Notes
Introduction: The Millennial Dream
1. Charles Dickens, Dombey and Son, ed. Peter Fairclough, intr. Raymond Williams (1846–48; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979), pp. 87–8; further page references appear in parentheses. 2. Raymond Williams, “Introduction,” in Dickens, Dombey and Son, pp. 11–24 (11–12). 3. Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (London: Vintage, 1994), p. 14. 4. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (17 March 1851),p.8. 5. Roland Robertson, Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture (London: Sage, 1992),p.8. 6. John Barrell, “Visualising the Division of Labour: William Pyne’s Micro- cosm,” The Birth of Pandora and the Division of Knowledge (London: Macmillan Press, 1992), pp. 89–118 (89). 7. David Harvey, TheCondition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (1989; Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), p. 27. 8. Paul Smith, Millennial Dreams: Contemporary Culture and Capital in the North (London: Verso, 1997), p.9. 9. Jeffrey A. Auerbach, The Great Exhibition of 1851: A Nation on Display (New Haven: Yale Univesity Press, 1999);John R. Davis, TheGreatExhibition (Stroud: Sutton, 1999).Athird recent history, Hermione Hobhouse’s The Crystal Palace and the Great Exhibition (London: Athlone, 2002), provides a detailed analysis of the display’s organization and legacy. 10. Auerbach, Great Exhibition, p. 1. 11. Auerbach, GreatExhibition,pp. 2–3. 12. Davis, GreatExhibition,p.x. 13. Auerbach, Great Exhibition, p. 1; Davis, Great Exhibition, p. xi. 14. Henceforth I use the generic term “Exhibition commentary” in order to refer tothese various texts. 15. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto (1848), Karl Marx: Selected Writings, ed. David McLellan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), pp. 221–47 (224–5). 16. Dickens, Dombey and Son, p. 120. 17. Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto, p. 225. 18. Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto,p.224. 19. Robert Young, Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001), p. 104. 20. P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British Imperialism, 1688–2000, 2nd edn (Harlow: Longman, 2001), p. 664. 21. Cain and Hopkins, British Imperialism,p. 663. 22. Kelly Boyd and Rohan McWilliam, “Reading Three,” in Kelly Boyd and Rohan McWilliam (eds), The Victorian Studies Reader (London: Routledge, 2007), pp. 83–4 (83); P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, “Gentlemanly Capitalism
204 Notes, pp. 9–12 205
and British Expansion Overseas I: TheOld Colonial System, 1650–1850,” EconomicHistory Review 39 (1986), pp. 501–25 (501). 23. André Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), p. xv. See also J. M. Blaut, The Colonizer’s Model of theWorld: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History (New York: Guilford, 1993), and Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and theMaking of theModern World Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), for differently accented challenges to received wis- dom concerning “the Rise of the West.” For a consideration of debates over the genesis of an integrated world system see Janet Abu-Lughod, “Disconti- nuities and Persistence: One World System or a Succession of Systems?” in André Gunder Frank and Barry K. Gills (eds), TheWorld System: Five Hundred or Five Thousand? (London: Routledge, 1993), pp. 278–91. 24. See John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson, “The Imperialism of Free Trade,” Economic History Review 6(1953), pp. 1–15. See also Bernard Semmel, The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism: Classical Political Economy, the Empire of Free Trade and Imperialism 1750–1850 (London: Cambridge University Press, 1970), for an account of the way in which political economy contributed to concep- tions of imperial activity “at whose core was the dream that England would be the Workshop of the World, the center of a cosmopolitan international economy that would constitute the basis of a Pax Britannica” (pp. 12–13). 25. Eric Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire: From 1750 to the Present Day, rev. ed. (London: Penguin, 1999), p. 114. 26. Smith, Millennial Dreams, p. 10. 27. Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and theMaking of the Third World (London: Verso, 2002), p. 16; further page references appear in parentheses. 28. Louise Purbrick, “Introduction,”inThe Great Exhibition of 1851: New Inter- disciplinary Essays, ed. Louise Purbrick(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001), pp. 1–25 (1). 29. This is a point made by James Buzard, Joseph W. Childers and Eileen Gillooly, “Introduction,” in James Buzard, Joseph W. Childers and Eileen Gillooly (eds), Victorian Prism: Refractions of theCrystal Palace (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007), pp. 1–19 (6). 30. Yvonne ffrench, The Great Exhibition: 1851 (London: Harvill, 1950); Christopher Hobhouse, 1851 and theCrystal Palace: Being an Account of the Great Exhibition and its Contents; of Sir Joseph Paxton; and of the Erection, the Subsequent History and the Destruction ofhis Masterpiece (London: Murray, 1937);Nikolaus Pevsner, High Victorian Design: A Study of theExhibits of 1851 (London: Architectural, 1951). 31. Pevsner, High Victorian Design,p.114. 32. Tom Corfe, TheGreatExhibition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979);Robert W. Rydell, All theWorld’s a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984);Tony Bennett, “TheExhibitionary Complex”(1988), in Nicholas B. Dirks, Geoff Eley and Sherry B. Ortner (eds), Culture/Power/History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), pp. 123–54; Paul Greenhalgh, Ephemeral Vistas: A History of the Expositions Universelles, the Great Exhibi- tions and World’s Fairs, 1851–1939 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 206 Notes, pp. 12–18
1988); Timothy Mitchell, “Orientalism and theExhibitionary Order,” in Nicholas B. Dirks (ed.), Colonialism and Culture (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992), pp. 289–318. 33. Davis, Great Exhibition,p.xv. 34. Andrew H. Miller, Novels behind Glass: Commodity Culture and Victorian Narrative (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995);Thomas Richards, The Commodity Culture of Victorian England:Advertising and Spectacle, 1851–1914 (1990; London: Verso, 1991). 35. Buzard,Childers and Gillooly, “Introduction,” pp. 7, 6, 2. Although Iwas able to benefit from the introduction to this valuable collection, its publica- tion was too close to the completion of my own manuscript for this study to profit from the essays it comprises. Likewise, the equally useful Britain, the Empire, and theWorld at the Great Exhibition of 1851, ed. Jeffrey A. Auerbach and Peter H. Hoffenberg (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008) appeared after my own manuscript hadbeen completed. 36. Hoffenberg, Empire on Display, p. xvii; Buzard,Childers and Gillooly, “Intro- duction,” pp. 2–3. 37. Purbrick, “Introduction,”p.21. 38. Buzard,Childers and Gillooly, “Introduction,” p. 3. 39. Henri Lefebvre, TheProduction of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), p. 53; further page references appear in paren- theses. 40. Judith Halberstam, In a Queer Time and Space: Transgender Bodies, Subcultural Lives (New York: New York University Press, 2005),p.8. 41. Peter Gurney, “An Appropriated Space: The Great Exhibition, the Crystal Palace and theWorking Class,” in Purbrick(ed.), GreatExhibition,pp. 114–45; Brian Maidment, “Entrepreneurship and the Artisans: John Cassell,the Great Exhibition and the Periodical Idea,” in Purbrick (ed.), Great Exhibition, pp. 79–113. 42. Said, Culture and Imperialism, pp. 13–14.
1 The Great Family of Man
1. Among theExhibition’sorganizers were included theRoyal Commission, the twenty-four statesmen appointed in January 1850 and headed by Prince Albert. See Auerbach, GreatExhibition; Davis, GreatExhibition;and Hermione Hobhouse, The Crystal Palace and the Great Exhibition (London: Athlone, 2002): all provide detailed historical accounts of the planning, organization and execution of the Exhibition. 2. Quoted in Elizabeth Bonyham and Anthony Burton, TheGreatExhibitor: The Lifeand Work of Henry Cole (London: V & A, 2003), p. 116. 3. “There is Much Speculation Afloat,” The Times (3 January 1851), p.4. 4. Henry Mayhew and George Cruikshank, 1851: Or, theAdventures of Mr. And Mrs. Sandboysand Family,Who Came Up to London to ‘Enjoy Themselves’,and to See the Great Exhibition (London: Bogue, 1851), p. 1. 5. The Oxford English Dictionary notes that the term was coined in 1834. By 1849 it was being used in a derogatory sense, and in 1860 Thackeray observed that it was “Humour and grotesqueness” which gave “sight-seer the most singular Notes, pp. 18–24 207
zest and pleasure.” If Mayhew’s usage was provocative it was also apt, for many observers at least. This point is expanded on in Chapter 3. 6. “The Great Exhibition and its Results,” TheCrystal Palace and its Contents: Being an Illustrated Cyclopaedia of the Great Exhibition of theIndustry of All Nations. 1851 (London: Clark, 1852), pp. 63–4 (63), (25 October 1851); Illustrated London News (11 October 1851). 7. “Great Exhibition,” Crystal Palace and its Contents, p.63. 8. Roland Barthes, “The Great Family of Man,” Mythologies, selec. and trans. Annette Lavers (1957; London: Vintage, 1993), pp. 100–2 (100). 9. Barthes, “Great Family,”p. 100. 10. Voltaire, “Letter VI. On the Presbyterians”(1733), Letters Concerning the English Nation, intr. Charles Whibley(New York: Franklin, 1974), pp. 32–5 (34). 11. Francis Fukuyama, TheEnd of History and the Last Man (New York: Avon, 1992), p. 55; further page references appear in parentheses. 12. “London During the Great Exhibition,” Illustrated London News 18 (17 May 1851), pp. 423–4 (423). 13. Smith’s Scottish identity was often ignored by Victorian commentators keen to appropriate him as a British figure. On occasion Smith was even afforded the honorary status of an Englishman. It is worth noting here, in more gen- eral terms, that I have used Britain/British rather than England/English as my default marker of the Exhibition’s host nation. This (difficult) decision was made in part because of the organization of the exhibits in the Crystal Palace (see Chapter 2), and in part in order to reflect the fact that non- English parts of the union played an important role in Victorian Britain’s global expansion. It is certainly not intended to rehearse uncritically the fact that historically “‘British’ is the name imposedbythe English on the non- English” (Robert Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race [London: Routledge, 1995],p.3). 14. Henry Thomas Buckle, History of Civilization in England, Vol.1(London: Parker, 1857), p. 194; further page references appear in parentheses. 15. G. R. Searle, Morality and the Market in Victorian Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), p.27. 16. Richard Teichgraeber, “Adam Smith and Tradition: The Wealth of Nations before Malthus,” in Economy, Polity, and Society: British Intellectual His- tory 1750-1950, ed. Stefan Collini, Richard Whatmore and Brian Young (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 85–104 (90). 17. Charles Hindley, “On Proposing Free Tradeall Over theWorld” (1830), Free Trade: Speech of Charles Hindley (London: Ridgeway, 1841), p. 14. 18. G. S. Rousseau and Roy Porter, “Introduction: Approaching Enlightenment Exoticism,” in Exoticism in the Enlightenmentt, ed. G. S. Rousseau and Roy Porter (Manchester. Manchester University Press, 1990), pp. 1–23 (1–2). 19. George Poulett Scrope, Principles of Political Economy Deducedfrom the Natu- ral Laws of Social Welfare, and Applied to the Present State of Britain (London: Longman, 1833), p. xiii. 20. Whilethe Corn Laws were repealed in 1846, it took until 1849, thesame year that saw the Navigation Act passed, for them to be completely abol- ished. Of significance to this study is the fact that 1846 was figured as such a decisive moment, and that in 1851 Britain was seen as theonly 208 Notes, pp. 25–32
