Nuclear Energy for Water Desalting, a Bibliography. INSTITUTION Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tenn

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AUTHOR Kuhns, Helen F., Comp.; And Others TITLE Nuclear Energy for Water Desalting, A Bibliography. INSTITUTION Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tenn. Div. Technical Information. PUB DATE May 67 NOTE 34p. AVAILABLE FROMClearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technic Information, National Bureau of Standards, Depar -nt of Commerce, Springfi ld, Virginia 22151

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 RC $3.29 DESCRIPTORS *Annotated Bibliographies; *Energy; Literature Reviews; Natural Resources; *Nuclear Physics; Technological Advancement; *Water Resources IDENTIFIERS *Water Desalting

ABSTRACT This bibliography includes 215 abstracts of publications on the use of nuclear energy in the production of potable water from saline or brackish-waters. The uses of nuclear reactors, radioisotopic heat sources, and nuclear explosives are covered in relation to the various desalination methods available. Literature through April 1967 has been searched for the present edition. References to the technical report literature are arranged by report number under the issuing organizations, and the journal references are arranged alphabetically by journal title. Author and report number-availability indexes are included. (Author/PR)

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VlatC Divlik. Ride, TID-3584(Rev. 1) CHEMISTRY (71D-4500, 50th Ed.)

NUCLEAR ENERCV FOR WATER OESALTIINO A BIBLIDORAPHY

Compiled by Helen F. Kuhns Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Henry D. Raleigh Myrna L. Steel Division of Technical Information Extension Oak Ridge, Tennessee

May 1967

UNITED STATES ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION Division of Technical Information Extension CONTENTS

Page ABSTRACT iii INTRODUCTION

REPORTS 1

JOURNALS 18 PATENTS 23

MISCELLANEOUS = 23 AUTHOR INDEX ... . . 27 REPORT NUMBER INDEX 29 ABSTRACT This bibliography includes 215 references to publications on the use of nuclear energy in the production of potable water from saline or brackish waters. The uses of nuclear reactors, radioisotopic heat sources, and nuclear explosives are covered in relation to the various possible desalination methods available. Author and report number-availability indexes are included.

INTRODUCTION

Throughout the world there are at present serious major emphasis of study to date has been on the shortages in the available fresh water supplies for development of large-scale nuclear reactors for use basic human consumption, for industrial use, and for in dual-purpose power-water or water-only plants. crop irrigation. The outlook for future fresh water The present edition of NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR needs indicates that critical shortages will develop WATER DESALTING: A BIBLIOGRAPHY brings up to in many areas of the world unless new methods of date the edition of September 1965 and its predeces- supply are found. One of the most promising methods sor, originally issued for the Water Research Pro- currently under investigation is the desalination of gram at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in July a and brackish waters. In this bibliography an 1964 (ORNL-TNI-892). Literature through April 1967 attempt has been made to cite the report and pub- has been searched for the present edition. lished Merature available on the use of nuclear References to the tecknical report literature are energy for saline water demineralization. Some work arranged by report number under the issuing orga- has been done on the use of radioisotopic heat sources nizations, and the journal references are arranged and the heat produced by a nuetear explosion, but the alphabetically by journal title. REFERENPES

REPORTS

Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Bethesda, Md., the aim of obtaining desalted water from the ocean at costs within the 30-4001000 gal, range while selling power at a Atomic Energy Div. normal price is attainable in the near future in those areas (ACNP-65558(Rev. 1)) SURVEY OF HIGH- havMg large demands for both products. Converted water TEMPERATURE DEMINERALIZATION FOR DUAL- at this cost will replace few natural sources of water but PURPOSE BWR PLANTS.Lang, Peter M. (Allis- will be acceptable for municipal and Lndustrial uses where Chalmers Mfg, Co., Atomic Energy Div., Bethesda, Md.). adequate natural sources do not exist. This cost of water August 1965.39p. is still too high for extensive agricultural use. The high The removal of solids from the high temperature con- present canital cos,': of water conversion plants is the main densate returned from the brine heaters to the reactor in barrier to lowering the cost of desalted water. The aggres- dual-purpose plants is examined in a study program on sive development of water-conversion equipment now taking means of cophig with brine-heater leakage. The results place should lead to future water costs significantly below are presented of a search of the unclassified literature on those estimated here. the application of commercially available ion-exchange 4 (ORNL-TM-1640)FLEXIBILITY OF A DUAL- materials to the demineralization of high-temperature PURPOSE PLANT TURBINE WITH LOWERED DESIGN water. Operational data are given from two installations EXHAUST PRESSURE.(Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Be- using ion-exchange demineralization under high-tempera- thesda, Md. Atomic Energy Div.).Jan. 1966.Contract ture conditions, and a survey is presented of specialty- W-7405-eng-26; Subcontract No. 2504.30p. (ACNP- type. leak-proof brine heaters and of systems fer detecting 66508).Dep. mn. CFSTI $3.00 cy, $0.65 mn. brine-heater leakage and for isolating leaking units. A For Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn. preliminary conceptual design of a mixed-bed ion-exchange Work to determine the improvement in performance and unit is evolved for a dual-purpose boiling water reactor, its accompanying increase in cost for a single turbine- and an operating cost comparison is made with the com- generator unit rated at 500 MW when operating at 600 psig mercially available Powdex process. The operating cost throttle pressure and 35.4 psia normal exhaust pressure, of Powdex is estimated to be at least three times that of and having a design exhaust pressure of 20.0 psia is re- the unit used in the conceptual design. ported. In comparison with a previous 35.4 psia exhaust 2 (ACNP-65573)FLEXIBILITY STUDY Or pressure turbine design, the 20.0 psia unit has one addi- BACK-PRESSURE TURBINES FOR DUAL-PURPOSE tional stage in each half of the double flow machine, an PLANTS.(Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Bethesda, Md. increase in the bearing eenter-line diatance of 3 ft 0 in_ Atomic Energy Div.).Aug. 1965.Contract W-7405-eng- and considerably altered blade designs, particularly to- 26; Subcontract No. 2504.48p.Dep. mn; CFSTI $2.00 ward the exhaust end. The steam cycle was retained un- cy, $0.50 inn. changed from the previous study. Plots are presented For Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn. giving the power output, the neat exhausted to the water Back-pressure turbine-generator units rated at 500 Mw plant, and the temperature of the feedwater returned to the and exhausting at 35.4 psia (260°F) were studied for turbine reactor system as a function of exhaust pressure from throttle pressures of 600 psig and 1000 psig. For both 35.4 pain down to 7.0 psia and of throttle flow from ap- throttle pressures, the turbine is a double flow, 1800 rpm, proximately 2596 of full flow up to full flow. Other plots straight reaction machine. The steam cycle for the 600 psig showing turbine expansion lines on Mother diagrams, tur- throttle pressure uses a single open feedwater heater, and bine heat rates, turbine exhaust enthalpies and flows, and the cycle for the 1000 psig pressure uses an open heater gland-sealing steam requirements are included. The extra plus a second closed heater. For eaeh throttle pressure, cost of this turbine-generator in comparison to the previ- plots are presented giving part-load and etre,.eh-load per- ously studied 35.1 psia design exhaust pressure unit is formance for throttle flows up to the design value and for given, as well as the additional cost for obtaining continu- exhaust pressures from 15 psin to,80 psia. These plots ous safe full-flow operation of this unit at an exhaust pres- show the electrical output, the heat exhausted to the water sure of 7.0 psia. Decreasing the design exhaust pressure plant, and the temperature of the feedwater returned to the of the turbine improves the flexibility of the turbine-gen- reactor. Other plots showing turbine expansion lines on erator plant without any reduction in performance at nor- Mollier diagrams, turbine heat rates, turbine exhaust en- mal operating conditions. thalpies and flows, and gland-sealing steam requirements are also included. For operation at either increased or decreased exhaust pressure, certain turbine modifications American Machine and Foundry Co., are necessary, and the corresponding additional turbine sts were estimated. Similar differential costs to enable Waterford, Conn. the generator to attain outputs in excess of 500 Mw are also given. 3 SEAWATER CONVERSION USING A SMALL NUCLEAR HEAT SOURCE. Scanlan, T. R. (American 3 DUAL PURPOSE NUCLEAR PLANTS FOR WA- Machine and Foundry Co., Waterford, Conn.), Schoenbrunn, TER DESALINATION AND POWER.Lang, Peter M. A. G., and Manners, W. New York, American Society of (Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Bethesda; Md.),4p. (CONE- Mechanical Engineers, 1964, Preprint No, 64-WA/NE-8, 650429- 11).ORINS. 7p, $1.00.(CONF-763-38). From American Power Conference, Chicago. From American Society of Mechanical Engineers Winter With a nuclear dual purpose plant, operated at base load , Meeting, New York, Nov.Dec. 1964. 2

