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Some Factors Affecting Fish Forage Production in Four Arizona Lakes

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Some Factors Affecting Fish Forage Production in Four Arizona Lakes Some factors affecting fish forage production in four Arizona lakes Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Bergersen, Eric P. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 30/09/2021 20:32:03 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/552039 SOME FACTORS AFFECTING FISH FORAGE PRODUCTION IN FOUR ARIZONA LAKES by Eric P. Bergersen A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE WITH A MAJOR IN FISHERY BIOLOGY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 6 9 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re­ quirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judg­ ment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholar­ ship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: L A\ f w i l l i a m j . Mc Co n n e l l Date Professor of Biological Sciences ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank Dr. William J. McConnell, of the Arizona Co­ operative Fishery Unit, for his valuable supervision and advice. Special thanks are due to Mr. Alex Gonzales of the Canelo Ranger Sta­ tion, Coronado National Forest, and Mr. John K. Anderson of the U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife for their cooperation while working at Parker Canyon Lake and Becker Lake, respectively. Thanks are also due to Mr. Daniel Hopson, Mr. Steve Lewis, and Mr. Robert Hallock for their assistance with field work. This study was financed by the Arizona Cooperative Fishery Unit which is maintained by the following organizations: The University of Arizona, the Arizona Game and Fish Department, and the U. S, Fish and Wildlife Service. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF T A B L E S ............ vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . ........................................ viii A B S T R A C T ........................................................ ix INTRODUCTION ........ 1 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA ....................................... 4 <r <r to Parker Canyon Lake Pena Blanca Lake vd Becker Lake . Woods Canyon Lake MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................... 9 Zooplankton Standing Crop ........ ................ • 9 Standing Crop of Benthic O r g a n i s m s ......................... 10 Standing Crop of Littoral Weed Or g a n i s m s .................... 10 Standing Crop of C h l o r o p h y l l ............................... 11 Trace M e t a l s ............................................... 12 Alkalinity, Nitrate, and Phosphate of Inflow W a t e r s .................... 13 Aquatic Plant Tissue Analysis ............................... 14 Temperature Stratification .............. 14 Fish Food Habits ....... .......... ......... 15 R E S U L T S .......................................................... 16 Zooplankton Standing Crop ................................... 16 Standing Crop of Benthic Fish Food O r g a n i s m s .............. 19 Standing Crop of Littoral WeedOr g a n i s m s .................... 21 Standing Crop of Chlorophyll ..................... ..... 25 Inflow Chemistry . ............................... ..... 28 Metal Content of Lake Water .......... ........... 30 Aquatic Plant Tissue Analysis ................ ....... 34 Temperature Stratification ................................. 40 Fish Food H a b i t s .............................. 40 Fish Growth ................................... ....... 48 DISCUSSION ........................ ............................. 53 iv V TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page CONCLUSIONS......................................... ............ 62 APPENDIX: RAW TABULAR DATA FOR SPECIFIC MEASUREMENTS.......... 64 LITERATURE CITED 87 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Mean values of selected factors influencing fish forage production in Parker Canyon, Becker, Pena Blanca, and Woods Canyon lakes ......................... 17 2. Zooplankton standing crop measurements for Parker Canyon, Becker, Pena Blanca, and Woods Canyon lakes, expressed as mg/m3............................ 18 3. Standing crops of benthic fish food organisms in Parker Canyon, Becker, Pena Blanca, and Woods Canyon lakes, expressed as g m / m 2 ........... 