genuinelyfree-trading nation in the world. For a brief summary of mid-nineteenth-centurypolicy in Europe and America regardingfree trade, see James Foreman-Peck, A History of theWorld Economy: International Rela- tions since 1850 (Totowa: Barnes, 1983), pp. 55–61. 21. J. R. McCulloch, The Principles of Political Economy:With Some Inquiries Respecting their Application, and aSketch of the Rise and the Progress of the Science,4th edn (1825; Edinburgh:Black, 1849), p. 169. 22. Manchester Guardian (9 May 1846),p.3. 23. “We Should Be Curious to See the Answers Returned,” The Times (16 Novem- ber 1849),p.4. 24. “The Prince Consort Can Claim the Credit,” The Times (23 February 1850), p. 4. 25. See Davis, Great Exhibition, p. 34. 26. “The Prince Consort Can Claim the Credit,” The Times (23 February 1850), p.4. 27. “The Morals of the Great Exhibition,” Punch 20 (1851), p. 233; Auerbach, GreatExhibition,p.2. 28. “The Morals of the Great Exhibition,” Punch 20 (1851), p. 233. 29. “The Exhibition of Industry – A Hint,” Punch 18 (1850), p. 141. 30. “Visions in Crystal,” Punch 20 (1851), p. 188. 31. George Eliot, Middlemarch: A Studyof Provincial Life (1871–72; Harmonds- worth: Penguin, 1965), p. 547. Brooke was mistaken in attributinghis “Observation with extensive view” quotation to Johnson’s The Rambler. It is the opening couplet of Johnson’s “The Vanity of Human Wishes” (1749) that reads “Let Observation with Extensive View / Survey Mankind, from China to Peru.” See Eighteenth-Century Poetry: An Annotated Anthol- ogy, ed. David Fairer and Christine Gerrard (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), pp. 263–73 (264). 32. Henry Cole, “Introduction,” Official and Descriptive Illustrated Catalogue, Vol.1(3vols; London: Spicer, 1851), pp. 1–35 (1).The catalogue will be referredtohereafterasthe Official Catalogue. 33. Daniel Defoe, “The True-Born Englishman: A Satyr” (1702; [London], 1708), in Eighteenth Century Collections Online,
41. Karl Marx, Capital I(1867), Karl Marx: Selected Writings in Sociology and Philosophy, ed.and intr. T. B. Bottomore and Maximilien Rubel, trans. T. B. Bottomore (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979), p. 117. 42. Terry Eagleton, TheEnglish Novel (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005), p. 40. 43. Smith, Wealth of Nations, Vol.1,pp. 178, 181. 44. Ian Watt, TheRiseof the Novel (1957; London: Pimlico, 2000), pp. 63, 87. 45. Herbert Spencer, Social Statics: or, The Conditions Essential to Human Happi- ness (London: Chapman, 1851), p. 300; further page references appear in parentheses. 46. Smith, Wealth of Nations, vol.1,p.37. 47. Smith, Wealth of Nations, vol.1,p.25. 48. Stephen Copley, “Introduction: Reading the Wealth of Nations,” in Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations: New Interdisciplinary Essays,ed. Stephen Copley and Kathryn Sutherland(Manchester: Manchester University Press), pp. 1–22 (13). 49. Smith, Wealth of Nations, Vol.1,p.25. 50. Smith, Wealth of Nations, Vol. 1, pp. 456–7. 51. Marshall McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy:TheMaking of Typographic Man (London: Routledge, 1962),p.31. 52. Quoted in McCulloch, Political Economy,p.41. 53. Friedrich List, Outlines of American Political Economy, in a Series of Let- ters AddressedbyFrederick List to Charles J. Ingersoll (Philadelphia: Parker, 1827), p.7. 54. Friedrich List, The National System of Political Economy (1841; New York: Kelley, 1966), pp. 123, 127. 55. List, National System,p. 126. 56. Fukuyama, End of History,p.45. 57. “Light for All Nations,” Family Herald 9 (17 May 1851), pp. 44–5 (44). 58. Benjamin Lee Whorf, “Science and Linguistics,” Language, Thoughtand Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorff, ed.John Bissell Carroll (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T., 1956), p. 214. 59. Whorf, “Science and Linguistics,” p. 208. 60. Mr Goggleye’s Visit to theExhibition of National Industry to beHeld in London on the 1st of April 1851 (London: Takemin, 1851), not paginated. 61. Francis Bacon, “The Praise of Knowledge” (1592), Bacon’s Essays: With Anno- tations,ed. Richard Whatley(London: Longmans, 1882), pp. 608–11 (608). 62. Richard D. Altick, TheShows of London (Cambridge, Mass: Belknap-Harvard University Press, 1978),p.1. 63. See Auerbach, GreatExhibition,pp. 42–52; and Davis, GreatExhibition, pp. 53–93, for an account of the controversies, political manoeuvring and contingencies that characterized the processes of deciding on a site and a building for the Exhibition. 64. “The Wonders of 1851,” Household Words 1(20 July 1850), pp. 388–92 (390). 65. On the importance of glass see Miller’s NovelsBehind Glass. See also Isobel Armstrong, “Charlotte Brontë’s City of Glass,” TheHildaHulme Memorial Lecture, 2 December 1992 (London: University of London, 1993), pp. 5–35, and especially her Victorian Glassworlds: Glass Culture and the Imagination 1830–1880 (Oxford: Oxford University Press). The latter had not appeared in print by the time this book was completed, but it promises to bea 210 Notes, pp.41–4
seminal piece of scholarship. On the significance of iron, and particu- larly the girder, as a material of modernity, see Walter Benjamin, “Paris, Capital of the Nineteenth Century” (1935), Walter Benjamin: Selected Writ- ings, Volume 3 1935–1938, trans. Edmund Jephcott, Howard Eiland and others; ed. Howard Eiland and Michael W. Jennings (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap-Harvard University Press, 2002), pp. 32–49 (33). 66. Official Catalogue, Vol.1,p.49. 67. Charles Babbage, The Exposition of 1851: or, Views of theIndustry,the Science, and the Government of England (London: Murray, 1851),p.63. 68. Owen Jones, “An AttempttoDefine the Principles Which Should Regu- late the Employment of Colour in the Decorative Arts,” Lectures on the Results, Vol. 2 (1853), pp. 253–300 (268). This lecture set out many of thethemes and theories that Jones would develop in his Grammar of Ornament (1856). 69. “A Guide to the Great Exhibition of Industry,” Illustrated London News 18 (3May 1851), pp. 359–72 (364). 70. British colonial contributions to the Exhibition were taken from the East Indies, Indian Archipelago, Jersey, Guernsey,Ceylon, Ionian Islands, Malta, Cape of Good Hope, Natal, West Coast of Africa, Canada, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, New Brunswick, St. Helena, Mauritius, the Seychelles, St. Domingo, Grenada, Montserrat, St. Kitt’s, Barbados, Antigua, British Guiana, theBahamas, Trinidad,the Bermudas, South Australia, West- ern Australia, New Zealand, New South Wales, Van Diemen’s Land, Labuan and Borneo. The thirty-four foreign states were Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bremen, Chile, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany (the states of theZollervein), Greece, Hamburg, Hanover, Holland,Lubeck, Mexico, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, New Granada, Oldenburg, Persia, Peru, Portugal, Rome, Russia, Sardinia, Schleswig-Holstein, Society Islands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunis, Turkey, Tuscany and the United States of America. The Chinese government refused to contribute to the display, but a China court was established by borrowing items from Oriental collections around the United Kingdom. 71. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (15 April 1851),p.5;ThePalace of Industry: A Brief History of its Origin and Progress (London: Oliver, 1851), p.5. 72. “TheExhibition and its Management,” Crystal Palace and its Contents (1 November 1851), pp. 74–5 (74). 73. Tallis’s History and Description of theCrystal Palace, and theExhibition of the World’sIndustry in 1851, Vol.1(3vols; London: Tallis, [1851]), p. 207. 74. The Palace of Glass and the Gathering of the People: A Book for the Exhibition (London: Jones, [1851]), p. 118. 75. William Cave Thomas, Suggestions For a Crystal College or New Palace of Glass For Combining the Intellectual Talent of All Nations (London: Dickinson, 1851), p.29. 76. “Let M.P.’s Talk as They Please,” The Times (16 May 1851), p. 4. 77. Douglas Jerrold, “Christmas Thoughts of the Crystal Palace,” Illustrated London News 19 (20 December 1851), pp. 738–9 (738). 78. “The Great Exhibition,” Illustrated London News 19 (6 September 1851), pp. 289–90 (290). 79. “You Must Translate; ’Tis Fit We Understand,” Punch 20 (1851), p. 126. Notes, pp. 44–54 211
80. Robert Hunt, “The Science of the Exhibition,”inTheArt-Journal Illustrated Catalogue: TheIndustry of All Nations, 1851 (London: Virtue, [1851]), pp. i–xvi (iv). 81. “The End of the Exhibition,” Economist 9 (18 October 1851), pp. 1146–7 (1147). 82. Thomas Binney, TheRoyal Exchange and thePalace of Industry:or,The Possible Future of Europeand theWorld (London: Jones, 1851), p.27. 83. Binney, Royal Exchange, pp. 96–7. 84. Fukuyama, End of History,p.xv. 85. Fukuyama, End of History,pp. 72–3, 55. 86. Alfred Tennyson, In Memoriam A.H.H., ed.Robert H. Ross (1850; New York: Norton, 1973), pp. 3, 34, 90. 87. Gillian Beer, Darwin’sPlots: Evolutionary Narrative in Darwin, George Eliot and Nineteenth-Century Fiction (London: Ark, 1983), p.47. 88. Belshazzar’s Feast: In its Application to the Great Exhibition (London: Houlston, 1851),p.5. 89. Belshazzar’s Feastt, pp. 9–11. 90. A Spiritual Watchman of the Church of England, TheTheology and Morality of the Great Exhibition (London: Painter, 1851), pp. 6, 8. 91. P. Macfarlane, TheCrystal Palace: Viewed in Some of its Moral and Religious Aspects (Lanarck:Budge, 1851), p.12. 92. Macfarlane, Crystal Palace, pp. 13–14. 93. Macfarlane, Crystal Palace,pp. 16–17. 94. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, trans. Talcott Parsons (1904–05; London: Unwin, 1968), p. 154. 95. Macfarlane, Crystal Palace,p.26. 96. “Industrial Exhibition of 1851,” The Times (22 February 1850),p.8. 97. J. C. Whish, The Great Exhibition Prize Essay (London: Longman, 1851), pp. 22–3,43–4, 8. 98. Christine Bolt, Victorian Attitudes to Race (London: Routledge, 1971), pp. 9–16. 99. “The Exhibition of All Nations,” The Times (22 March 1850),p.5. 100. Official Catalogue, Vol.1,p.4. 101. Official Catalogue, Vol.1,p.4. 102. Albert, Prince Consort of Victoria, Queen of Great Britain, “At the Ban- quet Given By TheRight Hon. The Lord Mayor, Thomas Farncombe, To Her Majesty’s Ministers, Foreign Ambassodors, Royal Comissioners of the Exhibition of 1851, and the Mayors of One Hundred and Eighty Towns, at the Mansion House. [21 March 1850],” The Principal Speeches and Addresses of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort: Withan Intro- duction, Giving Some Outlines of His Character (London: Murray, 1862), pp. 109–14 (112). 103. William St. Clair, The Great Exhibition: A Poem (London: Partridge, 1850), p. 4. 104. Henry Birch, The “Great Exhibition” Spiritualized (London: Snow, 1851), pp. 57–8; further page references appear in parentheses. 105. Clifford Geertz, “The Impact of the Concept of Culture on the Concept of Man,” The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basil, 1973), pp. 33–54 (38–9); further page references appear in parentheses. 212 Notes, pp. 55–64
106. Davis, GreatExhibition,p. 177. 107. Samuel Warren, TheLily and the Bee: An Apologue of theCrystal Palace (London: Blackwood, 1851),p.6.