The investigation of a small nuclear heat souree for use Authority, Harwell, Eng.).3p. (CONF-651005-2). in operating a newly developed, multieffect,multistage ORAU.Gmelin, AED-CONF -65-276-4. (dems)flash-distillation plant is reported. The nuclear From 1st International Symposium on Water Desalination, plant. considered is of 21 megawatts thermal capacity.It Washington, D. C. is bauically anti .graded research reactor using pressure- The present and immediately planned efforts of the MEMS U.K.A.E.A. in cooperation with industry in the desalination tube fuel elements containing UO2 fuel. The new of water are 1.riefly summarized. Various aspects of the flash-distillation cycle operates at considerably higher multistage flash distillation process as well as related or efficiencies than present-day multistage flash-distillation supporting fundamental research studies currently under- plants. way are discussed. Designs of large combineddesalination aad nuclear power plants now being prepared are men- Atomic Energy Board, Pelindaha, Pretoria tioned. Although the main effort is being devoted to the work on flash distillation, scent, ..lternative methods that (South Africa). are being studied are summarized. 6 (PEL-97)NUCLEAR POWER ECONOMICS. A Bibliography Covering 1963-1965.Rossouw, S. F. (comp.)(Atomic Energy Board, Pelindaba (South Africa)). Atomic Industrial Forum, Inc., New York. Jan. 1966.118p.Dep. inn. A bibliography containing 297 abatraets on the factors 11 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1965 CONFERENCE, influencing the competitivity of nuclear reactors for elec- ATOMIC INDUSTRIAL FORUM, INC., WASHINGTON, D. C. tric power production is presented. A chapter is included MeCluskey, Robert J. (ed.).Atomforum/65.New York, on the economics for water desalination. Atomie Industrial Forum, 1966.280p. $15.00.(CONF- 651132). The development of nuclear energy is discussed with Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D. C. emphasis on the areas of marine applications of nuclear energy, economics of nuclear fuels, internationaldevelop- (A/CONF.28/P/220)NUCLEAR REACTORS ment programs, industrial aspects of internationalsafe- .".PPLIED TO WATER DESALTING.Ramey, James T. guards, saline water conversion, space applications,and (Atomic Energy Commission, WashMgton, D. C.);Carr, non-power applications of isotopes and radiation. James K.; Ritzmann, Robert W.16p. Prepared for the United Nations Third InternationalCon- ference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy,1964. Atomics International, Canoga Park, Calif. The use of nuclear energy to desalt seawater is discussed. Water shortages in the United States and around 12 APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR ENERGY TO the world are reviewed. The history of desalination ac- LARGE-SCALE POWER AND DESALTING PLANTS. tivities ia outlined. Results of studies of the use of heat Siegel, Sidney; Golan, Simcha; Falcon, Joseph A.(Atomics from reactors for distillation are described. Economic International, Canoga Park, Calif.) 24p.(CONE- aspects are dieleussed. 650429-9). From American Power Conference, Chicago. Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd., Specific types of nuclear power plants in combination ith desalting plants are examined to establish the relative Toronto (Ontario). economic potential of various heat sources for large-scale dual-purpose application. It was concluded that both tech- 8 (AECL-2213)CANDU TYPE REACTORS FOR DUAL-PURPOSE POWER AND DESALINATION PLANTS. nically and economically the dual-purpose approach has a Wyatt, A. (Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., Toronto, Ont.). decided advantage where a ready market exists for the Apr. 1965.27p.Presented at the Canadian Nuclear power produced. Association International Conference and Exhibition, May 10-12, 1965, Quebec City, Quebec. Australian Atomic Energy Commission. The economics of applyhig a CANDU type reactor to the particular circumstances of the joint US/Israel study of a 13 (NP-16359) FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT dual purpose plant producing 200 MW(e) and 125 million FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30TH JUNE, 1966.(Australian gallons per day are considered. Since the economics are Atomic Energy Commission).104p.Dep. inn. attractive relative to the use of boiling or pressurized Developments in research carried out by the AAEC on water reactors, some consideration is given to the system nuclear power, peaceful uses of nuclear explosives, nu- planning aspects of dual purpose plants, with particular clear desalination, raw materials, and radioisotopes are reference to flexibility of operation between the two portions of the overall plant. Brief summaries of the main reported. desalination procenses and of desalination costs are given in the appendices. Battelle-Northwest, Richland, Wash. Pacific Northwest Lab. Atomic Energy Research Establishment, 14 (BNWL-SA-134) DESALINATION OF SEA- Harwell (England). WATER.Harty, H.(Battelle-Northwest, Richland, Wash. Pacific Northwest Lab.).Apr, 12, 1965.Contract AT- 9 (AERE -M-1504)FRESH WATER FROM SEA- (45-1)-1830.32p.(CONF-650432-1).Dep.(mn); $2.00 WATER A SURVEY OF LARGE SCALE EVAPORATION (ay), 1(mn) CFSTI. PROCESSES Newson, L H.(United Kingdom Atomic From 53rd General Conference of Pacific-Northwest Energy Authority.Research Group.Atomic Energy Re- Trade Association, Portland, Ore. search Establishment, Harwell, Perks, England),Dec. After a brief survey of water resources and usage in 1964. 25p.Dep.; $0.70(B1S); 3s.6d.(HMSO). the U. S., the means for meeting water shortages are con- The efficiencies of modern large scaleevaporation plants sidered: water reuse, storage, redistribution, and desa1M- are discussed together with their technical limitations, ation of sea or brackish waters. The factors that will de- problems,and costs. The most urgent research problems cide which of these methods will be used in a locality are in this field lie in the prevention of scale deposition at discussed: water quality requirements, status of desalina- temperatures above 250°F and in improving heat transfer tion technology, and water cost considerations. Seawater and boiling under conditions of small temperature differ- desalination is presently not widely competitive with other ences. processes, but factors which may change thissituhtion are OBJECTIVES OF THE UNITED IONGDOM RE- discussed. 10 (9NWL-SA-596) ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR DESALIN:: 13 Parker, Her- ATION.Kronberger, H.(United Kingdom Atomic Energy RELATING TO LARGE WATER PLANTS. 4 7 bert AL(Battelle-Northwest, Richland, Wash. Pacific mum plant design employs either a boiling or pressurized Northwest Las.).Mar. 15, 1966.Contract AT(45-1)- light water reactor producing 1,629 MW(e) and furnishing 1830.29p.(CONF-060311-1).Dep. rnn. CFSTI $2.00 cy, $0.50 inn. steam to a 150 mgd multistage flash evaporator plant. From Symposium on Water Production Using Nuclear 2 0 ELECTRICAL ASPECTS OF A LARGE DUAL- Energy, Tucson, Ariz. PURPOSE NUCLEAR POWER AND DESALTING PLANT. A review of work done in marine biology, fisheriee and Zweigler, R.(Bechtel Corp., Los Angeles).New York, environmental science, aquatic biology, environmental Inst. of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1966,Paper science, and nuclear and desalination engineering in con- No. 31PP60-523, 27p.(CONF-660708-8),ORAU. nection with water production plants is presented. From IEEE Summer Power Meeting, New Orleans. The electric power system engineering considerations involved in developing a 1790 MW(c) nuclear-generating Bechtel Corp., San Francisco, Calif. and 150 mgd seawater desalting plant in Southern Cali- fornia are discussed. The plant process, siting, andpower 16 LARGE-SCALE NUCLEAR DESALTING and water production and costs are examined fora man- PLANTS.Galstaun, Lionel S.(Bechtel Corp., San Fran- made island off the coast. Auxiliary power systems for c-loco).12p. (CONE-651132-6).ORALLGmelin, AED- the power and desalting plant and product waterpumping CONF-65-337-3. are considered, and electric power transmission methods From Atomic Industrial Forum, 12th Annual Conference, from the island are evaluated. Washington, D. C. A comparison is made of the costsadesalting water in 21 (COO-283) DEEP-POOL REACTOR FOR WA- 150 million gallon per day multistage desalting plants. Both TER DESALTING.(Bechtel Corp., San Francisco, Calif.). dual purpose nuclear power-water and water-only plants June 30, 1965.138p, $5.00(CFSTI). are considered. The basis for the dual purpose units has The technical features and the economics ofa parelcular been the commercially available light water reactors, reactor concept offering the potential of low capital and whereas the single purpose unit used the Deep Pool Re- energy costs for use in a single-purpose water desalting actor Concept. All estimates of cost. including capital, plant were determined. In order to evaluatethe economics fixed annual operating costs, and fuel cycle costs were of the system, the deep-pool reactor heatsource was as- related to the basis used in the report for the Metropolitan sumed to supply heat to a multistage flashevaporation wa- Water eestrict of Southern California. The results show ter desalting plant. The emphasis of the studywas on the that the costs iu every case are lower when electricity and reactor heat source. The design and cost estimate of the power are produced. One major reason is the higher cast water plant itself was based on previous studies andon a for energy in the single purpose plant. computer code for optimization of multistage flashevaporation plants. The components of the water plantwere 17 WATER-ONLY PLANT STUDIES.Clark, identified only to the extent necessary to be compatible Richard L.(Bechtel Corp., San Francisco).18p. with the unique features of the deep-poolreactor. The (CONF-660311-5).ORAU.Gmelin, AED-CONF-66-037- reference case is a 50-million gallon per day (mgd) plant. From Symposium on Water Production Using Nuclear The plant description and detailed cost estimaterefer Eneegy, Tucson, I riz. specifically to tnis case. Adjustments were made to Recent water desalting plant design studies are analyzed plants of 10-mgd and 200-mgd capacity to providean in- and a comparison is made of the cost of water from dual° dication of the effect of size on the cost of the waterpro- purpose and water-only plants. The factors affecting the duced. Special consideration was given to the uniqueas- decision to build a water-only or a dual-purpose plant are pects of the reactor plant design, including material discussed. Two approaches to reducing the cost of desalted compatibility and the design requirements associated water from water-only plants are compared. One approach with the depth of the reactor tank. The safety advantages is based on high temperature multistage flash evaporation inherent in the essentially tepreesurized, deep-pool re- while the other appreach incorporates the low temperature actor concept were utilised in the plant design andwere Deep Pool Reactor coLcept. It is concluded that the cost of evaluated in a preliminary accident analysis. Siting stud- water is higher from a water-only desalting plant but a ies were made to define the site conditions to be assumed particular combination of conditions is necessary to justify and the plant design featuees required for the hypothetfeal a dual-purpose installation. Future process development southern Califeenia coasial site assumedas a basis of the may diminish the cost difference between dual-purpose and study. Auxiliary systems comparable to those in existing water-only operation. water reactor power plants were defined. 