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Non-Destructive Condition Assessment of Painting Canvases Using NIR Spectrometry

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Non-Destructive Condition Assessment of Painting Canvases Using NIR Spectrometry Non-destructive condition assessment of painting canvases using NIR spectrometry Marta Oriola Folch ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX ni al Dipòsit Digital de la UB. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX o al Dipòsit Digital de la UB (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. 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On having consulted this thesis you’re accepting the following use conditions: Spreading this thesis by the TDX (www.tdx.cat) service and by the UB Digital Repository (diposit.ub.edu) has been authorized by the titular of the intellectual property rights only for private uses placed in investigation and teaching activities. Reproduction with lucrative aims is not authorized nor its spreading and availability from a site foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository. Introducing its content in a window or frame foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository is not authorized (framing). Those rights affect to the presentation summary of the thesis as well as to its contents. In the using or citation of parts of the thesis it’s obliged to indicate the name of the author. Faculty of Fine Arts Painting Department Conservation Section PhD program: Painting in the digital times: Afinity and specificity Years 2003-2005 Non-destructive condition assessment of painting canvases using NIR spectrometry A thesis submitted by Marta Oriola i Folch for the degree of PhD with a European mention Thesis director: Dr. Gema Campo Francés Barcelona, December 2011 To my family and to all the good friends and colleagues I am lucky to count with. Contents ABREVIATIONS USED………………………………………………………...…………………..…… 1 INTRODUCTION….…………………………………..…………..………………..……………...………. 3 1. The canvas support in paintings………………………………………………. 9 1.1 - Textiles used as a painting support…………………………………………………………….. 9 1.1.1 - The first textiles………………………………………………………………………………... 9 1.1.2 - Painting on canvas……………………………………………………………………………. 11 1.1.3 - Types of fibres used for paintings……………………………….. ………………………….. 15 1.2 - Cellulose: The main component of plant fibres ……………………………………………….. 20 1.2.1- Glucose……………………………………………………………………………………...….. 21 1.2.2- Glycosidic bond………………………………………………………….…………………….. 22 1.2.3- The polymer……………………………………………….. ………………………………….. 23 1.2.4- From cellulose to fibre ………………………………………………………………………… 24 1.2.5- Other components of plant fibres……………………………………………….. …………... 25 1.2.6- Differences between different types of fibres…………………………………………… ... 25 1.3 - The degradation of textiles / cellulose………………………………………………………….. 27 1.3.1- Chemical degradation…………………………………………………………………………. 27 1.3.2- Mechanical degradation ………………………………………………………………………. 31 1.3.3- Effect of the different degrading agents…………………………………………………… 31 2- The Reference Sample Collection……………………………………………... 39 2.1- The samples……………………………………………………………………………………….. 39 2.1.1 - Where from…………………………………………………………………………………….. 39 2.1.2- How many………………………………………………………………………………………. 40 2.1.3- What type……………………………………………………………………………………….. 41 2.1.4- What dates ……………………………………………………………………………………... 42 2.1.5- What painting materials……………………………………………….. ……………………... 44 2.2- The Access Database……………………………………………….. ………………………….. 44 Non-destructive condition assessment of painting canvases using NIR spectrometry, a PhD thesis submitted at the University of Barcelona by Marta OriolaFolch in December 2011 Contents 2.1- Fibre type………………………………………………………………………... 49 2.1.1 - Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………… 49 2.1.1.2 - Morphological characteristics of plant fibres…………………………………………… 51 2.1.2 - Materials and methods………………………………………………… ……………………... 54 2.1.3 - Results and discussion……………………………………………………………………….. 57 2.1.3.1- Fibre type of the paintings studied……………………………………………………….. 57 2.1.3.2 - Fibre type and date…………………………………………………………………………. 59 2.1.4 - Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………….. 