2 Geography Made Easy
1. Daniel Defoe, “Mr. Review Plumps for Free Trade” (1706), The Best of Defoe’s Review: An Anthology, ed.William L. Payne (New York:Columbia, 1970), pp. 123–7 (124). 2. Daniel Defoe, “Of Divinity in Trade” (1713), Best of Defoe’s Review, pp. 107–11 (107). 3. Eagleton, English Novel,p.26. 4. Henry Smith Evans, TheCrystal Palace Game: Voyage Round theWorld:An Entertaining Excursion in Search of Knowledge, Whereby Geography is Made Easy (London: Davis: [1855]). 5. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (13 October 1851),p.5. 6. Harvey, Conditions of Postmodernity,p. 249. 7. Neil Smith, Uneven Development: Nature, Capital and theProduction of Space (Oxford: Blackwell, 1984), pp. ix, 105; further page references appear in parentheses. 8. Harvey, Conditions of Postmodernity, p. 264. 9. David Harvey, The New Imperialism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), p.98. 10. Thomas Hardy, “The Fiddler of the Reels” (1893), Life’s Little Ironies and aChanged Man, ed. F. B. Pinion (London: Macmillan, 1977), pp. 123–38 (123, 129). 11. Paul Smith, Millennial Dreams, pp. 10–11. 12. Harvey, Conditions of Postmodernity,pp. 245–6. 13. Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 30, 38–9. 14. Pratt, Imperial Eyes,p.31. 15. Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest (London: Routledge, 1995), p.34. 16. McClintock, Imperial Leatherr, pp. 34, 57. 17. Philip Langdon, “Great Exhibitions: Representations of the Crystal Palace in Mayhew, Dickens, and Dostoevsky,” Nineteenth-Century Contexts 20 (1997), pp. 27–59 (29). 18. Louise Purbrick, “The Political Economy of Imperialism: Re-visiting the Great Exhibition of 1851 (or Re-reading Its Official Record,” unpublished essay. 19. Hoffenberg, Empire on Display,p. 101. 20. Neil Smith, American Empire: Roosevelt’s Geographer and thePreludetoGlobal- isation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), p. 6. 21. Michael Hardtand Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000), p. xi. 22. “Proposed Building for the Great Exhibition of 1851,” Illustrated London News 16 (22 June 1850), pp. 445–6. 23. Official Catalogue, Vol. 1, pp. 22–3. Notes, pp. 64–74 213
24. Lyon Playfair, Memoirs and Correspondence of Lyon Playfairr,by Weymss Reid (New York: Harper, 1899), p. 116. 25. Official Catalogue, Vol.1,p.22. 26. William Whewell, “On the General Bearing of the Great Exhibition on the Progress of Art and Science,” Lectures on the Results, Vol.1(1852), pp. 1–34 (22–3). 27. Speaking of the events of 1789, Burke had concluded that “Every thing seems out of nature in this strange chaos of levity and ferocity, and all sorts of crimes jumbled together with all sorts offollies” (Reflections on the Revo- lution in France and on the Proceedings in Certain Societies in London Relative to that Eventt, ed. Conor Cruise O’Brien (1790; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969), p.92). 28. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (10 March 1851),p.8. 29. Auerbach, GreatExhibition, p.94. 30. “Among Other Delicate Questions,” The Times (9 November 1850), p.4. 31. Davis, Great Exhibition, p. 164. Davis provides a good analysis of the jury system and its decision-making processes. See “juries,”“juries reports” and “medals” under his index. 32. Official Catalogue,Vol.1,p.4. 33. Official Catalogue,Vol.1,pp. 23–4. 34. “Official Catalogue of the Great Exhibition,” Edinburgh Review 94 (October 1851), pp. 557–98 (581). 35. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (10 March 1851), p.8. 36. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (17 March 1851),p.8. 37. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (15 April 1851),p.5. 38. Henry Stevens, An Account of the Proceedings at the Dinner Given by Mr. George Peabodytothe Americans Connected With the Great Exhibition, at the London Coffee House, Ludgate Hill, on the 27th October, 1851 (London: Pickering, 1851),p.25. 39. Manchester Guardian (28 October 1846),p.3. 40. Defoe, “Mr. Review,” p. 123. 41. McCulloch, Political Economy, pp. 142–3. 42. Sabine Clemm notes the authorship of this piece in “‘Amidst the Heterogeneous Masses’:Charles Dickens’ Household Words and the Great Exhibition of 1851,” Nineteenth-Century Contexts 27 (2005), pp. 207–30. 43. “The Wonders of 1851,” Household Words 1(20 July 1850), pp. 388–92 (391). 44. “AWyld Goose Chase Over theGlobe,” Punch 17 (1849), p. 189. 45. TheCrystal Palace: A Little Bookfor LittleBoys, for 1851 (London: Nisbet, 1851), p.41. 46. “A Journey Round theGlobe,” Punch 21 (1851), pp. 4–5. 47. Martin Heidegger, “The Age of the World Picture” (1938), The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays, trans. and intr. William Lovitt (New York: Harper, 1977), pp. 115–54 (129). 48. Athenaeum 1227 (3 May 1851), p. 478, quoted in Miller, Novels behind Glass, p.55. 49. Whewell, “On the General Bearing,” pp. 10–11; further page references appear in parentheses. 50. Susan Sontag, On Photography (New York: Farrar, 1977), pp. 115, 3. 51. Smith, Wealth of Nations,Vol.1,p.14. 214 Notes, pp. 74–83
52. Manchester Guardian (9September 1846), p.6. 53. Smith, Wealth of Nations,Vol.2,p. 687. 54. “Money as an Agent of Civilisation,” Illustrated Exhibitor and Magazine of Art 1(26 June 1852)(London: Cassell, 1852), pp. 410–11 (410). 55. “The Cookery of All Nations,” Punch 18 (1850), p. 100. 56. William Felkin, TheExhibition in 1851, of theProducts and Industry of All Nations: Its Probable Influence Upon Labour and Commerce (London: Hall, [1851]), p. 29. 57. Frederika Bremer, England in 1851: or, Sketches of a Tour in England, trans. L. A. H. (Boulogne: Merridew, 1853), pp. 50, 51–2. 58. Bayle Bernard, “Letters from London,” Illustrated London News 19 (23 August 1851), p. 255. 59. Bayle Bernard, “Letters from London,” Illustrated London News 18 (31 May 1851), p. 497. 60. Michel Foucault, TheOrder of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (1970; London: Routledge, 1997), p. 262. 61. Stephenson, GreatExhibition, pp. 13–14. 62. William Wordsworth, “TheTables Turned: An Evening Scene on the Same Subject”(1798), William Wordsworth:The Poems,Vol.1,ed.John O. Hayden (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977), pp. 356–7 (357). 63. Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection: or, The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life,ed. J. W. Burrow (1859; London: Penguin, 1985), pp. 114–15. 64. Beer, Darwin’sPlots, pp. 47, 14. 65. Jeff Wallace, “Introduction: Difficulty and Defamiliarisation – Language and Process in The Origin of Species,” in Charles Darwin’sThe Origin of Species: New Interdisciplinary Essays, ed. David Amigoni and Jeff Wallace (Manch- ester: Manchester University Press, 1995), pp. 1–46 (11). On Darwin and Malthus see Anthony Flew, “Introduction,” in An Essay on the Principleof Population and a Summary View of the Principleof Population, byThomas Malthus (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970), pp. 7–56 (48–51). 66. For an outline of this geographically informed Darwinian battle see Wal- lace, “Introduction: Difficulty and Defamiliarisation,” pp. 10–13. 67. Beer, Darwin’sPlots,p.9. 68. Douglas Jerrold, “Christmas Thoughts of the Crystal Palace,” Illustrated London News 19 (20 December 1851), pp. 738–9 (738). 69. Terry Eagleton, TheIdeology of the Aesthetic (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), pp. 15, 25. 70. Smith, Wealth of Nations, Vol.1,p. 454. 71. Bennett, “Exhibitionary Complex,”pp. 129, 128. 72. Stephenson, Great Exhibition,64. 73. Michiel Dehaene, “Urban Lessons for the Modern Planner: Patrick Aber- crombie and the Study of Urban Development,” Town Planning Review 75.1 (2004), pp. 1–30 (21). 74. Stephenson, GreatExhibition,p.40. 75. Franco Moretti, “The Long Goodbye: Ulysses and the End of Liberal Capitalism,” Signs Taken for Wonders: Essays in the Sociology of Literary Forms, trans. Susan Fischer, David Forgacs and David Miller (1983; London: Verso, 2005), pp. 182–208 (183). Notes, pp. 83–92 215
76. “Prospectus,” Crystal Palace and its Contents (20 March 1852), p. 400. 77. Babbage, Exposition of 1851,p.42. 78. H. W. Burrows, The Great Exhibition: A Sermon (London: Skeffington, 1851), pp. 6–7. 79. Binney, Royal Exchange,p. 121. 80. Catherine Gallagher, TheBody Economic: Life, Death,and Sensation in Politi- cal Economy and the Victorian Novel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006),p.50. 81. Alfred Tennyson, “Locksley Hall” (1842), The Poems of Tennyson, ed. Christopher Ricks (London: Longman, 1969), pp. 688–99 (695–6). 82. Tennyson, “Locksley Hall,” pp. 697–8. 83. Tennyson, In Memoriam,p.90. 84. Karl Marx to Friedrich Engels, 24 January 1852, in Marxists.org Inter- net Archive,
3 Reorienting theWorld