18 DUAL-PURPOSE NUCLEAR POWER AND DE- 22 (TID-19267)LARGE REACTOR STUDY FOR SALTING PLANTS.Wilson, William H.(Bechtel Corp.. SEAWATER DISTILLATION.Final Report.(Bechtel San Francisco). 16p. (CONF-660325-1),ORAU, Corp., San Francisco).July 1963.Includes Appendices Gmelin, AED-CONF-66 -040-2. A through F.Contract AT(04-3) -507. 271p. From Pacific Coast Electrical ASSn., Annual Confer- The results of a study of large nuclear reactor systems ence, Engiheering and Operating Section, San Francisco. for supplying energy for the distillation of seawater are An engineering and economic feasibility study of a dual- presented. The reactor types and sizes studied include: purpose nuclear plant nroducing 150 to 750 MW(e) and one 1500-MW(t) light-water reactor of current technology; 150 mgd of desalted water for Southern California is de- three 1500-MW(t) light-water reactors in a single plant; scribed. The site selection, man-made island design, one 3220-MW(t) light-water reactor; one 3500-MW(t) heavy- comparison of fossil- and nuclear-fueled plants, power water-moderated, organic-cooled reactor; one 3500-MW(t) plant size selection, desal:eng process selection, combined graphite-moderated, light-water-cooled reactor; one 8300- plant concept, plant capital costs, and desalted water costs MW(t) heavy-water-moderated, organic-cooled reactor;a are summarized. multiunit 25000-MW(t) station with high conversion ratio reactors; a 25000-MW(t) station using an unspecified num- 19 STUDY OF 150 MGD DESALTED WATER- ber of slightly enriched reactors; and an unspecified num- POWER DUAL PLANT FOR SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. ber of fast breeder reactors of 25000-MW(t) total capacity. Currier, Edwin L.(Bechtel Corp., San Francisco); A summary of technical design data is presented. Costs Holtom, H. T.22p.(CONE-660546-1).ORAU. Gmelin, for all cases were calculated and translated-into annual AED-CONF-66-111-2. costs, From American Society of Civil Engineers, Water Re- 23 (TID-22330(Vol.1))ENGINEERING AND ECO- sources Engineering Conference, Denver, Colo. NOMIC FEAST 1TY STUDY FOR A COMBINATION NU- The findings of a study on the engineering and economic CLEAR POWEn.-DESALTING PLANT, PHASES I AND II. feasibility of a 150 million gallon per day dual-purpose de- (Bechtel Corp., San Fraecisco, Calif.).Dec. 1965.509p. salination plant for Southern California are presented. The Dep. ma; CFSTI e4.00 cy, $2.25 mn. power plant size, the eases studied, the conceptual plant de- The finding and conclusions of economic and engineering scription, site selection, and cost are discussed. An opti- feasibility studies of a combination power and desalting 4 cepts and ideas representing the outcome of manymonths plant for operation in southern California arepresented. Controlled Flash Results of the study are given on the effect ofblending at of fruitful researches on the subject of blending facili- Evaporators. One special concept for theStructure, the the Diemer plant, product conveyance and peculiarly shaped module which consists of anortt ['tropic ties, conceptual designs of seawater systems,nuclear site plate system, is believed to be the appropriate sa tion safety analysis, site selection, fossil versusnuclear fueled be accom- dual purpose plants, optimization of dual purposeplants, for effectively conveying the idea of what can estimates, plished with a traditional material conventionallylimited conceptual plant descriptions, plant capital cost to some specific engineering aspects.The modular concept and the cost of water. as applied to boiler segments oflimited magnitude and 24 (TID-22330(Vol.2))ENGINEERING AND ECO- with pressurized elements independently andinternally built NOIVIIC FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR A COMBINATIONNU- is not new; its application, however,to evaporator stages of CLEAR POWER AND DESALTING PLANT.PHASE III. great magnitude is certainly an evolutionaryproduct of the (Bechtel Corp., San Francisco, Calif.).Dec. 1965.599p. preseM, engineering designs. This new applicattenof the Dep. inn. CFSTI $4.00 cy, $2.75 mn. module will be of interest both to the engineersengaged in A detailed analysis of the feasibilityof dual-purpose researches in the field of industrial designand the engi- plants located at Pelican Point and on Bolsaisland (a man- neers dedicated to analogousstructural configurations. made island) and of the cost of water from theseplants la Although no general theoretical derivations aregiven of summarized. Plants using boiling-water andpressurized- the complete mathematical treatmentof orthotropie plates, water reactors were considered. It isrecommended that some general transformationsof the constant coefficients the Bolsa Island site he selected for the locationof the aeither the fourth or eighth order differentialequations plant. are given and adequate emphasis onfundamental principles associated with the use :A the coefficients inthe equations 2S (TID-22330(Vol.3))ENGINEERING AND ECO- NU- for pressurized orthotropic systems arediscussed. In this NOMIC FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR A COMBINATION respect, it is believed that the idea of afictitious plate con- CLEAR POWER AND DESALTING PLANT.SUMMARY. orthotropic plates. (Bechtel Corp., San Francisco, Calif.).Dec. 1965. 199p. stitutes a contribution Lc the analysis of Dep. mn. CFSTI $1.25 cy, $1.25 mn. FEASIBILITY.STUDY OF A The economics, plant analysis, siting analysis,and feasi- 28 (NY0-10719) power-produc- DUAL-PURPOSE NUCLEAR REACTOR POWER PLANT bility of a combination nuclear-desalting and evalu- FOR THE FLORIDA KEYS.(Burns and Roe, Inc., New ing plant on the California coast arc reviewed and York).Mar. 1964.Contract AT(30-1)-3277.206p. ated. The application of nuclear energy to thedesalination of water is an area where there is much promisefor a near- Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, N. Y. term economically competitive situationwith fossil-fueled heat sources. Nuclear reactors can be used in oneof two 26 (BNL-959)THE IMPACT OF INTEGRATED ways to produce the process steam neededfor desalting MULTIPURPOSE NUCLEAR PLANTS ON THE CHEMICAL seawatar. The possibilities are; (I) design areactor with AND METALLURGICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES.I. minimum capital and fuel costs to producelow-pressure ELECTROGIIEMONUCLEAR SYSTEMS.Steinberg, Meyer steam exclusively and directly; or (2,design a reactor sys- (Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, N. Y.).Dec. 1964. tem that will produce electricity by aturbine generator, Contract AT(30-2)-Gen-10.29p.Dep. mn. CFSTI $2.00 either backpressure or extraction, and use thebackpres- cY. $0.50 mn. sure or extraction steam as the heat sourcefor the water The recent development of large-scale nuclear sources desalination plant. This investigation concentrated onthe of low cost electrical power makes it possible toconsider second possibilityheeause the first approachwould have the coupling of nuclear power reactors with efficientelec- no economic advantage over afossil-fuel-fired single- trochemical devicea for large-scale produation ofindustrial purpose water plant in the applicable watercapacity ranges. chemacals. The electrochernonuclear system consists of Based on steam and electrical requirements determined the three baeic building blocks: nuclear reactor, d-c gen- om studies of combined desalinationand power Want in- erator, and electrochemical cell. The electrochemonuclear s allations in the Florida Keys conductedfor the OSW under generation of H2 and 02 is of interest for the fixation of N a parallel contract, it was establishedthat reaator power for fertilizers, generation of liquid and gaseous carbona- levels in the range 120 to 220 MW(t) would be required. ceous fuels, the production of Fe and steel,and the produc- To obtain valid information for comparisonof boiling- and tion of liquid H2 and 02 for aircraft and rocket fuel. Based pressurized-water reactor systems in the selectedsize on the speculation that low cost, high pressure waterelse- range, proposals were requested andreceived from five trolyzers can be developed, estimates of the economics of reactor manufacturers. Two of these proposals werebased electrochemonuclear ammonia production relative to con- on the boiling-water concept andthe remaining three uti- ventional fossil-fuel-based plants are presented as a func- lized pressurized-water reactor designs. All ofthe pro- tion of nuclear power costs. A desalinated water and posals were evaluated on a uniform basis, insofar as fertilizer electrochemonuelear plant appears attractive. practicable. Where such items as auxiliary systems or A dual-cycle, high temperature radiation and electro- steam generators for brine steam (in the caseof the chemonuclear reactor offers a highly efficient N fixation boiling-water designs) were not included in thequoted system in the future. The realization of these concepts costs, adjustments were made accordingly.This brought depends on a combination of low cost nuclear power, low each bid to the same degree of completenessand thus investment electrochemical devices, and utilization of by- normalized the overall installed costs. Features con- products. sidered, in addition to costs, were reliability, provende- sign, operability and maintainability, efficiencyand safety, Burns and Roe, Inc., New York. and vendor experience. From a comparison ofall the factors considered it was concluded that theproposals from 27 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF A Vendor A met the design requirements and were best DUAL-PURPOSE DESALTING AND NUCLEAR POWER suited economically for furnishing electricity and steam. (Burns and Roe, Inc., New in a dual-purpose combined power and waterdesalination PLANT.Perri, Joseph G. plant. To verify quoted figures, detailed fuel costcalcu- York) .33P-(CONE-660112-1). ORAU. Gine lin. AED- given by CONE-66-007-1. lations were made and compared with the figures From American Society of Civil Engineers, Structural Vendor A. Fair agreement was found; the costs were Engineering Conference, Miami Beach, Fla. 24.3 cents/million Btu as compared to the VendorA esti- A conceptual presentation is made of a dual-purpose de- mate of 21 cents/million Btu. Among thefactors that ac- count for the differences are the allowancesfor fuel pro- salination and nuclear power plant, with the ultimate ob- cessing, the estimated batch size charged to thereactor jective of bringing forward the structural engineering per refueling operation, and the daily separationplant aspects of a modular vessel-structure assembly, that, by charges. Since the fuel cycle data submitted byVendor A its unusual features, illustrates effectively the great new are estimates (and most likelyconservative) for proposal developments associated with saline-water conversion. of The material selected for this presentation ernbraces con- purposes, a more detailed and precise determination 4 5