63 2.2- pH…………………………………………………………………………………. 65 2.2.1 - What is pH………………………………………………………………………………………. 65 2.2.1.1 - Why is acidity important to know ………………………………………………………….. 65 2.2.1.2 - How to measure pH ………………………………………………………………………… 66 2.2.1.3 - pH studies in paper research……………………………………………………………… 68 2.2.1.4 - pH studies on textiles / paintings ………………………………………………………….. 69 2.2.2 - Method development for measuring pH of paintings ………………………………………. 71 2.2.2.1 - Glass combination microelectrode versus ISFET probe……………………………… 72 2.2.2.2 - pH measurement of 10 test samples……………………………………………….. ….. 74 2.2.2.3 - pH measurement of 6 real samples……………………………………………….. …….. 76 2.2.2.4 - pH measurement of the Reference Sample Collection……………………………… ... 76 2.2.3 - Results and discussion……………………………………………….. ……………………... 77 2.2.3.1 - pH of the samples studied……………………………………………….. ……………….. 77 2.2.3.2 - pH and date………………………………………………………………………………….. 79 2.2.3.3 - pH and fibre type……………………………………………………………………………. 80 2.2.3.4 – A look at the deacidified samples in our Reference Sample Collection……………… 80 2.2.4 - Conclusions………………………………………………..………………………………….. 83 2.3 – DP……………………………………………………………………………….. 85 2.3.1- What is DP………………………………………………………………………………………. 85 2.3.1.1 - Relationship between DP and molecular weight ………………………………………. 86 2.3.1.2 – How to measure DP……………………………………………………………………….. 86 2.3.1.3 – DP standards and DP calculation……………………………………………………….. 87 2.3.1.4 - Relationship between DP and mechanical properties…………………………………. 88 2.3.1.5 - Relationship between DP and pH……………………………………………….. ………. 88 2.3.1.6 - DP & paper………………………………………………………………………………….. 89 2.3.1.7 - DP & textiles / paintings…………………………………………………………………… 89 2.3.2- Method development for DP determination of painting canvases……………………… 91 2.3.2.1- Needed amount of sample…………………………………………………………………. 91 Non-destructive condition assessment of painting canvases using NIR spectrometry, a PhD thesis submitted at the University of Barcelona by Marta OriolaFolch in December 2011 Contents 2.3.2.2- Cleaning the samples ………………………………………………………………………. 95 2.3.2.3- Sample defibering…………………………………………………………………………… 99 2.3.2.4- Viscometry……………………………………………………………………………………. 100 2.3.2.5- Evaluation of the method using Whatman paper……………………………………….. 103 2.3.2.6- Evaluation of the method using historical samples…………………………………….. 103 2.3.2.7- Evaluation of sample cleaning procedures……………………………………………….. 104 2.3.2.8- Evaluation of defibering by hand and using a mortar………………………………….. 105 2.3.2.9- Heterogeneity of a new canvas……………………………………………………………. 107 2.3.2.10- Heterogeneity of historical samples ……………………………………………………... 108 2.3.3- Results and discussion ………………………………………………………………………… 109 2.3.3.1- DP of the Reference Sample Collection……………………………………………….. ... 109 2.3.3.2- DP and date………………………………………………………………………………….. 110 2.3.3.3- DP and fibre type……………………………………………………………………………. 111 2.3.3.4- DP and pH……………………………………………………………………………………. 112 2.3.3.5- Comparison between protected and unprotected areas of the canvas……………… 113 2.3.3.6- Two samples from the same painting with visually different conditions……………… 114 2.3.3.7- Fibre type, pH, DP and date (PCA Analysis) …………………………………………….. 119 2.3.4 - Conclusions………………………………………………… ………………………………….. 121 3- NIR spectrometry/chemometrics for easel paintings……………………… 123 3.1- NIR spectrometry and chemometrics…………………………………………………………… 123 3.1.1 - Electromagnetic radiation…………………………………………………………………….. 123 3.1.2 - Infrared radiation………………………………………………………………………………. 124 3.1.3 - NIR spectroscopy……………………………………………………………………………... 125 3.1.4 - NIR spectra…………………………………………………………………………………….. 126 3.1.5 - Chemometrics…………………………………………………………………………………. 126 3.1.6 - NIR spectrometry and Chemometrics………………………………………………………. 127 3.2 - Materials and methods…………………………………………………………………………... 131 3.2.1 - Labspec 5000………………………………………………………………………………….. 131 3.2.2 - Grams AI spectroscopy software……………………………………………………………. 134 3.2.3 - Calibration (Grams IQ) ………………………………………………………………………. 135 3.2.4 - Validation (IQ Predict) ……………………………………………………………………….. 136 3.2.5 - Method development for pH…………………………………………………………………
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