1. Bayle Bernard, “Letters from London,” Illustrated London News 19 (23 August 1851), p. 255. 2.Tony Bennett, The Birth of the Museum: History,Theory,Politics (London: Routledge, 1995), p. 97. 3. Mitchell, “Orientalism,” p. 290. 4. “The Morals of the Great Exhibition,” Punch 20 (1851), p. 233. 5. Bennett, “Exhibitionary Complex,” p. 129. 6. Hoffenberg, Empire on Display,pp. 14, xvii. 7. Robert W. Rydell and Nancy E. Gwinn, “Introduction,” in Fair Representa- tions: World’sFairs and theModern World, ed.Rydell and Gwinn (Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1994), pp. 1–12 (4). 8. Hoffenberg, Empire on Display, p. xvii. 9. Mitchell, “Orientalism,”p. 290. 10. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (13 February 1851),p.5. 11. Babbage, Exposition of 1851,p.82. 12. Chapter 4 of Auerbach, Great Exhibition (especially pp. 91–2), draws atten- tion to this opposition, as well as providing a useful survey of the disparate industrial and aesthetic aims and anxieties that fed into the display. 13. Babbage, Exposition of 1851, p. 81. 14. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (13 February 1851),p.5. 15. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (13 February 1851), p.5. 16. M. H. Abrams, The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition (London: Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 299. 17. William Wordsworth, “Poetry and Poetic Diction [Preface to the Second Edition of Lyrical Ballads, 1800],” in English Critical Essays: Nineteenth Cen- tury, ed. Edmund Jones (1916; London: Oxford University Press, 1971), pp. 1–32 (10). 18. Horace Greeley, Glances at Europe: In a Series of Letters from Great Britain, France and Italy, Switzerland, etc. During the Summer of 1851. Including notices of the Great Exhibition, World’s Fairr, (New York: Dewitt, 1851), p. 19. 19. Tallis’s History, Vol. 1, p. 115. 20. Davis, GreatExhibition,p. 159. 21. “Exhibition Notes – No. 1,” Illustrated London News 18 (14 June 1851), pp. 570–1 (571). 22. Tallis’s History, Vol. 1, pp. 115–16. 23. Hunt, “Science of the Exhibition,” p. xii. 24. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (3February 1851), p.5. 25. In general, raw materials were placed along the south of the Palace, manu- factured goods in the centre, and machinery in the north (where the steam power-source for the building was located). For obvious structural reasons lighter goods were situated in thegalleries. There is some evidence to sug- gest that the Commission’s decision to allow foreign countries to organize their stands as they saw fit meant that the foreign or eastern half of the Palace was at once more disordered and spectacular than the British or west- ern side of the building (see Richards, Commodity Culture, p. 25; Davis, Great Exhibition, p. 108). However, as Auerbach observes, whether implemented in foreign or domestic sections, the neat classification scheme devised for Notes, pp. 102–7 217
the Exhibition became “rather vague and muddled” as it took material form on the floor of the Palace (Great Exhibition, p.94). 26. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (20 September 1851), p.5. 27. Quoted in C. R. Fay, Palace of Industry, 1851: A Study of the Great Exhibition and Its Fruits (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951), p.45. 28. Thomas Carlyle, TheCollected Letters of Thomas and Jane Welch Carlyle,Vol. 26, ed.Claude deL.Ryalsand Kenneth J. Fielding(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998), pp. 81, 86. 29. Wolfgang Schivelbush, The Railway Journey:TheIndustrialization of Time and Space in the 19th Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), p. 46. 30. TheGlass-Berg: A Poem (London: Saunders, 1851), p.10. 31. Foucault, Order of Things, p. 133. 32. Warren, Lily and theBee,p.9. 33. Warren, Lily and the Bee,pp. 50–1. 34. Charles Kingsley, Yeast: A Problem (1848; London: Macmillan, 1878), p. 262. 35. Quoted in Altick, Shows of London,p. 387. Having visited the display Dickens was not disposed to change his mind, indicating that, if the scope of the display was expansive, it was not inspirational: “I don’t say ‘there’s nothing in it’ –there’s too much.Ihave only been twice. So many things bewildered me. I have a natural horror of sights, and the fusion of so many sights in one has not decreased it.” He expected that “boredom and lassitude” would be the reaction of the public. Charles Dickens, The Letters of Charles Dickens: 1850–1852,Vol.6,ed. Graham Storey, Kathleen Tillotson and Nina Burgis (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), pp. 428, 449. 36. Clement Shorter, The Brontë’s: Lifeand Letters, Vol.2(London: Hodder, 1908), p. 216. 37. John Lemoinne, “Letters of M. John Lemoinne,” in Dionysius Lardner, The Great Exhibition and London in 1851: ReviewedbyDr. Lardner (London: Longman, 1852), pp. 573–92 (577). 38. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (13 October 1851),p.5. 39. Walter Benjamin, “Paris, Capital of the Nineteenth Century” (1935), Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, Volume 3 1935–1938, trans. Edmund Jephcott, Howard Eiland and others; ed. Howard Eiland and Michael W. Jennings (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap-Harvard University Press, 2002), pp. 32–49 (36–7). 40. Rachel Bowlby, Just Looking: Consumer Culture in Dreiser, Gissing and Zola (London: Methuen, 1985), p.1. 41. Richards, Commodity Culture,pp. 33, 31, 35; further references appear in parentheses. 42. “The Exhibition of 1851,” Economist 8 (13 April 1850), pp. 395–6 (396). 43. Richards, Commodity Culture,p.66. 44. “Characteristics of National Industry,” Economist 9 (28 June 1851), pp. 701–3 (702). 45. Richards, Commodity Culture, p. 67. 46. Whewell, “On the General Bearing,” p. 5; further page references appear in parentheses. 218 Notes, pp. 107–16
47. Steve Edwards, “The Accumulation of Knowledge or, William Whewell’s Eye,” in Purbrick, GreatExhibition,pp. 26–52 (37, 39). 48. Whewell, “On the General Bearing,” p. 13; further page references in parentheses. 49. Edward W. Said, Orientalism (1978; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1995), p.71. 50. Regenia Gagnier and Martin Delveaux, “Towards a Global Ecology of the Fin de Siècle,” Literature Compass 3.3 (2006), pp. 572–87 (579). 51. Schivelbusch, Railway Journey, p. 10. 52. Ronald Robinson, JohnGallagher, with Alice Denny, Africa and the Victori- ans: TheOfficial Mind of Imperialism (London: Macmillan, 1961), pp. 2–3. 53. “Characteristics of National Industry,” Economist 9(28 June 1851), pp. 701–3 (702). 54. Samuel Newcombe, Little Henry’sHoliday at the Great Exhibition (London: Houlston, 1851), pp. 122–3; further page references appear in parenthe- ses. In 1866 Matthew Arnold would famously highlight, in particularly qualified terms, these Celtic roots for their capacity to enhance an English sensibility diminished by “the triumph of the prosaic, practical Saxon.” See “On the Study of Celtic Literature” (1866), Onthe Study of Celtic Literature and Other Essays (London: Dent, 1910), pp. 13–136 (20). 55. Michel Chevalier, “Letters of M. Michel Chevalier,” in Lardner, Great Exhibition, pp. 477–572 (490). 56. Daniel Wilson, Prehistoric Man: Researches into the Origin of Civilisation in the Old and the New World, Vol.1(Cambridge: Macmillan, 1862), p. vii. 57. Tallis’s History, Vol.2,p.128. 58. For more on this turn to the “East,” particularly with regard to India and China’scomplex position at theExhibition, see Carol A. Breckenridge, “The Aesthetics and Politics of Colonial Collecting: India at World Fairs,” Con- temporary Studies in Society and History 31(Spring 1989), pp. 195–216; Lara Kriegel, “Narrating theSubcontinent in 1851: India at the Crystal Palace,” in Purbrick, Great Exhibition, pp. 146–78; and Catherine Pagani, “Chinese Material Culture and British Perceptions of China in the Mid-Nineteenth Century,” in Colonialism and theObject: Empire, Material Culture and the Museum,ed. Tim Barringer and Tom Flynn (London: Routledge, 1998), pp. 28–40. 59. See Hoffenberg, Empire on Display, p. 157. 60. Tallis’s History, Vol.1,p. 236. 61. Ronald Inden, Imagining India, 2nd edn (London: Hurst, 2000), pp. 51–3. 62. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (23 April 1851),p.5. 63. M. D. Wyatt, TheIndustrial Arts of the Nineteenth Century: A Series of Illustra- tions of theChoicest Specimens ProducedbyEvery Nation at the Great Exhibition of Worksof Industry, 1851, Vol.1(London, 1851),Plate 44, quoted in Kriegel, “Narrating theSubcontinent,”p. 161. 64. A Reminiscence of the Great Exhibition of 1851 (London: Jones, 1853),p.12. 65. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (2 October 1851),p.5. 66. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (2 October 1851), p.5. 67. Benjamin, “Paris,” p. 33; “TheExhibition – The Crystal Palace,” Economist 9 (4 January 1851), pp. 4–6 (5). 68. John Ruskin, “The Opening of the Crystal Palace Considered in Some of its Relations to the Prospects of Art” (1854), in Culture and Society in Britain Notes, pp. 116–21 219
1850–1890: A Sourcebook of Contemporary Writings, ed. J. M. Golby (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 174–7 (174–5). 69. J. S. Mill, “M. de Tocqueville on Democracy in America,” Edinburgh Review (October 1840), quoted in Maxine Berg, The Machinery Question and the Making of Political Economy, 1815–1848 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980),p.11. 70. Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology,and Ideologies of Western Dominance (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989), p. 195. 71. Chevalier, “Letters,”p. 493. 72. Mayhew and Cruikshank, 1851, p. 137. 73. Tallis’s History, Vol.2,p. 193. 74. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (15 May 1851),p.5. 75. Charles Dickens and R. H. Horne,“The Great Exhibition and the Little One,” in Charles Dickens’ Uncollected Writings from Household Words, 1850–1859,Vol.1,ed. Harry Stone (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1968), pp. 319–29 (329, 322). 76. Charles Dickens, Hard Times: For These Times, ed. David Craig(1854; London: Penguin, 1985), pp. 65–6. 77. Dickens and Horne, “Great Exhibition and the Little One,”pp. 322–3. 78. Dickens and Horne, “Great Exhibition and the Little One,”p. 320. In a let- ter to none other than Henry Cole, Dickens emphasized that, far from being philosophically opposed to utilitarianism, he was inclined only to rein in what he saw as its totalizing tendencies: “I often say to Mr. Gradgrind that there is reason and good intention in much that he does – in fact, in all that he does – but that he overdoes it.” Quoted in Kathleen Blake,“Bleak House, Political Economy, Victorian Studies,” Victorian Literature and Culture, 25.1 (1997), pp. 1–22 (15). 79. Said, Orientalism, p. 43; Jorge Luis Borges, “TheThousand and One Nights,” Seven Nights, trans. Eliot Weinberger (London: Faber, 1986), pp. 42–57 (42). 80. Borges, “Thousand and One Nights,” p.51. 81. “AChristmas Tree,” Household Words 2 (21 December 1850), pp. 289–95 (291). 82. John Bright, The Diaries of John Brightt, ed. R. Walling (London: Cassell, 1930), p. 292. 83. Tallis’s History, Vol.1,p.19. 84. Robert Irwin, The Arabian Nights: A Comparison (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1994), p. 120. 85. Ray Desmond, TheIndia Museum 1801–1879 (London: HMSO, 1982), p.72. 86. “Costume as Portrayed at the Great Exhibition,” Illustrated London News 18 (14 June 1851), pp. 564–5 (564). 87. “India and Indian Contributions to theIndustrial Bazaar,” Illustrated Exhibitor (4 October 1851), pp. 317–23 (318); Tallis’s History, Vol.1, p. 33. 88. William Thackeray, Vanity Fair (1847–48; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983), pp. 26–7. 89. Anthony Trollope, The Eustace Diamonds (1873; London: Penguin, 2004), pp. 57, 223. 90. Karl Marx, Capital (1867), Karl Marx: Selected Writings, pp. 415–506 (436). 220 Notes, pp. 122–9