differences would not be warranted for thisstudy. How- case, and the desalination is carried out to the level at ever, to ensure adequate margins in calculating nuclear which the water is potable. power costs, nuclear fuel costs of 24.3 cents/million Btu were used. Using the Vendor A designs producing 412 and 700 psia steam, preliminary studieswere made of the California Univ., Livermore. steam costs to a dasalination plant producing6,000,000 Lawrence Radiation Lab. gallons per day of fresh water, whichwas the basis used prior to the final selection of the water plantcapacity. 30 (UCRL-5678)HEAT REQUIREMENTS FOR These initial calculations showed that the 700psia steam THE HIGH PRESSURE DISTILLATION OF SEAWATER. reactor design gave the lower power costs of thetwo Olson, Raymond L.(California. Univ., Livermore. pressures offered. Further, the incremental increase in Lawrence Radiation Lab.),p.8-12 of PROCEEDINGS power costs resulting from a power plant designed to meet OF THE SECOND PLOWSHARE SYMPOSIUM.PAR.T IV. combined needs, as compared to an unassociatedpower INDUSTRIAL USES OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES IN THE plant, were smaller for the nuclear system than fora FIELDS OF WATER RESOURCES, MINING, CHEMICAL fossil-fueled plant. It was found, alter developingcosts for PRODUCTION, PETROLEUM RECOVERY.Plowshare brine heater steam extracted at pressures of 37.9, 49,and aeries. Report No. 2.(California. Univ., Livermore. 67 psia, that the lowest-pressure steam had the leastcost. Lawrence Radiation Lab. and San Francisco Operations While the initial studies were based on a water plantca- Office, AEC).May 15, 1959.102p.OTS. pacity of 6,000,000 gallons per day, detailed present worth In a proposed method for the high pressure distillation analyses of six water supply patterns, performed for the of seawater the distillation would take place in a deep Office of Saline Water, showed that 10,000,000 gallonsper underground cavity formed by the explosion of a nuclear day of fresh-water production was the optimum plantca- device. The high pressure in the cavity would bemaM- pacity. Similarly, it was determMed that a singlepower tained by the hydrostatic heads of seawater and distilled plant, rated at a net output of 50 MW(e) and designed to water in the piping above ths cavity. A depth of over furnish electricity to both the Upper and Lower Keys, was 5,000 feet has been suggested. The heat of distillation the most economical unit to install initially. Studies of site would come from the heat of the nuclear explosion stored characteristics showed that Sugarloaf Key was best suited in the material surrounding the cavity; the separated salt for the installation of the nuclear dual-purpose facility. would be left in the cavity. By transferring heat from the The results of the calculations for the recommended com- outgoing distilled water to the incoming seawater, the bined plants are summarized, with the fossil-fueled units amount of heat necessary for the distillation can be mini- included for comparison. Steam costs from the nuclear mized. The thermal efficiency of the process and heat plant were found to be lower than the corresponding costs requirements for the distillation are discussed. Prelimi- from fossil plant. This situation, which is unusual for nu- nary cost estimates for the process are included. clear plants of comparatively low outputs, is largely due to four factors: (a) The compact Vendor A primary system 31 (UCRL-6583) WATER CONSER VATION WITH design combined with the pressure suppression containment NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES.Higgins, Gary(California. building arrangement results in a nuclear plant of low first Univ., Livermore. Lawrence Radiation Lab.).Aug. 29, cost. (b) Use of municipal financing with its lower fixed 1961.Contract W-7405-eng-48.12p. charge rate than industrial financing decreases the disad- From Water for Texas Conference, College Station, vantage of the higher nuclear plant first cost compared to Texas, Sept. 1961. fossil-fuel plants. (c) The nuclear fuel costs for the se- Application of nuclear explosives to water resource lected reactor design are comparatively low at 24.3s /10G conservation has been one of the areas of study included Btu. (d) The fuel oil cost of 42106 Btu at the Florida in the Plowshare Program since its inception. Several Keys is relatively high_ The analyses of electric power possibilities, including creation of inexpensive water di- costs are based on normal economics, i.e., no subsidies version canals, large permeable zones for wasteor brine or monies for research and development assistance or for disposal or for underground recharge, and construction of design Support were assumed for the nuclear reactor sys- surface storage basins, continue to appear attractive. Cre- tem. Further, fuel costs include fuel use charges as well ation of new underground storage volume and salt water as all other factors. For the nuclear reactor systems the conversion seem, on the basis of available information, fixed charge items were based on municipal financing and less likely to be successful. Production of earth dams by were established as 7.30 percent per year for depreciating explosive emplacement is being considered. In all of these capital and 5.17 percent per year for nondepreciating capi- studies, why:ch make use of data obtained from past nuclear tal. For fossil-fuel plants the insurance allowance was re- tests, evaluation of safety problems constitutes a major duced to 0.35 percent, thus yielding 7.15 percent and 5.02 effort. In many cases there is presently insufficient infor- percent for depreciating and nondepreciating capital re- mation to make firm conclusions, while in a few thereap- spectively. The results of this study indicate an economic pear to be no insurmountable safety problems. If results advantage for a dual-purpose nuclear power and water de- of studies continue to be encouraging, nuclear explosives salination plant, as compared to a fossil-fuel-fired unit may make possible projects which have hitherto been too with similar capacities and functions. Because of the eco- large or costly to consider. These applications may be nomic savings shown, and the anticipated advancements in possible within the next decade or two. the state-of-the-art attendant to the application of corn- dned nuclear power and large-scale water desalination, California Univ., Los Angeles. the reactor system described is recommended as the basis Dept. of Engineering. for detailed engineerthg designs of dual-purpose plants in the Florida Keys, 32 SALINE WATER GONVERSIONA REVIEW AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. McCutchan, J. W.California, Univ., Los Angeles, Dept. of Engineering. 29 (PB-181694) PARAMETRIC COST STUDIES 94p.Sept. 1961. Rept. No. 61-61. PERTAINING TO DUAL-PURPOSE POWER AND WATER A general review is presented of the potentiallyfeasible DESALINATION PLANTS.Research and Development processes of saline water conversion, includingdistillation, Progress Report No, 109.Stone, L.; Patti, P. J.; Knebel, processes using membranes, freezing, and chemical,elec- M. E.; Gerber, W. G.; Ziiza, M.; Baron, S.(Burns and trical, and biological processes. The utilizationof calcined Roe, Inc., Now York).(1963).103p, $2.75(CFST1). radioactive wastes as a heatsource for desalination pro- Three related studies are carried out: determination of cesses is discussed briefly. A large bibliography she design and costs of dual-purpose seawater desalination- included. is electricity nuclear power plants with outputs of 7 to 50 MGD; minimum costs of desalination without power pro- California Univ., Los Angeles. duction in 40-MWt nuclear reactors; and minimum costs of desalination without power production in conventional Inst. of Geophysics. plants having outputs of 1 to 14 MGD. multistage flash 33 (UCRL-567b) SALT WATER DISTILLATION, evaporation is the desalination mechanism used in each Kennedy, George C.(California.Univ.. Los Angeles. 6

