َّ َّ َ َ ُ َ ّ ُ َ َ ْ َ َّ ُ َ ّ ُ َ َ ُ إِ نالل ل يغ ِي ما بِقو ٍم ح ٰت يغ ِيوا ما بِأنف ِس ِهم ۗ ...Verily Allah will not change the condition of a people until they change themselves (Holy Quran, Sura Ar-ra’d 13:11) َّ َ َ ُ َ َ ْ َّ َ َ َّ َّ َ ْ ْ َ َو ِال َين جاهدوا فِينا لَه ِد َين ُه ْم ُس ُبل ا ۚن ِإَون َالل ل َم َع ال ُمح ِسنِني And those who strive in Our cause, We will certainly guide them to Our paths. For verily Allah is with those who do right. (Holy Quran, Sura Al-’Ankabut 29:69) India 2047 Empowering the People India 2047 Empowering the People Published by Empower India Foundation G-20 A, Ground Floor, Forty Feet Road Shaheen Bagh, Abul Fazal Enclave Part II Jamia Nagar, Okhla, New Delhi-110025 www.empowerindiafoundation.org First Published : August 2016 Revised Second Edition : August 2017 Design@mahin
[email protected] www.india100years.com © Empower India Foundation Table of Contents PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................ 13 Part I BacKGROUND Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 16 1.1 Insecure and parlous .............................................................................................................................17 1.2 Twice backward ......................................................................................................................................17 1.3 Southern