91. “The Bijouterie and Sculpture in the Crystal Palace,” Crystal Palace and its Contents (22 November 1851), p. 119. 92. Tallis’s History, Vol.1,p.158. 93. “ALady’sGlance at theExhibition. No III,” Illustrated London News 19 (23 August 1851), pp. 242–3 (242). 94. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (24 May 1851),p.8. 95. “Five Shilling Daysand One Shilling Days,” Illustrated London News 19 (19 July 1851), pp. 100–4 (102). 96. “The Great Exhibition,” Illustrated London News 19 (6 September 1851), pp. 290–1 (291). 97. “TheExhibition and its Management,” Crystal Palace and its Contents (1 November 1851), pp. 74–5. 98. Hardtand Negri, Empire, p. 226. 99. Suzanne Daly, “Kashmir ShawlsinMid-Victorian Novels,” VictorianLitera- ture and Culture 30 (2002), pp. 237–56. 100. Nupur Chaudhuri, “Shawls, Jewelery, Curry, and Rice in Victorian Britain,” in Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance, ed.Nupur Chaudhuri and Margaret Strobel(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), pp. 231–46 (236). 101. Tennyson, “Opening of the Indian and Colonial Exhibition by the Queen” (1886), Poems of Tennyson,pp. 1357–8 (1358). 102. Greenhalgh, Ephemeral Vistas, p. 54. 103. “India,” Illustrated Exhibitor, pp. 317–18; see note 87 for full reference. 104. Said, Orientalism,p.7. 105. Purbrick, “Introduction,” in GreatExhibition, p. 18. 106. Kriegel, “Narrating theSubcontinent,”p. 146. 107. Greenhalgh, Ephemeral Vistas, p. 54. 108. Hoffenberg, Empire on Display,p.xv. 109. Kriegel, “Narrating theSubcontinent,” p. 149. 110. Tallis’s History, Vol.1,p.150. 111. Warren, Lily and the Bee, p.71. 112. Official Catalogue,Vol. 2, pp. 695–6; Hunt’s Hand-Book to theOfficial Cata- logues: An Explanatory Guidetothe Natural Productions and Manufactures of the Great Exhibition of theIndustry of All Nations, 1851, Vol.1(2vols; London: Spicer Brothers, [1851]),p.30. 113. Davis, GreatExhibition,p. 138. 114. Kriegel, “Narrating theSubcontinent,”pp. 166–7. 115. Bernard S. Cohn, “Representing Authority in Victorian India,” in The Invention of Tradition, ed. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 165–210 (179). 116. The Guide-Book to theIndustrial Exhibition; with Facts, Figures, and Obser- vations on the Manufactures and Produce Exhibited (London: Partridge, 1851),p.3. 117. “The Black Diamond – The Real Mountain of Light,” Punch 20 (1851), p. 252. 118. Tallis’s History, Vol. 1, p. 258. 119. Anne Lohrli identifies Horne as the authorial source. Household Words: A Weekly Journal 1850-1859/ ConductedbyCharles Dickens. Tableof Contents, List of Contributors and Their Contributions Based on the Household Words Notes, pp. 129–42 221
Office Book in the Morris L. Parrish Collection of Victorian Novelists, Princeton University Library (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1973), p.80. 120. Wilkie Collins, The Moonstone: A Romance (1868; London: Penguin, 1998), pp. 3–4. 121. “A Penitent Confession,” Household Words 3(2August 1851), pp. 436–45 (436); further page references appear in parentheses. 122. “India,” Illustrated Exhibitor, p. 318; see note 87 for full reference. 123. Adas, Machines as the Measure, p. 271. 124. Quoted in Ramkrishna Mukherjee, The Rise and theFall of the East India Company: A Sociological Appraisal (London: Monthly Review, 1974), pp. 399–400. 125. William J. Barber, British Economic Thoughtand India 1600–1858: A Study in the History of Developmental Economics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975), p. 178. 126. John Forbes Royle, “The Arts and Manufactures of India,” Lectures on the Results,Vol.1(1852), pp. 443–539 (444). 127. Official Catalogue, Vol.2,p.857. 128. J. Forbes Royle, On theCulture and Commerce of Cotton in India and Elsewhere, With an Account of the Experiments made bythe East India Company. Appendix: Papers Relating to the Great Exhibition (London: Smith, 1851), pp. 20–1. 129. Royle, Culture and Commerce of Cotton,p.12. 130. Karl Marx, “The Future Results of British Rule in India” (1853), Karl Marx on Colonialism and Modernization: His Despatches and Other Writings on China, India, Mexico, theMiddle East and North Africa, ed.Shlomo Avineri (New York: Doubleday, 1969), pp. 132–9 (134, 136). 131. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (23 April 1851), p.5. 132. “Foreign and Colonial Departments,” Crystal Palace and its Contents (15 November 1851), pp. 100–3 (100–1). 133. “A Guidetothe Great Industrial Exhibition,” Illustrated London News 18 (10 May 1851), pp. 392–7 (392). 134. Greeley, Glances at Europe,pp. 87, 90–1. 135. Tallis’s History,Vol.2,p.83. 136. Frank Norris, The Octopus: A Story of California (1901; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986), p. 306. 137. Pratt, Imperial Eyes, p. 38. 138. Edward Forbes, “On theVegetableWorld as Contributing to the Great Exhibition,” in Art-Journal Illustrated Catalogue, pp. i–viii (iii). 139. Official Catlogue, Vol. 3, p. 1428. 140. Forbes, “On theVegetableWorld,”p.i. 141. Tallis’s History, Vol.2,p. 133. 142. Mitchell, “Orientalism and theExhibitionary Order,” p. 302. 143. Tallis’s History, Vol.2,p.16. 144. “Exhibition Notes – No. V,” Illustrated London News 19 (6 September 1851), pp. 302–3 (303). 145. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (20 October 1851), p.5. 146. Whewell, “On the General Bearing,” pp. 30–1. 147. Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto, p. 225. 148. Langdon, “Great Exhibitions,” p. 29. 149. Dickens and Horne, “Great Exhibition and the Little One,” p. 320. 222 Notes, pp. 142–50
150. Harvey, New Imperialism, p. 45. 151. “Official Catalogue of the Great Exhibition,” Edinburgh Review 94 (October 1851), pp. 557–98 (590). 152. Raymond Williams, The Country and the City (1973; New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 279. 153. Thomas Carlyle, “Chartism”(1840), Thomas Carlyle: Selected Writings, ed. Alan Shelston (1971; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987), pp. 149–232 (210–11). 154. Carlyle, “Chartism,”p. 231. 155. Adas, Machines astheMeasure,p. 4. 156. William Shakespeare, The Tempest, ed. Stephen Orgel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), 1.2.310–64.
4 Pax Britannica
1. “The First Half of the Nineteenth Century,” Fraser’sMagazine 43 (1851), pp. 1–15 (1–2). 2. Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto,p. 224. 3. Marshall Berman, All That Is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity (London: Verso, 1983),p.15. 4. Williams,“Introduction,” in Dickens, Dombey and Son,p.12. 5. SallyLedger, personal communication. 6. Charles Dickens, Little Dorrit (1855–57; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 331. 7. “The French Critic in London. (A Free Translation of the Original Letters [unpublished] in a Paris Journal,” Fraser’s Magazine 44 (1851), pp. 497–502 (497); further page references appear in parentheses. 8. Kingsley, Yeast, p. 90. 9. “Philoponos” [James Ward], The Great Exhibition of 1851; or, The Wealth of theWorld in its Workshops (London: Churton, 1850), pp. 13–14, quoted in Auerbach, GreatExhibition, p. 166. 10. S. H. Blackwell, “The Iron-Making Resources of the United Kingdom,” Lectures on the Results, Vol.2(1853), pp. 147–83 (182). 11. Thomas Bazley, A Lecture upon Cotton, as an Element of Industry:Delivered at the Rooms of the Society of Arts, London, in Connexion with theExhibition of 1851 (London: Longman, 1852),p.25. 12. “The Great Exhibition,” Illustrated London News 18 (31 May 1851), pp. 487–9 (487). 13. Bremer, England in 1851, pp. 64–5. 14. Christine MacLeod, “James Watt, Heroic Invention and the Idea of the Industrial Revolution,” in Technological Revolutions in Europe: Historical Per- spectives,ed. Maxine Berg and Kristine Bruland(Cheltenham: Elgar, 1998), pp. 96–115 (110). 15. Auerbach, Great Exhibition, pp. 161, 172. 16. Henry Cole, “On the International Results,” p. 420. 17. “TheExhibition Plague,” Punch 19 (1850), p. 191. 18. “Rules for the Prevention of the Promised Plague Next Year,” Punch 19 (1850), p. 239. Notes, pp. 151–64 223
19. Auerbach, GreatExhibition,p. 184. 20. See Auerbach, GreatExhibition, Chapter 6. 21. Benjamin Disraeli, “Conservative and Liberal Principles: Speech at the Crystal Palace, June 24, 1872,” Selected Speeches of the Late Right Honourable the Earl of Beaconsfield, Vol.2,ed.T.E.Kebbel(2vols; London: Longman, 1882), pp. 523–35 (531, 534). 22. “First Half of the Nineteenth Century,” Fraser’sMagazine 43 (1851), pp. 3, 15. 23. Gallagher and Robinson, “Imperialism of Free Trade,” pp. 2–3; further page references appear in parentheses. 24. Johannes Fabian, Time and theOther: How Anthropology Makes Its Object (New York:Columbia University Press, 1983), pp. 17, 143–4. 25. Fabian, Time and the Otherr, pp. 33, 154. 26. William Forster, TheClosing of the Great Exhibition or, England’s Mission to All Nations. A Discourse (London: John Cassell, [1851]), p.14. 27. Patrick Brantlinger, Dark Vanishings: Discourse on the Extinction of Primitive Races, 1800–1930 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003),p.3. 28. Lynda Nead, Victorian Babylon: People, Streets and Images in Nineteenth- Century London (2000; New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005),p.5. 29. Doreen Massey, For Space (London: Sage, 2005), pp.9,68. 30. “Our Phantom Ship. Central America,” Household Words 2(22 February 1851), pp. 516–22 (521). 31. Brantlinger, Dark Vanishings,p.1. 32. Peter Mandler, “‘Race’ and‘Nation’ in Mid-Victorian Thought,” in History, Religion, and Culture: British Intellectual History 1750–1950, ed. Stefan Collini, Richard Whatmore and Brian Young(Cambridge: Cambridge Uni- versity Press, 2000), pp. 224–44 (242–3, 230). 33. Tallis’s History, Vol. 2, pp. 128–9. 34. Tallis’s History, Vol.2,p.129. 35. John Stuart Mill, The Principles of Political Economy with Some of their Applications to Social Philosophy (1848; London: Routledge, 1891), p. 81. 36. Gagnier, Insatiability of Human Wants,p.28. 37. Catherine Hall, Civilising Subjects: Metropoleand Colony in the English Imagination, 1830–1867 (Cambridge: Polity, 2002), p. 271. 38. “The State of Trade,” The Times (28 April 1851), p.7. 39. Charles Dickens, Bleak House, ed. Nicola Bradbury(1852–53; Harmonds- worth: Penguin, 1996),p.49. 40. Tallis’s History, Vol.2,p. 129. 41. Felkin, Exhibition in 1851, pp. 13, 28–9. 42. Richard Cobden, “England, Ireland,and America”(1835), ThePolitical Writings of Richard Cobden, intro. Louise Mallet (London: Ridgway, 1878), pp. 1–66 (45–6). 43. See Daniel R. Headrick, “The Communications Revolution,” TheTools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), pp. 127–210. 44. Marx, “Future Results of British Rule,” pp. 132–3. 45. Official Catalogue, Vol. 1, p. 210. 46. Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire,pp. 88–9. 224 Notes, pp. 164–78