Inst. of Geophysics),p. 4-7 of PROCEEDINGS OF THE (Chance Vought Corp., Aeronautics Div., Dallas, Tex.). SECOND PLOWSHARE SYMPOSIUM. PART IV.INDUS- Sept. 1961. 179p. TRIAL USES OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES IN THE FIELDS The results of various studies on compatibility, thermo- OF WATER RESOURCES, MINING, CHEMICAL PRODUC- dynamics, nuclear, and material aspects of a full scale TION, PETROLEUM RECOVERY. Plowshare Series: Re- heater utilizing calcined radioisotope waste products port No. 2.(California.Univ., Livermore. Lawrence (ARTESIA) are presented. These studies have permitted Radiation Lab. and San Francisco Operations Office, AEC). the conceptual design of an ARTESIA heater capable of May 15, 1959. 102p.OTS. supplying the thermal requirements for a 1 million gallon The utilization of the heat produced in an underground per day saline water conversion system operating at nuclear explosion for the distillation of seawater to produce 200 kwh/1000 gal. Based on these data, a laboratory test fresh water is discussed. It is stated that the proc ss ap- model (Volume III) will be designed and fabricated to in- pears to be possible and econominal. The fundamental vestigate, by test, problems which may be expected with principles of distillation are reviewed and a phase equi- the full scale design. librium diagram of the sodium chloride-water system is 39 (AER-E1R-13570)PROJECT ARTESIA FINAL presented. REPORT.VOL. III. EXPERIMENTAL TEST MODEL DESIGN.Welt, M. A.; Armstrong, G. R.; Boruff, W. R. Charak, I.; Coleman, R. R.(Chance Vought Corp., Aero- Canadian General Electric Co., Ltd., nautics Div., Dallas, Tex.).September 1961.179p. Peterborough (Ontario). ARTESIA proposes the use of radioisotopes as an energy Civilian Atomic Power Dept. source for saline water conversion. The economic and technical feasibility has been analytically established. 34 (NP-15920)A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON Further work is included on the design of an experimental AN HWR PLANT FOR ELECTRIC POWER AND WATER test model capable of producing 250 gallons per day using DESALINATION.(Canadian General Electric Co. Ltd., one megacurie of cerium 144 and a six-stage flash evapora- Peterborough (Ontario).Civilian Atomic Power Dept.). tion conversion unit. Also included i--. a hazards analysis of Sept. 1963. 13p.Dep. mn. the test model. The Canadian 11WR was investigated for use as a dual- 44`..! (PB-181469)UTILIZATION OF ISOTOPES FOR purpose reactor. Economics are discussed. SALINE WATER CONVERSION.Research and Develop- ment Progress Report No. 68.(Chance Vought Corp., 35 SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON UTILIZING A Dallas).Dec . 1962.298p. CANADIAN HEAVY-WATER REACTOR IN A DUAL-pUR- A study was conducted of the use of radioisotope power POSE POWER-DESALINATION PLANT.Williams, N. L. as a heat source for saline water conversion. An eco- (Civilian Atomic Power Dept., Canadian General Electric nomic feasibility study was made on this type of energy. Co. Ltd., Peterborough, Ont.).pp 91-101 of STI-DOC- The most economical source appears to be from the cal- 10/51. cined fission product waste from processed spent reactor An analysis was made of a Canadian heavy water reactor fuel elements. The results indicated that, for special con- for the purpose of evaluating its performance for electric ditions, this source of heat is competitive with conventional power generation and seawater desalination. Results are fuels. Results are presented of various studies on com- discussed. patibility, thermodynamics, nuclear, and materials aspects of a full-scale heater utilizing calcined radioisotope waste products. The studies have permitted the conceptual design Catalytic Construction Co., Philadelphia, Pa. and of a nuclear heater capable of supplying the thermal re- Nuclear Utility Services, Inc., Washington, D. C. quirements for a one million gallon per day saline water conversion unit operating at 200 kwh/1000 gal. The de- 36 (NYO-3316-1) A STUDY OF DESALTING sign of a laboratory test model is given. The model will PLANTS (15 TO 150 mgd) AND NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS be capable of producIng 250 gallons per day using one (200 TO 1500 MWt) FOR COMBINED WATER AND POWER megacurie of cerium-144 and a six-stage flash evapora- PRODUCTION.Final Report.(Catalytic Construction Co., tion conversion unit: A hazards analysis of the test model Co., Philadelphia and Nuclear Utility Services, Inc., Wash- is included. ington, D. C.).Sept. 1964.Contracts AT(30-1)-3316 and 14-01-0001-307.358p.Dep.; $3.50(OTS). An analysis is carried out of the various factors affecting Comisión Nacional de Energia Nuclear, the economics of seawater desalination by a multistage Mexico City. flash-evaporation plant, operated in conjunction with an electricity-generating station. Four concepts are consid- 41 (NP-15834)BIBLIOGRAFIA SOBRE LA CON- ered as power sources for the combined facility, namely, VERSION DE AGUAS SALADAS Y SALOBRES EN AGUA low- and high-temperature nuclear reactors and low- and DULCE (1954-1964).(Bibliography on the Conversion of high-temperature natural-gas boilers. Plant sizes of 200 1 Salt and Brackish"Waters into Fresh Water (1954-1964)). to 1500 MWt are considered. The economics of the station Gurza, Tomas; Zamora, Pedro (comps.)(ComisiOn Na- are compared with the economics of separately operated cional de Energfa Nuclear, Mexico City (Mexico)).Nov. plants of tbe same water and electric outputs. 1965.178p.Dep. mn. References (956) to various methods and equipment used for the desalination of water are given to reports, Chance Vought Corp., Dallas, Tex. journals, and books published from 1954 through 1964. A separate author index is included. 37 (AER-EIR-13574) PROJECT ARTESIA FINAL REPORT. VOL. I. ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY.Welt, M. A.; Armstrong, G. R.; McWhorter, C. R.(Chance Commissariatal'Energie Atomique, Vought Corp., Aeronautics Div., Dallas, Tex.).Sept, Tunis (Tunisia). 1961.120p. The use-of radioisotopic power is considered as a heat 42 (A/CONF.28/P/824)LES CENTRALES NU- source for saline water conversion. The most economical CLEAR:MS UTILISEES AUX FINS DE DESSALEMENT DE source appears to be the calcined fission product waste L'EAU ET riE LA PRODUCTION DE L'ELECTRICITE; from processed spent reactor fuel elements. The results LEUR PERSPECTIVES DANS LES REGIONS ARIDES ET indicate that, for special conditions, this source of heat is SEMI-ARIDES.(Nuclear Plants for Power and Saline Wa- competitive with conventional fuels. ter Conversion; Their Prospects in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions).Chine, M.; Baklouti, M.(Tunisia. Commis- 38 (AER-E1R-13575)PROJECT ARTESIA FINAL sariat A l'E-nergie Atomique. Tunis).May 1964.8p. REPORT_ VOL. II. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY.Welt, Water requirements of industrial and domestic purposes M: A.; Armstrong, G. R.; Boruff, W. R.; Coleman, R. R. are increasing, and in several cases water supply of these 7

