manufacturers Association (ex officio) LAWRENCE G. REUTER THOMAS J. DONOHUE, President and CEO, American Trucking Associations, Inc (ex officio) New York City Transit Authority FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS. Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation PAUL TOLIVER Officials (ex officio) King County Department of DAVID GARDINER, Assistant Administrator, Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation, U.S. Transportation/Metro EnvironmentalProtection Agency (ex officio) LINDA WATSON JANE F. GARVEY, Acting Federal Highway Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (e officio) Corpus Christi RTA ALBERT J. HERBERGER, Maritime Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) EDWARD WYTKIND T. R. LAKSHMANAN, Director, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation AFL-CIO (ex officio) GORDON J. LINTON, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) RICARDO MARTINEZ, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (ex officio) EX OFFICIO MEMBERS WILLIAM W. MILLAR, President, American Public Transit Association (ex officio) WILLIAM W. MILLAR JOLENE M. MOLITORIS, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) APTA DHARMENDRA K. (DAVE) SHARMA, Administrator, Research & Special Programs Administration, U.S. RODNEY E. SLATER Department of Transportation (ex officio) FHWA BARRY L. VALENTINE, Acting Federal Aviation Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS (ex officio) AASHTO ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR. TRB TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM TDC EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR FRANK J. CIHAK APTA Transportation Research Board Executive Committee Subcommittee for TCRP SHARON D. BANKS, AC Transit SECRETARY DENNIS J. FITZGERALD, Capital District Transportation Authority ROBERT J. REILLY LESTER A. HOEL, University of Virginia TRB GORDON J. LINTON, U.S. Department of Transportation ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR., Transportation Research Board JAMES W. VAN LOBEN SELS, California Department of Transportation DAVID N. WORMLEY, Pennsylvania State University (Chair) T R A N S I T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M Synthesis of Transit Practice 21 Improving Transit Security JEROME A. NEEDLE and RENÉE M. COBB, J.D. International Association of Chiefs of Police TOPIC PANEL GERALD L. BLAIR, Indiana County Transit Authority CAROLE FERGUSON, Federal Transit Administration RONALD HUNDENSKI, San Francisco Municipal Railway TOM LAMBERT, Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County W. STEVE LEE, National Institute for Dispute Resolution PAUL J. LENNON, American Public Transit Association PHYLLIS MACDONALD, National Institute of Justice STAN MARTIN, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority RICHARD PAIN, Transportation Research Board SHARON S. PAPA, Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority Transportation Research Board National Research Council Research Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration in Cooperation with the Transit Development Corporation NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1997 TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM TCRP SYNTHESIS 21 Project J-7, Topic SF-3 The nation's growth and the need to meet mobility, ISSN 10734880 environmental, and energy objectives place demands on public ISBN 0-309-06013-3 transit systems. Current systems, some of which are old and in need Library of Congress Catalog Card No 96-066620 of upgrading, must expand service area, increase service frequency, © 1997 Transportation Research Board and improve efficiency to serve these demands. Research is necessary to solve operating problems, to adapt appropriate new Price $15.00 technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the transit industry. The Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the transit industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands NOTICE placed on it. The need for TCRP was originally identified in TRB Special The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Transit Report 213--Research for Public Transit: New Directions, published Cooperative Research Program conducted by the Transportation in 1987 and based on a study sponsored by the Federal Transit Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the Administration (FTA). A report by the American Public Transit National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing Association (APTA), Transportation 2000, also recognized the need Board's judgment that the project concerned is appropriate with for local, problem-solving research. TCRP, modeled after the respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research longstanding and successful National Cooperative Highway Research Council Program, undertakes research and other technical activities in The members of the technical advisory panel selected to response to the needs of transit service providers The scope of vice monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for configuration, equipment, facilities, operations, human resources, recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the maintenance, policy, and administrative practices. balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and TCRP was established under FTA sponsorship in July 1992. conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency Proposed by the U.S Department of Transportation, TCRP was that performed the research, and while they have been accepted as authorized as part of the Intermodal Surface Transportation appropriate by the technical panel, they are not necessarily those of Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). On May 13, 1992, a memorandum the Transportation Research Board, the Transit Development agreement outlining TCRP operating procedures was executed by the Corporation, the National Research Council, or the Federal Transit three cooperating organizations: FTA, the National Academy of Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation. Sciences,
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