47. Michael Freeman, Railwaysand the Victorian Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 241. 48. Freeman, Railways, p. 1. See Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire, p. 93. 49. C.W.Grant, Bombay Cotton and Indian Railways (London: Longman, 1850), p. 82. 50. Schivelbusch, Railway Journey, p. 53. 51. William Shakespeare, AMidsummer Night’sDream, ed. Stanley Wells (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967), 2.1.175–6. 52. Carlyle, “Chartism,” p. 211. Carlyle was here speaking of steamships as well as railways. 53. See Dickens, Bleak House,p.182. 54. “The Great Exhibition,” Illustrated London News 18 (3May 1851), pp. 343–4 (343). 55. Lardner, GreatExhibition,pp. 67, 122. 56. Mrs. [Catherine] Napier, TheLay of thePalace (London: Oliver, 1852), p.12. 57. “There Are Questions of Extraordinary Interest,” The Times (11 January 1851),p.4. 58. Bazley, Lecture upon Cotton,pp. 25, 46–7. 59. Tallis’s History, Vol.2,p.73. 60. E. D. Chattaway, Railways, Their Capital and Dividends (London: Weale, 1855–56), pp. 132–3. 61. Chattaway, Railways, p. 132. 62. Stuart-Wortley, “Anticipated Close,”p. 237. 63. Thomas Hughes, Tom Brown’sSchooldays (1857; London: Penguin, 1997), p. 18; further page references appear in parentheses. 64. This label is confusing in that it calls to mind Disraeli’s nostalgic, anti- progressive Young England group of the 1840s. 65. Anne Lohrli indicates that the author of the tale was Charles Knight, Dick- ens’s long-time friend and collaborator. See Lohrli, Household Words: A Weekly Journal 1850–1859, pp. 71, 333. 66. “A Christmas Pudding,” Household Words 2 (21 December 1850), pp. 300–4 (301); further page references appear in parentheses. 67. Cobden, “England, Ireland,and America,”pp. 45–6. 68. Royle, Culture and Commerce of Cotton,pp. 20–1, 12. 69. John Stuart Mill, “A Few Words on Non-Intervention”(1859), Collected Worksof John Stuart Mill, Vol. 21, ed.JohnM.Robson (London: Routledge, 1984), pp. 109–24 (119). 70. Quoted in Martin Lynn, “British Policy, Trade, and Informal Empire in the Mid-Nineteenth Century,” in TheOxford History of the British Empire, Volume III: The Nineteenth Century, ed. Andrew Porter (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 101–21 (108). 71. Lynn, “British Policy,”p. 109; “Business and theBayonet,” Punch 19 (1850), p. 234. 72. Mill, “Few Words,” p. 111. 73. Peter Osborne, “Modernity Is a Qualitative, Not a Chronological Category,” New Left Review 192 (1992), pp. 65–84 (74, 83). 74. Samir Amin, “Globalism or Apartheid on a Global Scale?” in TheMod- ern World System in the Longue Durée, ed. Immanuel Wallerstein (Boulder: Paradigm, 2004), pp. 5–30 (5). Notes, pp. 178–85 225
75. Harvey, New Imperialism, pp. 31–2. Here I would remark David Landes’s useful observation that it is often not the state which sets the agenda: “Where one group is strong enough to push another around and stands to gain by it, it will do so. Even if the state would abstain from aggres- sion, companies and individuals will not wait for permission. Rather, they will act in their own interest, dragging others along, including the state” (Landes, TheWealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor [London: Norton, 1999], p. 63). If I agree with Landes here, I should note more broadlythat, in discussing thethesis to whichhis book’s titleis directed, Landes emphasizes the cultural failures and socio-economic inad- equacies of the global poor, where I prefer to emphasize the exploitative strategies and discriminatory mindsets of the global rich. 76. Doreen Massey, “Is theWorld ReallyShrinking?” A Festival of Ideas for the Future – Open University Radio Lecture, BBC Radio Three (9 November 2006). 77. Immanuel Wallerstein, Historical Capitalism with Capitalist Civilization (London: Verso, 1995), p.30. 78. William Morris, News from Nowhere (1890; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 81–2. 79. Wallerstein, Historical Capitalism, p. 85; further page references appear in parentheses. 80. On the need to avoid such economic reductivism, characterizedbya priori deductions and an inattention to historical specificity, see Stuart Hall, “Race, Articulation, and Societies Structured in Dominance,” in Race Critical Theories: Text and Contextt, ed. Philomena Essed and David Theo Goldberg (Oxford: Blackwell, 2002), pp. 38–68 (especially 42–3). 81. Noam Chomsky, Hegemony or Survival: America’s Quest for Global Dominance (New York:Holt, 2003),p.45. 82. Mill, Principles of Political Economy, p. 222. 83. The quotation is from Charles Dickens’s anonymouslypublished essay “The Noble Savage,” Household Words 7(11 June 1853), pp. 337–9 (337). 84. Charles Dickens, “TheNiger Expedition”(1848), Miscellaneous Papers from “The Morning Chronicle,”“The Daily News,”“The Examiner,”“Household Words,”“All the Year Round,” etc. and Plays and Poems, Vol.1(London: Chapman, 1911), pp. 117–35 (124). 85. Carlyle, “Chartism,” p. 231. 86. On the growing gap in income levels which characterized the nineteenth century see Peter Dicken, Global Shift: Reshaping theGlobal Economic Map in the 21st Century (London: Sage, 2003), pp. 512–13. 87. Stocking, Victorian Anthropology, p.36. 88. Arendt, Imperialism,pp. 63–4. 89. Said, Orientalism, p. 43. 90. Bolt, Victorian Attitudes to Race, p. ix. 91. Cora Kaplan, Victoriana – Histories, Fictions, Criticisms (Edinburgh:Edin- burgh University Press, 2007), pp. 143–4. 92. “A Curious Contribution to the Great Exhibition,” The Times (31 January 1850),p.8. 93. T. H. Lacy, Novelty Fair; or, Hints for 1851: An Exceedingly Premature and Thoroughly Apropos Revue ([1850]), p. 10; “Foreign Families of Distinction in London,” Punch 21 (1851), p. 135. 226 Notes, pp. 185–96
94. Altick, Shows of London,pp. 268, 279. 95. “The Approaching Festival of Nations,” Family Herald 9(3May 1851), pp. 12–13 (12). 96. Mayhew and Cruikshank, 1851,pp. 1–2. 97. In fact Soyer’s Symposium proved popular but failed commercially, running for five months and shutting just after the close of the Exhibition some £7000 in debt. See Ruth Cowen, Relish:The Extraordinary Lifeof Alexis Soyer, Victorian Celebrity Chef (London: Weidenfeld, 2006), p. 231. 98. Alexis Soyer, Memoirs of Alexis Soyerr, ed.F.Volant and J. R. Warren (1859; Rottingdean, UK: Cooks, 1985), p. 200. 99. Soyer, Memoirs, p. 201. 100. “Refreshments at the Great Exhibition of 1851,” Punch 20 (1851), p. 33. 101. “London Dining Rooms,” Punch 20 (1851), frontispiece; “The Haycocks in 1851,” Punch 20 (1851), frontispiece. 102. Thomas Onwhyn, Mr. and Mrs. John Brown’s Visit to London to See the Great Exposition of All Nations (London: Ackerman, n.d.), quoted in Auerbach, GreatExhibition,pp. 174–5. 103. Frantz Fanon, “The Fact of Blackness,” Black Skin, White Masks (1952), trans. Charles Lam Markmann (London: Pluto, 1986), pp. 109–40 (114). 104. Soyer, Memoirs,p. 208. 105. See Helen Morris, Portrait of aChef:TheLifeof Alexis Soyer, Sometime Chef to theReform Club (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1938), p. 104. 106. “Visions in the Crystal,” Punch 20 (1851), p. 188. 107. McClintock, Imperial Leather, p. 56; further page references appear in parentheses. 108. Thomas Carlyle, “Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question,” Fraser’s Magazine 40 (1849), pp. 527–38 (534). 109. Wallerstein, Historical Capitalism,p.78. 110. Quoted in George Lamming, ThePleasures of Exile (1960; Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1992), p.32. 111. Brantlinger, Dark Vanishings,p.43. 112. Tallis’s History, Vol. 2, p. 129. 113. Hughes, Tom Brown’sSchooldays, p. 18; John Ruskin, “Conclusion to Inaugural Lecture as Slade Professor of Fine Art” (Oxford University, 8 February 1870),inEmpire Writing: An Anthology of Colonial Literature 1870–1918, ed. Elleke Boehmer (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 16–20 (18). 114. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (15 May 1851), p.5. 115. “Foreignand Colonial Departments. No. 2,” Crystal Palace (11 October 1851), pp. 20–2 (20). 116. McClintock, Imperial Leatherr, p. 30. 117. “TheNoble Savage,” Household Words 7(11 June 1853), pp. 337–9 (337). 118. Grace Moore, Dickens and Empire: Discourses of Class, Race and Colonialism in theWorksof Charles Dickens (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004), p.70. 119. “Noble Savage,” p. 337; see note 117 for full reference. 120. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (16 June 1851),p.8. 121. Hunt’sHandbook, Vol.1,p.245. 122. Lemoinne, “Letters,”pp. 580–1. 123. Hardtand Negri, Empire, p. 170. Notes, pp. 196–203 227
124. Smith, Wealth of Nations,Vol.2,p. 708. 125. Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness (1902; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1989), p. 87. 126. “Some Moral Aspects of the Great Exhibition,” Economist 9(17 May 1851), pp. 531–2 (532). 127. Conrad, Heart of Darkness, pp. 31–2.