regions by pipes is not the best solution;then, water conversion plants are to be consideredamong alternative wa- the U S. nuclear power program. Byvirtue of their excel- ter supply systems. Among energysources required for lent neutron economy and their abilityto operate on simple, water conversion plants, nuclearenergy may be consid- massive, low-cost fuel elements,these reactors offer the ered. Nuclear energy may offeradvantages especially for potential of energy generation coststhat arc lower than dual purpose plant. Many problemsof course have to be those attainable in other converterreactors, higher con- solved but reactors and saline waterconversion plants version ratios than any other converterreactor, a self- technology at present time hasno great difficulties to be sustaining breeding cycle with Th fuel,and low-cost steam solved. Generally, It is possible to foreseetypes of reac- for process heat applications suchas desalination. It is . tors to be adapted for dual-purpose,processes for desali- concluded from consideration of estimatedenergy genera- nation waich have the great experience,and the problems tion costs, neutron economy, presentstatus of technology, of conneci;on of energy source anddesalination plant. Some and the extent of available developmentfacilities that situations and especially that of Tunisia will liquid D20 and an organic liquidare the best candidates be examined. for further development as coolants reactors. for D20-moderated Department of the 47 Interior, Washington, D. C. (DP-866)HEAVY WATER REACTORSFOR and Atomic EnergyCommission, SEAWATER DISTILLATION PLANTS.St. John, Daniel S.; Washington, D.C. Ross, Charles P.; Wade, James W.(Du Pont de Nemours ` & Co. Savannah River Lab., Aiken,S. C.).Jan. 43 1 Contract AT(07-2)-1.58p. PROGRAM FOR ADVANCING DESALTING Conceptual designs of reactors moderated TECHNOLOGY. Report to the President.U. S. Depart- prepared for a study of the with D10 were ment of the Interior and U. S. AtomicEnergy Commission. use of large reactors for sea- September 2, 1964.55p. water distillation. Two designsare presented: a near-term The Department of the Interior reference design producing 3500MW thermal with pres- proposes a broad-gage. surized liquid D20 coolant, anda more advanced design accelerated program of action designedboth to discover producing 8300 MW thermal with new techniques for desalting and to improveexisting costs are estimated for dual-purposeorganic coolant. Steam processes for the benefit of large and smallcommunities. by-product steam from back-pressureplants in which the Emphasis will be given to the developmentof the most the saline water plant. These turbines is sent to promising large-scale distillationprocesses. The Atomic estimates show that the net Energy Commission proposes the steam cost varIee from 11 to 160/millionBtu for the development of large- 3500-MW(t) plant, and from 4 toOc/million Btu for the scale nuclear energy systems forcombination power- 8300-MW(t) plant, as the power credit water application irl coordination with thedevelopment of mill/kwh. changes from 3 to desalting processes by the Departmentof the Interior. The heavy water moderated, organic cooled best potential at this time for large reactor offers the tion. power-water applica- Ebasco Services, Inc., New York. 46 EVALUATION OF ALL POTENTIALSOURCES Division of Reactor Development orENERGY FOR DESALTING.Reichle, Leonard F. C. (AEC), (Ebaseo Services Inc., New York).22p.(CONF-651005- Washington, D. C. 3) . ORA U Gmelin, AED-CONF -65-276-5. From 1st International Symposium 44 on Water Desalination, (TID-20039) REPORT OF LARGELOW- Washington, D. C. PRESSURE STEAM REACTOR REVIEWGROUP. (Divi- The alternate sources of fresh waterare discussed; and sion of Reactor Development. AEC).Mar, 1963.38p. it is concluded that with rising cost ofobtaining additional Capital costs, fuel cycle costs, andoperating costs are supplies of fresh water, it is necessaryto develop methods reviewed for light water-moderatedand -cooled pressur- to remove contamination from brackishwater or seawater ized reactors, and graphite- andheavy water-moderated to assure that the requirements for freshwater be met. reactors for steam production forwater desalination. Both major and minor sources ofenergy available for de- Dual-purpose (desalination and electricpower production) salting are discussed and evaluated. Chartsare presented operations were not considered. Thecurrent status and to show various aspects of the use of themajor sources of near-term potentials, effect ofscaling-up of size, and the energy, fuel energy required by various desaltingpro- research and developmentprograms are reviewed. No de- cesses, etc. It is concluded that an establishedelectric termination was made as to the reactorconcept that would utility can produce the lowest cost electricityor steam for be best suited to desaltingplants. desalting, and charts and discussionare presented to show what kind of plant could bestcarry out the process. Division of Technical InformationExtension (AEC), Oak Ridge, Tenn. Fluor Corp., Ltd.,Whittier, Calif. 49 (PB-161010) 45 (TID-3567)SALINE WATER CONVERSION. PRELIMINARY DESIGN STUDY A Literature Search. OF AN OPTIMUM NUCLEARREACTOR-SALINE WATER Raleigh, Henry J.(Division of EVAPORATOR PROCESS. Technical Information Extension,AEC).Nov. 1961.29p. Calif.) (Fluor Corp., Ltd., Whittier, A bibliography is presentedon the developments in the Research and Development ProgressReport No. 34, production of potable water from saline 1959 234p,OTS. ters. The 372 references cover literatureor brackish wa- An engineering design studywas made of a 50 X 108 ber 1961. The report references through Septem- gallons/day sea water conversionplant employing a multi- are arranged alpha- stage flash evaporator and a light numerically under the corporateauthors. The journal cooled nuclear steam generator.water-moderated and references are arranged alphabeticallyby title. It was necessary to select the optimum 370 Mw(th) reactorand to select the optimum capacity multi-stage flash evaporatorthat when combined Du Pont de Nemours (E. I.)and Co., with the optimum reactor systemwould produce fresh wa.7 Aiken, S. C. Savannah River ter at the least total cost. A preliminarydesign Of a 1 x Lab. 106 gallons/day pilot plantwas also prepared. The cost of 46 (DP-830) AN EVALUATION OF HEAVY- potable water produced from sea waterin a 5 x 10° gallons WATER-MODERATED POWER REACTORS. day 52-stage flash evaporator isestimated tO-be $0.42 per port as of March 1963. Status Re- 1000 gallons. This estimated costincludes all costs asso- Babcock. D. F.; Hood, R. R.; ciated with the operation of the plant. Isakoff, L.; Jensen, J. C.; St. John.D. S.; Wade, J. W. (Du Pont de Nemours (E. I.) &Co. Savannah River Lab., SO Aiken, S. C.).June 1963.Contract AT(07-2)-1.124p. (PB-I61062) STUDY OF THE APPLICABILITY Heavy-water-moderated reactors are attractive OF COMBINING NUCLEAR REACTORSWITH SALINE WA- dates for vigorous development and candi- TER DISTILLATION PROCESSES.Research and Develop- commercialization in ment Progress Report No. 19.Brice, D. B.; Dusbabek,

