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Introduction: the Millennial Dream Notes Introduction: The Millennial Dream 1. Charles Dickens, Dombey and Son, ed. Peter Fairclough, intr. Raymond Williams (1846–48; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979), pp. 87–8; further page references appear in parentheses. 2. Raymond Williams, “Introduction,” in Dickens, Dombey and Son, pp. 11–24 (11–12). 3. Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (London: Vintage, 1994), p. 14. 4. “The Great Exhibition,” The Times (17 March 1851),p.8. 5. Roland Robertson, Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture (London: Sage, 1992),p.8. 6. John Barrell, “Visualising the Division of Labour: William Pyne’s Micro- cosm,” The Birth of Pandora and the Division of Knowledge (London: Macmillan Press, 1992), pp. 89–118 (89). 7. David Harvey, TheCondition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (1989; Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), p. 27. 8. Paul Smith, Millennial Dreams: Contemporary Culture and Capital in the North (London: Verso, 1997), p.9. 9. Jeffrey A. Auerbach, The Great Exhibition of 1851: A Nation on Display (New Haven: Yale Univesity Press, 1999);John R. Davis, TheGreatExhibition (Stroud: Sutton, 1999).Athird recent history, Hermione Hobhouse’s The Crystal Palace and the Great Exhibition (London: Athlone, 2002), provides a detailed analysis of the display’s organization and legacy. 10. Auerbach, Great Exhibition, p. 1. 11. Auerbach, GreatExhibition,pp. 2–3. 12. Davis, GreatExhibition,p.x. 13. Auerbach, Great Exhibition, p. 1; Davis, Great Exhibition, p. xi. 14. Henceforth I use the generic term “Exhibition commentary” in order to refer tothese various texts. 15. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto (1848), Karl Marx: Selected Writings, ed. David McLellan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), pp. 221–47 (224–5). 16. Dickens, Dombey and Son, p. 120. 17. Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto, p. 225. 18. Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto,p.224. 19. Robert Young, Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001), p. 104. 20. P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British Imperialism, 1688–2000, 2nd edn (Harlow: Longman, 2001), p. 664. 21. Cain and Hopkins, British Imperialism,p. 663. 22. Kelly Boyd and Rohan McWilliam, “Reading Three,” in Kelly Boyd and Rohan McWilliam (eds), The Victorian Studies Reader (London: Routledge, 2007), pp. 83–4 (83); P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, “Gentlemanly Capitalism 204 Notes, pp. 9–12 205 and British Expansion Overseas I: TheOld Colonial System, 1650–1850,” EconomicHistory Review 39 (1986), pp. 501–25 (501). 23. André Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), p. xv. See also J. M. Blaut, The Colonizer’s Model of theWorld: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History (New York: Guilford, 1993), and Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and theMaking of theModern World Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), for differently accented challenges to received wis- dom concerning “the Rise of the West.” For a consideration of debates over the genesis of an integrated world system see Janet Abu-Lughod, “Disconti- nuities and Persistence: One World System or a Succession of Systems?” in André Gunder Frank and Barry K. Gills (eds), TheWorld System: Five Hundred or Five Thousand? (London: Routledge, 1993), pp. 278–91. 24. See John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson, “The Imperialism of Free Trade,” Economic History Review 6(1953), pp. 1–15. See also Bernard Semmel, The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism: Classical Political Economy, the Empire of Free Trade and Imperialism 1750–1850 (London: Cambridge University Press, 1970), for an account of the way in which political economy contributed to concep- tions of imperial activity “at whose core was the dream that England would be the Workshop of the World, the center of a cosmopolitan international economy that would constitute the basis of a Pax Britannica” (pp. 12–13). 25. Eric Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire: From 1750 to the Present Day, rev. ed. (London: Penguin, 1999), p. 114. 26. Smith, Millennial Dreams, p. 10. 27. Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and theMaking of the Third World (London: Verso, 2002), p. 16; further page references appear in parentheses. 28. Louise Purbrick, “Introduction,”inThe Great Exhibition of 1851: New Inter- disciplinary Essays, ed. Louise Purbrick(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001), pp. 1–25 (1). 29. This is a point made by James Buzard, Joseph W. Childers and Eileen Gillooly, “Introduction,” in James Buzard, Joseph W. Childers and Eileen Gillooly (eds), Victorian Prism: Refractions of theCrystal Palace (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007), pp. 1–19 (6). 