Postscript: America, Anglobalization and the Great Exhibition
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Abrams, M. H. 100 Bacon, Francis 40,43, 45, 46 Adas, Michael 132, 143 The Praise of Knowledge 40 Machines as the Measure of Men Bank of England 1 116–17, 118 barbarism 8, 16, 31, 89, 115, 117, Albert, Prince 17, 18, 47, 51–3, 56, 119, 120, 131, 132, 140, 142, 144, 60, 64, 66, 70, 83, 196 154, 156, 157, 160, 162, 163, 175, Mansion House Address 88, 149, 176, 177, 181, 182, 188, 191 211 Barber, William J. 133 Altick, Richard D. 40 Barrell, John 4–5 TheShows of London 185–6 Barthes, Roland 26, 53, 56 America, and Americans 37, 53, 63, “The Great Family of Man” 19–20 76, 94, 100, 111, 117, 133, 134, bazaars 98, 125, 131 137, 138, 150, 168, 169, 188, Bazley, Thomas 148, 167 189, 192, 194, 198–203; see also United States Beer, Gillian 47, 78–9 Amin, Samir 178 Belgium 26 anachronism Belshazzar’sFeast 47 East 131 Benjamin, Walter 89, 105, 115 humans 190–1 Bennett, Tony 12, 81, 86, 95 space 190–3 “TheExhibitionary Complex” 81, Anglobalization 198–203; see also 86, 95 Ferguson, Niall Bentham, Jeremy 87 anthropology 15, 19, 20, 30, 32, 50, Berman, Marshall 145 54, 59, 140, 154, 180, 182, 183 Bernard, Bayle 76; see also Wheeler, Royal Anthropological Society 183 Peleg E. Victorian Anthropology 31 Binney, Thomas 45–6, 84 anti-Semitism 176 Birch, Henry 53–5 Arabian Nights 120–2 The “GreatExhibition” Spiritualized Arendt, Hannah 92, 183 53–4 The Origins of Totalitarianism 183 Blackwell, S. H. 148 “Ariel’s Girdle” 163, 165, 169, 171, Blanqui, Adolphe 114, 139 177, 181; see also railways Blomfield, Charles, Bishop of Arkwright, Richard 148 London49 Ashantee 138 Auerbach, Jeffrey A. 6, 10, 27, 65, Bolt, Christine 183 149, 151 Victorian Attitudes to Race 50 The Great Exhibition of 1851: Borges, Jorge Luis 120 A Nation on Display 6 bourgeois 8, 11, 12, 58, 65, 79, Australia and Australians 140, 152, 85, 89, 91–3, 97, 117, 137, 140, 169, 192, 193, 195 141, 142, 144, 145, 163, 179, 110, 200 Babbage, Charles 41, 83, 98–9 bourgeoisie 8, 12, 80, 92, 140 Babel 19, 22, 28, 47, 50, 51, 53 Bowlby, Rachel 105
241 242 Index
Brantlinger, Patrick 159, 192 free-trade capitalism 5, 16, 17, 20, Dark Vanishings: Discourse on the 39, 80, 97, 149 Extinction of Primitive Races gentlemanly capitalism 9 1800–1930 156 global capitalism 57, 62, 142, 178 Bremer, Frederika76, 79, 80, as global economic organism 148–9 84, 87 Bright, John 25, 120, 189 industrial capitalism 4, 10, 11, 52, Britain 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 16, 19, 60, 66, 88, 93, 97, 98, 107, 109, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 37, 41, 91, 110, 116, 118, 119, 124, 132, 99, 110, 116, 117, 118, 124, 125, 136, 139, 142, 145, 149, 159, 126, 127, 128, 131, 133, 134, 135, 160, 164, 174, 177, 178, 179, 136, 143, 144, 145–9, 150–4, 157, 181, 182, 190, 192 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, Carlyle, Thomas 102–3, 182, 191 167, 170, 171, 173, 174, 176, 177, “Chartism” 142–3, 144, 165 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 189, 193, Catlin, George 194, 195 198–201 Catlin’sIndians 194, 195 British(concept) 6, 9, 15, 18, 25, 26, Ceylon 113, 172 29, 30,42, 65, 67, 68,73, 99, 111, Chartism 91 115, 117, 126, 128, 130–4, 136, Chattaway,E.D., Railways, Their 147, 151, 153, 159, 160, 162, 164, Capital and Dividends 167–8 167, 169, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177, Chaudhuri, Napur 124 181, 183, 185, 191, 193, 199, 200, cheeses 75, 173 201, 207 Chevalier, Michel 113, 117 Brontë, Charlotte 104, 120, 122 Childers, Joseph W. 198, 202 Buckle, Henry Thomas 22–3 Victorian Prism 13, 14 History of Civilization in England 22 China, and theChinese 28, 29, 39, Burke, Edmund 65, 213 44, 53, 55, 72, 76, 113, 114, 117, Burrows,H. W., The Great Exhibition: 118, 119, 137, 140, 159, 176, 186, ASermon 84 187, 188, 210 Bush, GeorgeW.,“Securing Freedom’s Chomsky, Noam 180 Triumph” 199, 203 Christianity 15, 20, 27, 48, 49, 50, Buxton, Charles 181 53, 162, 167, 169, 181, 200 Buzard, James 13, 14, 198, 202 Christianisation 158, 181, 196 Victorian Prism 13, 14 Church of England 48 civilization 2, 8, 25, 31, 37, 41, 50, Cain, P. J. 9; see also gentlemanly 52, 89, 90, 110, 113, 115, 116, capitalism 117, 119, 138, 158, 160, 161, 165, Canada 143, 193 167, 175, 181, 183, 192, 195, 196 cannibalism, 188–9 Cobden, Richard 25, 26, 69, 74, 148, capitalism 1, 6, 9–15, 21, 22, 29, 33, 162, 175–6, 189, 199–200 34, 37, 40, 44, 46, 48, 49, 51, 55, Cohn, Bernard 128 58–63, 65, 67, 78, 80, 81, 84, 86, Cole, Henry 17, 18, 29, 30, 99, 149 89, 90, 92–3, 105, 116, 124, 125, Official Descriptive and Illustrated 126, 134, 141, 157, 158, 163, Catalogue 29, 41, 51 180, 191 Collins, Wilkie, The Moonstone: capitalist enterprise 2, 8 A Romance 129–30 capitalist growth and expansion commodity culture 13, 66, 105, 124 2,4,11, 61 Communist Manifesto, The 8, 9, 60, capitalist modernity 11 91, 140, 142 Index 243
Conrad, Joseph, Heart of Darkness Dombey and Son 1–2,4,8, 15, 60, 196–7 146, 147 Corfe, Tom 12 “The Great Exhibition and the Little Corn Laws, repeal of 24, 26, 34, One” 118–19, 141–2 207–8 Hard Times 118 Anti-Corn Law League 25; see also Little Dorrit 146 Economist “The Niger Expedition” 181, 182, cosmopolitanism 3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 22, 190, 194 24, 29–30, 38, 50, 51, 55, 64, 85, “TheNoble Savage” 194 148, 149, 150, 151, 158, 165, 170, see also Household Words 177, 187, 196, 198 Disraeli, Benjamin 151–2, 153 Cruikshank, George Dutch 30, 44, 112, 132, 149 “All theWorld Going to See the Holland 150 Great Exhibition of 1851” 186 Eagleton, Terry 33, 58 1851, Or theAdventures of Mr and TheIdeology of the Aesthetic 79–80 Mrs Sandboys 18 East, the 8, 104, 108, 109, 112–19, Crystal Palace and its Contents, The 120–1, 122, 123–7, 130–1, 140, 18, 42, 53, 83, 90–1, 92, 122, 166, 183, 216–18 123, 135–6, 193 East India Company 121, 122, 127, Crystal Palace Game 58 131, 133, 135 Cuvier 65, 68 Economic Man see Homo Economicus Economist 34, 45, 106, 112, 115 Daguerrotypes 3, 73 “Some Moral Aspects of the Great Dalhousie, Marquis of, Governor Exhibition” 196–7 General of India 133, 167 Edinburgh Review 67, 142 Daly, Suzanne 124 Edwards, Steve 107 Darwin, Charles 78–9, 184 Egypt 74, 100, 112, 115, 138, 168, Origin of Species 78 194 Davis, John R. 12, 14–15, 55, 66, Eliot, George, Middlemarch 29 100–1, 128 Ellis, Robert 163; see also Official TheGreatExhibition 6 Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue Davis, Mike, Late Victorian empire 9, 13, 68, 119, 124, 125, 126, Holocausts 11 127, 128, 131, 135–6, 139, 145, Debord,Guy 105 151, 152, 153, 158, 164, 169, 170, Defoe, Daniel 29–30, 34, 59, 69 183, 190, 199, 200, 202 “Mr Review Plumps for Free Trade” Engels, Friedrich 91–2, 132–3 57–8 The Communist Manifesto 8, 9, 60, Robinson Crusoe 32–4 91, 140, 142 “The True-Born Englishman: and Karl Marx 8, 9, 10, 91, 92, A Satyr” 30 145 Dehaene, Michiel 82 Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Delveaux, Martin 110 Politisch-Ökonomische Revue 91 democracy 21 England 22, 26, 43, 72, 76, 119, Denny, Alice 111, 112 129, 142, 143, 148, 149, 151, 152, Dickens, Charles 1, 88, 103–4, 120, 155, 163, 169, 170, 172, 173, 174, 162, 181–2, 189, 190, 194–5, 177, 200 217, 219 England’s Mission 149, 155–62, Bleak House 146, 161, 165 181, 182, 190 244 Index
England–continued Freeman, Michael 164 theEnglish 20, 22, 24, 29–30, 44, Fukuyama, Francis 38, 46 75, 91, 112, 117, 118, 129, 130, TheEnd of History 21 132, 151, 158, 169, 172, 176, 185, 200, 207, 218 Gagnier, Regenia 31–2, 35, 160 Englishness 149, 170 The Insatiability of Human Wants Enlightenment 5–6, 13, 24, 40, 54, 33–4 59, 73, 181, 182, 198 and Martin Delveaux 110 evolution 84 Gallagher, Catherine 84, 87 evolutionary theory 78 Gallagher, John 111, 112 process of 80 “The Imperialism of Free Trade” Excelsior 87 152–3 Exhibition Special Commissioner 64 see also Robinson, Ronald exhibitionary complex 81, 86, 95, Geertz, Clifford 54 96; see also Bennett, Tony gentlemanly capitalism 9 Germany 24, 30, 37, 44, 72, 76, 112, Fabian, Johannes 154, 183 117, 149, 150 Time and theOther 154 Gillooly,Eileen 13, 14, 198, 202 Family Herald 38–9, 45, 89, 90, 186 Victorian Prism 13, 14 Fanon, Frantz 189 TheGlass Berg 103 Felkin, William, Mayor of Nottingham global village 36, 38, 83, 93, 96, 141, 76, 161 165 Ferguson, Niall 199–200, 202 Gramsci, Antonio 12 Colossus: The Price of America’s Greece 150 Empire 199 Greeley, Horace 100, 140 Empire: How Britain MadetheModern Glances at Europe 137 World 199–200 Greenhalgh, Paul 12, 125, 126 ffrench, Yvonne 12 Gurney, Peter 15 Forbes, Edward 138 Gwinn, Nancy,and Robert Rydell 96 Forster, Reverend William 155, 161 England’s Mission to All Nations 15 Halberstam, Judith 15 Foucault, Michel 12, 81 Hall, Catherine 160, 161 Discipline and Punish 86 Hardt, Michael,and Antonio Negri TheOrder of Things 77 63–4, 67 France 24, 25, 44, 64, 65, 72, 73, 75, Empire 124 76, 104, 111, 112, 113, 114, 117, Hardy,Thomas 60, 88 146, 150, 163, 185, 189 “The Fiddlerofthe Reels” 60 Frenchmen 30, 146–7, 149, 187 Harvey, David 5, 59, 60, 61, 73, Frank, André Gunder 9 92–3, 142, 178 Frankenstein 18, 20 Hegel,G.W.F. 192 Fraser’sMagazine 145–7, 149, 151–2, Heidegger, Martin 72 153 Hindley,Charles 23, 24 “The First Half of the Nineteenth Hobhouse, Christopher 12 Century” 145 Hobsbawm, Eric 10, 164 “The French Critic in London” 146 Hoffenberg, Peter H., AnEmpire on free trade 5, 10, 15, 23, 24, 27, 28, Display 13, 63, 95–6, 97, 126 37, 49,53, 54, 95, 148, 152, 155, Holland see Dutch 172, 175, 177, 180, 199, Homo Economicus 31–5, 36, 40, 44, 207–8 51, 54, 55, 56,59, 189 Index 245