4 12 M. R.; and Townsend, C. R.(Fluor Corp., Whittier, Ca HE). Hanford Atomic Products Operation).Feb. 2, 1965.Con- [nci]. Contract 14-01-001-97.155p. tract AT(45-1)-1350.2p. (CONF-650602-3).Dep. mn; Activities in a program to select the two optimum-com- CFSTI, $1.00 cy, $0.50 rnn. bination saline water reactor-conversion systems for fur- From American Nuclear Society Ilth Annual Meeting, ther study and to indicate the direction of further research Gatlinburg, Tenn. are reported. Results are presented of an investigation The fitting of the N reactor in the total national nuclear concerning the effects of power level on the cost of steam program is discussed. Possible power ratings and applica- generated by natural U. heavy water-moderated and -cooled tions of the N reactor to desalination are discussed.' reactors. Studies of water cost from a multi-stage evaporator system are reported in which data were gathered indicating that sea water can be converted at 52 to 63 cents General Electric Company, San Jose, Calif. per thousand gallons in a 50 million gallon per day distillation plant utilizing steam from a nuclear reactor. It is also 55 POTENTIAL OF 9WR5 AS LOW COST HEAT concluded that above 400 Mw the steam cost is relatively SOURCES EOR DESALTING PLANT APPLICATIONS. independent of power leveL The two combination reactor- Crever, F. E.; McNelly, M. J.; and Miller, E. H.(Gen- distillation systems which are.considered optimum are the eral Electric Co., San Jose, Calif.).23p.(CONE-650420- heavy water-moderated and -cooled reactor and the light 3). water-moderated and -cooled slightly enriched reactor, From American Power Conference, Chicago. incorporated with either a combination multirte-effect and Data are presented oa the application of boiling water multi-stage flash evaporator system or a long-tube vertical reactors to dual purpose plants, with emphasis placed on multiple-effect evaporator system. the costs of steam to the desalting plant for a wide range of pressures. The costs were computed on the basis of recently published information on product line boiling wa- General Dynamics Corp., San Diego, Calif. ter reactors. The trend toward lower water desalting costs General Atom:cs Div. with lower steam pressures to the desalting plant is noted. This trend has been confirmed, for certain conditions, in 51 APPROACHES TO THE CONVERSION OE SEA the case of boiling water reactor applications. Further ap- WATER TO FRESH.Bray, Donald T.; and Johnston, praisal of this characteristic of dual purpose plants has Thomas A.(General Atomic Div, General Dynamics been attempted in order to assess the reasons therefore Corp., San Diego, Calif.).23p.(CONF-650249-4;GA- and to better define the most economical plant arrange- 6294). ment. The water production costs predicted by applying From American Power Conference, Chicago. the present-day BWR to the water cost estimating methods Discussion is presented on two methods for the desalina- are comparable to those computed for future nuclear re- tion of sea water: dual-purpose plants making use of the actor concepts of several times the unit size (25,000 vs. High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) as the heat 3,400 Mw(t)). Water production costs from medium size source and reverse osmosis, a membrane process. Pro- dual purpose installations based on present-day boiling wa- cess description, performance, and economics are con- ter reactor technology may well fall within the range of sidered. economic feasibility based upon a computed 1975 power credit of 3.80 mills/kwh (private ownership). 52 (GA-6294) APPROACHES TO THE CONVER- SION OF SEA WATER TO FRESH.Bray, Donald T.; and 56 BOILING WATER REACTOR.White, G.(Gen- Johnston, Thomas A.(General Atomic Div., General Dy- eral Electric Co., San Jose, Calif.).20p.(CONE-660311- namics Corp., San Diego, Calif.).Apr. 15, 1965.22p. 3).ORAU., Gmelin, AED-CONF-66-037-2. Presented at the American Power Conference, Chicago, From Symposium on Water Production Using Nuclear April 27-29, 1965. Energy, Tucson, Ariz. Descriptions are given of two methods under investiga- The boiling water reactor, as one of the lowest cost tion for the economic desalination of sea water. One sources of thermal or electric energy available for de- method utilizes the High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor saltiug projects, has been the subject of numerous evalua- (11TGR) in a dual purpose-multistage flash evaporation tions over the past few years. The energy cost, which can plant. Typical performance data and water costs that could constitute 30-50% of the total cost of desalted water and be expected from large plants of this type are presented. can also directly influence the capital investment in the The description and economics of a reverse osmosis pro- desalter, continues to show a downward trend. Boiling wa- cess are given and a brief qualitative comparison is made ter reactors are now competitive with other energy sources between the two desalination systems. using less than 20c/MBtu fuel. In consequence, these BWRs can supply heat at -200°E from the turbine exhaust General Electric Co., Richland, Wash. for less than 101 per 1000 pounds of steam. During the past year or so, the rate of BWR commitments has built up Hanford Atomic Products Operation. to a level of over 2,500 MWe per annum. The design of BWRs required for desalting plants differs very little from 53 (I1W-78388)ANALYTICAL STUDIES AND AD- these commitments for central station applications. It is VANCED CONCEPTS.p.3.1-15 of RESEARCH AND DE- concluded that the past few years of encouraging develop- VELOPMENT PROGRAMS EXECUTED FOR THE DIVISION ment of the various desalting plant concepts have been OF REACTOR DEVELOPMENT. Quarterly Progress Re- paralleled by a comparable gain in BWR operating experi- port, April-June 1963,Hendrickson, M. M.; and Green, ence and performance capability, thus further helping J. K., eds.(General Electric Co.Hanford Atomic Prod- maximize the overall promise of current desalting pro- ucts Operation. Richland, Wash.).July 1963.133p. gram efforts. Computer studies indicated that plutonium-enriched 23tiu or 23!Th oxide fuels that have sufficient 240Pu concentration will not safer an economic disadvantage when 2331.1 Gosudarstvennyi Komitet Po Isporzovaniyu is replaced with alloying or diluent materials. A reduced Atomnoi Energii SSSR. spatial concentration fuel containing 221011 and 212Th enriched with plutonium was studied to determine fuel cycle costs 57 TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF and reactivity response characteristics. Costs for thermal THE USE OF NUCLEAR REACTORS FOR DESALINATION energy supplied to a desalinization plant were determined OF WATER AND ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION.Lo- for two reactor sizes, 3500 and 8300 Mw(e). Fuel cycle ginov, A. A.; Koryakin, Yu. I.(State Committee on the costs, reactivity, conversion ratio, and breeding ratio cal- Utilization of Atomic Energy, USSR).pp 60-73 of STI- culations were made for a revised 300 Mw(e) fast reactor DOC-10/51. using supercritical-pressure water as the coolant. The general properties of dual-purpose plants are briefly discussed. Methods for determining the cost of fresh wa- 54 (RL-SA-21)APPLICATIONS OF NPR TECH- ter and electric power are briefly described. An analysis NOLOGY TO THE NATIONAL NUCLEAR PROGRAM. was made of the prime coat of fresh water and electric Kosmata, H. R.(General Electric Co., Richland, Wash. power. The results are presented. 4 13 9