20 4. Littoral weed organism standing crops in Parker Canyon, Becker, Pena Blanca, and Woods Canyon lakes, expressed as gms invertebrate/kg dry weight of plant material . 23 5. Standing crops of chlorophyll in Parker Canyon, Becker, Pena Blanca, and Woods Canyon lakes, expressed as m g / m 3 ............................................. .. 26 6. Inflow concentrations of alkalinity, nitrate, and phosphate entering Becker, Pena Blanca, Parker Canyon, and Woods Canyon lakes, expressed as mg/1. Only interflood flows of 2.0 cfs or less are in­ cluded ................ 29 7. Atomic absorption analyses of selected metals in three inflows entering Parker Canyon Lake (5 Jan. 1968) and an unnamed inflow entering Woods Canyon Lake (30 March 1968), expressed as m g / 1 ................................ 31 8. Concentrations of trace elements and metals in the epilimnetic waters of Becker, Woods Canyon, Pena Blanca, and Parker Canyon lakes, expressed as mg/1 . 32 9. Kjeldahl nitrogen and metal concentrations in Myriophyl- lum exalbescens petiole samples from Parker Canyon and Becker lakes, expressed as ppm .............. ..... 35 10. Kjeldahl nitrogen and metal concentrations in Cerato- phyllum demersum petiole samples from Pena Blanca and Becker lakes, expressed as p p m ................. 36 vi vii LIST OF TABLES— Continued Table Page 11# Kj eId ah1 nitrogen and metal concentrations in Potamogeton pectinatus petiole samples from Parker Canyon, Becker, and Pena Blanca lakes> expressed as p p m ............................... .. , , . 37 12. Kjeldahl nitrogen and metal concentrations in selected plant petiole samples from Woods Canyon Pena Blanca, and Parker Canyon lakes, expressed as p p m ........ ................ ...................... .. 38 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Major vascular plant species present in Parker Canyon, Becker, Pena Blanca, and Woods Canyon lakes ......................... ............ 24 2. Temperature gradients at Becker Lake ................... 41 3. Temperature gradients at Parker Canyon Lake ........... 42 4. Temperature gradients at Pena Blanca Lake ....... 43 5. Temperature gradients at Woods Canyon Lake ............. 44 6. The annual relative mean volume (7.) of organisms consumed from the major fish food producing com­ munities of Parker Canyon, Woods Canyon, Becker, and Pena Blanca lakes ................. 45 7. Growth rate of largemouth bass in Parker Canyon Lake from December 1966 to August 1968 . 49 8. Growth rate of October 1967 plant of rainbow trout in Becker L a k e ......... ......................... .. 51 viii ABSTRACT In an attempt to gain a better understanding of the low rate of fish production in Parker Canyon Lake, several factors influencing fish forage production were measured and compared in Parker Canyon, Woods Canyon, Pena Blanca, and Becker lakes between September 1967 and Sep­ tember 1968. These factors included: standing crops of phytoplankton chlorophyll, planktonic, benthic, and littoral fish forage organisms, plant nutrient import; heavy metal and essential nutrient content of the lake water and the major vascular aquatic plants; fish food habits and growth and temperature stratification. High correlations were found between inflow nitrate concentra­ tions and standing crops of planktonic (r = .993), benthic (r = .929), and littoral (r = .950) fish forage organisms. Fish forage organisms appeared to be supported primarily by phytoplankton. Data suggest that the forage value of phytoplankton is influenced by nitrate import. Heavy and trace metal concentrations were not believed to be limiting to invertebrate production. Temperature and oxygen stratification lim­ ited benthic invertebrate production and restricted access of the fish to deep benthic invertebrate communities. The low turnover rate of aquatic plant biomass in Parker Canyon Lake may limit the trophic con­ tribution of these plants to the invertebrate food chains. The low productivity of Parker Canyon Lake was attributed to low nitrate import. ix INTRODUCTION Fish production and harvest in Parker Canyon Lake have failed to attain desirable levels commensurate with sport fishing demands in the region. An earlier study of Parker Canyon Lake by Glucksman (1965) revealed slow trout growth and low fish condition factor (K^) during the summer months caused by unfavorable temperature and oxygen strati­ fication and turbidity. It was hoped that in subsequent years after the lake had filled, water conditions in the summer would become more favorable for trout well-being
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