Hong Kong152, 153 Kaplan, Cora 184, 191 Hopkins, A. G. 9; see also Kingsley, Charles 103 gentlemanly capitalism Yeast 147 Horne, Richard 118, 129 Kohinoor 125, 126, 127–30, “A Penitent Confession” 129–31 139 “The Great Exhibition and the Little Kriegel, Lara 126, 128 One” 118–19, 141–2 “The Wonders of 1851” 70 Lacy, T. H., Novelty Fair; or, Hints For see also Household Words 1851 185 Household Words 70, 118, 129, 146, “ladder of progress” 111, 112, 157, 163, 171 136 “AChristmas Pudding” 171–4, 179 Lamb, Arthur 43, 79, 80 “The Great Exhibition and the Little Landes, David, TheWealthand One” 118–19, 141–2 Poverty of Nations: Why Some “A Penitent Confession” 129–31 Are So Richand Some So Poor “Our Phantom Ship, Central 224–5 America” 157, 159, 162, 163 Langdon, Philip 62, 140 “The Wonders of 1851” 70 Lardner, Dionysius 195 see also Household Words TheGreatExhibition in London in Hughes, Thomas, Tom Brown’s School 1851 166 Days 169–70, 192–3 Railway Economy: A Treatise on humanism 20, 40, 50 theNewArtof Transport Hunt, James 183 165–6 Hunt, Robert 101 Lefebvre, Henri 14 Hunt’s Handbook to theOfficial Lemoinne, John 104, 195 Catalogues 128, 195, 196 Linnaeus, Carl 65, 138 Systema Naturae 61 Illustrated Exhibitor and Magazine of Art List, Friedrich 38 74–5, 121, 125–6, 128, 131, 132, The National System of Political 135, 187 Economy 37 Illustrated London News 22, 41–2, Outlines of American Political 43–4, 64, 70,76,79, 101, 122, Economy 37 123, 136, 139, 148, 165 Lynn, Martin 176 imperialism 8, 9, 10, 16, 111, 126, 142, 152, 153, 154, 183–4, 192, 196, 199, 201 MacFarlane, Rev. P. 49 India 72, 75, 108, 109, 113, 114, 122, TheCrystal Palace, Viewed in Some 124, 125, 127, 129, 131, 132, 136, of its Moral and Religious 152, 159, 163, 167, 168, 175 Aspects 48 Industrial Revolution 5, 13, 60, 91, MacLeod, Christine 149 116, 147 McClintock, Anne 61–2, 65, 73, 95, Ireland 67, 75, 200 190, 193–4 Irwin, Robert 120; see also Arabian McCulloch, J. R. 24–5, 36, 70 Nights McLuhan, Marshall 36 Italy 43, 44, 51, 75, 112 Maidment, Brian 15 Malthus, Thomas 79 Jerrold, Douglas 43; see also Lamb, Manchester School, The 104, Arthur 189 Jones, Owen 41 Mandler, Peter 158 246 Index
Marx, Karl 10, 16, 32–3, 54, 85–6, 88, Negri, Antonio, and Michael Hardt 91–3, 121, 132, 134–5,145,157, 63–4,67 163 Empire 124 The Communist Manifesto 8, 9, 60, New Imperialism 152 91, 140, 142 New York Tribune 100 and Friedrich Engels 91, 92, 145, New Zealand 140, 152, 153, 187 157 New Zealanders 138, 187, 188, Neue Rheinische Zeitung: 195, 196 Politisch-Ökonomische Revue 91 Newcombe, Samuel, Little Henry’s Massey, Doreen 168, 178 Holiday at the Great Exhibition For Space 156–7 112–13, 117, 119 Mayhew, Henry 55, 89, 117, Noble Savage 156 186–7 “TheNoble Savage” 194 1851, Or theAdventures of Mr and non-European (concept) Mrs Sandboys 18 cultures 110, 112, 184 metropolitan 1, 2, 3, 11, 16, 32, 111, economies 170 119, 121, 124, 128, 133, 134, 135, goods 154 136, 140, 144, 145, 148, 151, 155, peoples 118, 141, 154–9, 160, 162, 156, 157, 160, 161, 162, 167, 170, 177, 180–2, 184, 186, 191, 192, 171, 173, 176, 177, 179, 185, 186, 201 190, 192, 200, 201 peripheries 177, 192 London as the world’s metropolis resources 144, 182, 190 13, 22, 26 societies 110 metropolitan audience 3, 9, 99, world 9–11, 61, 92–3, 132, 137, 125, 196 140, 143, 155, 177, 179, 193, Mill,John Stuart 23, 116, 117, 160, 201 161, 175, 176–7, 180 visitors to theExhibition 188–90 “A Few Wordson Norris, Frank, The Octopus 137 Non-Intervention” 175, 180–1 North, Sir Dudley, Discourses of Trade Miller, Andrew H. 13 36, 69 Mitchell, Timothy 12, 95, 138–9 modernity 4, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 31, Occident 109 60, 84, 85, 88, 102, 109, 110, 115, Official Descriptive and Illustrated 139, 145–6, 154, 156–7, 164, Catalogue 29, 41, 51, 64, 65, 67, 168–9, 177, 178–81, 190–1, 198, 128, 133, 135, 138, 163–4 200, 202 Onwhyn, Thomas, Mr. and Mrs. John modernization 156, 157, 175 Brown’s Visit to London to See the monogenetism 50, 183 Great Exposition of All Nations Moore, Grace 194 188–9 Moretti, Franco 83 Orient 108, 109, 113, 114, 115, Morris, William 179 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 126, 130, Mr Goggleye’s Visit to theExhibition 39 166, 183 Osborne, Peter 178 Napier, Catherine, The Lay of the Palace 166 Palace of Glass and the Gathering of Native Americans 188, 194 People, The 43 Indians 138, 188, 189, 194, 195 Palmerston, Lord 175, 177 Red Men 188 panoptical time 190 naturalhistory 137, 140 panopticon 87 Index 247
Parker, Noel 35 “Visions in theCrystal” 189–90 Pax Britannica 16, 153, 174,175, “You Must Translate,’Tis Fit We 179, 182, 191, 200, 201, 205 Understand” 44 Paxton, Joseph 3, 13, 40, 41, 104, Purbrick, Louise 115 The Great Exhibition of 1851: New Peel, Sir Robert 25, 26, 152 Interdisciplinary Essays 12, 126 People’s Illustrated Journal of Arts, ThePolitical Economy of Imperialism: Manufactures, Practical Science, Re-visiting the Great Exhibition of Literature, and Social Economy 83 1851 (or Re-Reading Its Official Persia 108, 113 Record) 63 Pevsner, Nikolaus 12 photography 4, 5, 19, 62, 73, 95, race 19, 30, 35, 49, 50, 78, 111–13, 101, 107, 108 151, 158, 159, 179, 180, 181, Playfair, Lyon, Exhibition Special 183–6, 188, 190–2, 194–6, 200, Commissioner 64–5, 66, 68 202 political economy 4–5, 15, 20, 22–3, racial struggles 34, 195 30, 31–5, 37, 39, 45, 48,50, 63, railways 60, 85, 115, 133, 143, 144, 69, 75, 107, 118, 123, 127, 137, 163, 164, 165, 167–8 158, 161, 179, 183, 196, 205 railroads 169, 170, 181 polygeneticism 30, 50, 183 see also “Ariel’s Girdle” Porter, Roy 24 Ricardo, David 23, 32, 69 Portugal 112, 132, 150 Richards, Thomas 13, 105, 106 Pratt, Mary Louise 65, 71, 90, 137, Robinson, Ronald 111, 112 164 “The Imperialism of Free Trade” Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and 152–3 Transculturation 61–2 see also Gallagher, John progress 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 22, 25–6, 27, romance 32, 120, 121, 127, 129, 135, 29, 31,48,79, 81, 84–5, 88–9, 166 91–2, 107–8, 110, 111–19, 124, Rousseau, G. S. 24 136, 141, 143, 149, 157, 161, 163, Royle, John Forbes 133–4, 135, 136, 171, 173, 177, 179, 182, 184, 175 190–1, 195, 198–9, 201 On the Commerce of Cotton 134 protectionism 22, 24, 26, 27, 34, 37, Ruskin, John 116, 193 38, 49, 67, 77, 151, 173 The Stones of Venice 117 anti-protectionism 69 Russia 75, 76, 101, 123, 150, 159, Punch 27, 28–9,40, 44, 45, 47–8,55, 186, 187 71, 75, 90, 95, 129, 150, 171, Rydell,Robert 12, 96 175–6, 177, 185, 187–9 “Business and the Bayonet” 175–6, Said,Edward 2, 15, 109, 120, 126, 177, 179 183 “The Cookery of All Nations” 187 Orientalism 183 “TheExhibition Plague” 50 savagery 31,50, 85, 108, 109, 112, “Foreign Families of Distinction in 113, 138, 142, 144, 154, 156, London” 185 157, 160, 176, 177, 181, 182, 185, “London Dining Rooms” 188 186, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, “Refreshments at the Great 195, 197 Exhibition of 1851” 188 Schivelbusch, Wolfgang 103, 110, “Rules For the Prevention of Plague 164–5 Next Year” 150 Scotland 75 248 Index
Scrope, George Poulett 24, 28, 30 Sweden76 Searle, G. R. 23, 32, 37 Switzerland 26, 75 Shakespeare, William A Midsummer Night’sDream 165 Tallis’s History of the Crystal Palace TheTempest 104,165 42, 100, 101, 113, 117–18, 121, sight-seers 18, 206–7 122, 129, 137, 138, 159, 161, 167, Smith,Adam 22–5, 29, 30, 33, 36, 170, 192 37, 45, 54, 58, 61, 67, 69, 96, 106, taxonomy 64–5, 66, 67, 102 116, 141, 160, 207 telegraph 144, 163, 166, 167 TheTheory of Moral Sentiments Tennyson, Alfred 47, 84–5, 86, 88, 202–3 125 132 TheWealth of Nations 22, 26, 33–4, In Memoriam 47, 85, 88 35, 50, 73–4, 80–1, 196 “Locksley Hall” 84–5, 86, 88 Smith, Neil 59–60, 63, 67 Thackeray, William Makepeace 121 Uneven Development: Nature, Capital Times, The 3, 4, 18, 25–6, 27, 29, and theProduction of Space 42, 43, 51, 65, 66, 68, 73, 89, 59–60 101–2, 114, 115, 118, 122–3, Smith, Paul 5, 11, 61, 202 125, 135, 136, 139, 160–1, 166–7, Social Darwinism 34 193, 195 Sontag, Susan 73 “A Curious Contribution to the Soyer, Alexis 187, 189 Great Exhibiton of 1851” space 14–15, 16, 33, 56, 59–60, 63, 184–5 72, 81, 92–3, 164 Scrutator 98–100, 101–2 anachronistic space 190–1, 192, Trollope, Anthony 121, 129 193 The Eustace Diamonds 129 global space 59, 61, 141, 143, 156, Turkey 41, 75, 76, 115, 139, 159 157, 165 spatialheterogeneity 157 United States 44, 63, 137, 198, 199 spatio–temporaldialectic 179, 180, utilitarianism 34, 66, 78, 97, 98, 99, 191 101, 103, 104, 107, 111, 113, 115, and time 60, 61, 67, 108, 110, 144, 118, 119, 122, 123, 124, 129, 139, 163–5, 166, 167, 168, 169, 175, 160 177–8, 181 Spain 44, 75, 112, 123, 139, 150, 157 Victoria, Queen 102, 127, 128 Spencer, Herbert, Social Statistics: Or, Voltaire, Letters Concerning the The Conditions Essential to Human English 20 Happiness 34–5 St. Clair, William, TheGreatExhibition Wales 75 of 1851, A Poem 53 Wallace, Jeff 78 steamships85 Wallerstein, Immanuel 178–9, 180, Stephenson, Roberts 77, 82 191, 192 The Great Exhibition 82 Ward, James, The Great Exhibition of Stocking, George 31, 32, 182 1851; or, theWealth of theWorld in Victorian Anthropology 31, 32 its Workshops 147–8 Stuart-Wortley,Lady Emmeline 84, Warren, Samuel 56, 103, 127 86, 87–8, 90, 168, 179 Watt,Ian, TheRiseof the Novel 33, 34 “On the Anticipated Close of the Watt, James 148 Great Exhibition” 84, 86, Weber, Max, The Protestant Ethic and 87–8, 90 the Spirit of Capitalism 49 Index 249
West, the8, 9, 16, 54, 97, 106, 108, Whish, J. C. 49–50 109–11, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, Whorf, Benjamin Lee, Science and 119, 120, 124, 130, 132, 138, 139, Lingustics 39–40 140, 141, 143, 144,157, 162, 163, Williams, Raymond 2, 142, 166, 183, 191, 194, 200, 216–17 145–6 non-Western world 11, 16, 106, Wilson, Daniel 113 109–10, 139, 141, 200 Wordsworth, William 77, 100 Western civilization 115, 117, 158, Workshop of the World, Britain 195, 196 asthe6, 10, 149, 160, 172, Western powers 11, 15, 182 205 Western World 68, 108 Wyld, James, Great Globe 71–2 Wheeler, Peleg E. 76–7, 80, 94, 95, 97 see also Bernard,Bayle xenophobia 192, 200 Whewell, William 65, 72–3, 74, 82, 106–11, 113, 117, 140, 163 Young,Robert 9