30. Yvonne ffrench, The Great Exhibition: 1851 (London: Harvill, 1950); Christopher Hobhouse, 1851 and theCrystal Palace: Being an Account of the Great Exhibition and its Contents; of Sir Joseph Paxton; and of the Erection, the Subsequent History and the Destruction ofhis Masterpiece (London: Murray, 1937);Nikolaus Pevsner, High Victorian Design: A Study of theExhibits of 1851 (London: Architectural, 1951). 31. Pevsner, High Victorian Design,p.114. 32. Tom Corfe, TheGreatExhibition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979);Robert W. Rydell, All theWorld’s a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984);Tony Bennett, “TheExhibitionary Complex”(1988), in Nicholas B. Dirks, Geoff Eley and Sherry B. Ortner (eds), Culture/Power/History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), pp. 123–54; Paul Greenhalgh, Ephemeral Vistas: A History of the Expositions Universelles, the Great Exhibi- tions and World’s Fairs, 1851–1939 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 206 Notes, pp. 12–18 1988); Timothy Mitchell, “Orientalism and theExhibitionary Order,” in Nicholas B. Dirks (ed.), Colonialism and Culture (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992), pp. 289–318. 33. Davis, Great Exhibition,p.xv. 34. Andrew H. Miller, Novels behind Glass: Commodity Culture and Victorian Narrative (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995);Thomas Richards, The Commodity Culture of Victorian England:Advertising and Spectacle, 1851–1914 (1990; London: Verso, 1991). 35. Buzard,Childers and Gillooly, “Introduction,” pp. 7, 6, 2. Although Iwas able to benefit from the introduction to this valuable collection, its publica- tion was too close to the completion of my own manuscript for this study to profit from the essays it comprises. Likewise, the equally useful Britain, the Empire, and theWorld at the Great Exhibition of 1851, ed. Jeffrey A. Auerbach and Peter H. Hoffenberg (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008) appeared after my own manuscript hadbeen completed. 36. Hoffenberg, Empire on Display, p. xvii; Buzard,Childers and Gillooly, “Intro- duction,” pp. 2–3. 37. Purbrick, “Introduction,”p.21. 38. Buzard,Childers and Gillooly, “Introduction,” p. 3. 39. Henri Lefebvre, TheProduction of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), p. 53; further page references appear in paren- theses. 40. Judith Halberstam, In a Queer Time and Space: Transgender Bodies, Subcultural Lives (New York: New York University Press, 2005),p.8. 41. Peter Gurney, “An Appropriated Space: The Great Exhibition, the Crystal Palace and theWorking Class,” in Purbrick(ed.), GreatExhibition,pp. 114–45; Brian Maidment, “Entrepreneurship and the Artisans: John Cassell,the Great Exhibition and the Periodical Idea,” in Purbrick (ed.), Great Exhibition, pp. 79–113. 42. Said, Culture and Imperialism, pp. 13–14. 1 The Great Family of Man 1. Among theExhibition’sorganizers were included theRoyal Commission, the twenty-four statesmen appointed in January 1850 and headed by Prince Albert. See Auerbach, GreatExhibition; Davis, GreatExhibition;and Hermione Hobhouse, The Crystal Palace and the Great Exhibition (London: Athlone, 2002): all provide detailed historical accounts of the planning, organization and execution of the Exhibition. 2. Quoted in Elizabeth Bonyham and Anthony Burton, TheGreatExhibitor: The Lifeand Work of Henry Cole (London: V & A, 2003), p. 116. 3. “There is Much Speculation Afloat,” The Times (3 January 1851), p.4. 4. Henry Mayhew and George Cruikshank, 1851: Or, theAdventures of Mr. And Mrs. Sandboysand Family,Who Came Up to London to ‘Enjoy Themselves’,and to See the Great Exhibition (London: Bogue, 1851), p. 1. 5. The Oxford English Dictionary notes that the term was coined in 1834. By 1849 it was being used in a derogatory sense, and in 1860 Thackeray observed that it was “Humour and grotesqueness” which gave “sight-seer the most singular Notes, pp. 18–24 207 zest and pleasure.” If Mayhew’s usage was provocative it was also apt, for many observers at least. This point is expanded on in Chapter 3. 6. “The Great Exhibition and its Results,” TheCrystal Palace and its Contents: Being an Illustrated Cyclopaedia of the Great Exhibition of theIndustry of All Nations. 1851 (London: Clark, 1852), pp. 63–4 (63), (25 October 1851); Illustrated London News (11 October 1851). 7. “Great Exhibition,” Crystal Palace and its Contents, p.63. 8. Roland Barthes, “The Great Family of Man,” Mythologies, selec. and trans. Annette Lavers (1957; London: Vintage, 1993), pp. 100–2 (100). 9. Barthes, “Great Family,”p. 100. 10. Voltaire, “Letter VI. On the Presbyterians”(1733), Letters Concerning the English Nation, intr. Charles Whibley(New York: Franklin, 1974), pp. 32–5 (34). 11. Francis Fukuyama, TheEnd of History and the Last Man (New York: Avon, 1992), p. 55; further page references
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