Growth Industry Shares, Inc., Chicago. $1.00; 521,-; 6/-stg; F.Er.4,-; DM3,20 (IAEA).ST 10/35. 58 STRATEGIC ECONOMIC FACTORS IN PLAN- A preliminary study was made of the possible use of a NING NUCLEAR POWER FOR DESALTING SEA WATER. nuclear dual-purpose installation for the production of both Mullenbach, Philip.(Growth Industry Shares, Inc., Chi- electric power and desalted water. The factors likely to cago).19p.(CONF-660321-1). ORAU.Gmelin, AED- have a bearing on the features of the plant are discussed. CON F-66-148-1, It is concluded that the minimum capacity of the largest From Canaveral Council of Technical Societies, 3rd generating unit for the network is 51-58 Mw, and that the Space Congress, Cocoa Beach, Fla. water demand will vary between 12,000 and 22,000 m3/day. The role of nuclear power in seawater desalting in the Power and distilled water costs figure to be 3.5 millimes U. S. during the next decade is examined considering cer- (8.5 US mills)/kwh and 45-77 millimes/m3 ($0.40-0.70/ tain conditions relating to alternative supplies, technology 1000 gal), respectively. and scale-up, and the specific market for water. Emphasis in the cost evaluation is placed on the development of large 63 SUMMARY REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS. dual-purpose power-water desalting plants. (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna).pp I -15 of STI-DOC-10/51. A summary of highlights of the latest developments per- Hinman Associates, Inc., Baltimore, Md. taining to nuclear desalination and related topics is pre- 59 ECONOMICS OF SMALL NUCLEAR ELECTRIC- sented. Recommendations of the conference panel on the DESALINATION PLANTS.Baer, Robert L.; Solberg, Agency's role and future activities in nuclear desalination Donald E.Mittman Associates. Inc., Baltimore, Md). are discussed. 8p.(CONE-650602-82).ORAU.Gmelin, AED-CONF- 125-112. 64 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ELECTRICAL From American Nuclear Society 11th Annual Meeting, ENERGY DEMAND IN GREECE AND OF THE WATER Gatlinburg, Tenn. SUPPLY OF THE ATHENS AREA,Delyannis, A.(In- The economics of small (10 to 15 Mw(t)) nuclear plants ternational Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna).pp 105-9 of which produce electricity and desalinate water were studied STI-DOC-10/51. for the purpose of quantitatively determining the cost of The power production and demands in Greece are briefly electricity and water produced by small dual-purpose nu- discussed. The use of a daal-purpose reactor is discussed. clear plants and to compare these to actual water and electricity prices for representative locations. It is concluded 65 NUCLEAR POWER ECONOMICS.(Internatfonal that there are many places where such plants are econom- Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria)).Bibliographical ically attractive compared to existing electric and water Series.Dee 1964.156p.STI/PUB/21/13.$3.00; 363,-; 18/-stg; F.11.12,-; DM10.50 (IAEA). production units. These small dual-purpose plants arc also A total of 771 references, almost all with abstracts, is as attractive as pilot plants because of their modest capital given to the literature published and/or abstracted during costs. the period 1960-1963. The references are arranged into six sectians dealing with general aspects, evaluation of power Indiana University, Bloomington. reactors, nuclear propulsion, water desalination, reactor materials, and other economic aspects. An author index is 60 ECONOMICS OF WATER PRODUCTION USING included. NUCLEAR ENERGY.Milliman, J. W.(Indiana Univ., Bloomington).38p.(CONF-660311-4). ORAU.Gmelin, AED-CONF-66-037-5. Joint United States-Israel Power and From Symposium on Water Production Using Nuclear Desalting Team. Energy, Tucson, Ariz. The various technical and economic factors which affe t 66 (NP-14617)COMBINATION SEA WATER DE- the supply of freshwater are examined. The economic SALTING AND ELECTFUG POWER PLANT FOR ISRAEL. principles for the use and development of water resources (Joint United States-Is.iael Power and Desalting Team). and the economics of desalting are discussed. Cost con- Oct. 1964.134p. siderations are examined for the choice of desalting pro- The economics of a dual-purpose electricity-desalination cesses, fossil versus nuclear fuels, single purpose versus nuclear power reaotor for use in Israel beginning about dual purpose plants, and how costs are al1cated between 1971 is analyzed. The concept studied employs flash dis- water and power in a dual purpose facility. Some of the tillation for desalination. economic aspects of the Bechtel study of a dual-purpose nuclear plant for Southern California are reviewed. Kaiser Engineers, Oakland, Calif. and Catalytic Construction Co., Philadelphia, Pa. International Atomic Energy Agency, 67 ENGINEERING FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMIC Vienna (Austria). STUDY FOB DUAL-PURPOSE ELECTRIC POWER-WA- 61 DESALINATION OF WATER USING CONVEN- TER DESALTING PLANT. PHASE I REPORT.Prepared TIONAL AND NUCLEAR ENERGY. A Report on the Pres- for United States-Israel Joint Board.(Kaiser Engineers, ent Status of Desalination and the Possible Role Nuclear Oakland, Calif., and Catalytic Construction Co., Philadel- Energy May Play in This Field.(International Atomic phia).Department of Interior Report No. 65-25-RE. Energy Agency, Vienna).Technical Report Series No. 24. July 1965.151p. 1964.56p.STI/DOC/10/24.$1.00; Sch 21; 6s. stg; -F. It is shown that a dual-purpose power-water desalting fr. 4; DM 3.20 (IAEA). plant in Israel with capacity of 200 megawatts salable A general review is presented of.the status of desalina- power and 100 million gallons water per day ready for ini- tion of water at the end of 1963. The water needs of the tial operation in 1971 and full commercial operation by world are discussed with examples of areas which need mid-1972 is technically feasible. Based upon the conceptual water and power. The various desalination processes are design work performed, it was concluded that either a pres- considered. An Outline is given of large existing plants all surized water or boiling water reactor would be technically over the world. The design and arrangement of large suitable for the nuclear steam supply and that the desalting desalination plants are discussed. Finally, economic con- plant should be of the multi-stage flash type. Capital costs siderations and conclusions are given. have been estimated for the dual-purpose plant and allow- ances have been made for the electrical power and water 62 STUDY ON THE POTENTIALITIES OF THE USE conveyance facilities beyond the dual-purpose plant bound- OF A NUCLEAR REACTOR FOR THE VIDLISTRIALIZATION aries. Water production costs have been estimated for fixed OF SOUTHERN TUNISIA.Technical Reports Series No. 35. charge rates of 5 per cent, 7 per cent, and 10 per cent. (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna).1964,33p. Estimates were also made for fossil-fuel plants of compa- 4 10 Plant, Tenn. rabic size. For all-fixed charge ratesthrough 10 per cent, Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion the unit cost of water from the selectednuclear dual- DESALINATION OE' SEA WATER from a fossil-feel dual- 71 (K-D-1780) purpose plant was less than that EVAPORATOR PLANTS.Mitchell, B. E.(Oak Ridge Gas- purpose plant. eous Diffusion giant, Tenn.).May 1, 1963.Contract W- 7405-eng-26.56p.Dep.(mn); $3.00(cy), 2(mn) OTS. 68 (66-1-RE)ENGINEERING FEASIBILITY AND An engineering evaluation wasmade of plants for pro- ELECTRIC water per day by the ECONOMIC STUDY FOR DUAL-PURPOSE (Kai- ducing 1 billion gallons of product POWER-WATER DESALTING PLANTFoRISRAEL. flash evaporation process. Conceptualdesigns and cost ser Engineers, Oakland, Calif.Catalytic Construction Co., estimates were prepared for threedifferent type plants: Philadelphia, Pa.).Jan. 1966.302p.Dep. mn.CFSTI modular plant, compact plant, and multilevelplant. $2.00 cy, $1.50 mn. For United States-Israel Joint Board. The study %sae conducted in two phases.The first phaee Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn. was directed toward determiningthe feasibility of a dual- purpose electric power-waterdesalting plant ready for 72 (CONF-14-6) LARGE-SCALE SEAWATER commercial operation in Israel by mid-1972and included: CONVERSION USING NUCLEAR ENERGY.Hammond, (1) comparisons of various dual-purposenuclear power and R. Philip (Oak Ridge National Lab.,Tenn.).(1963].Con- desalting plants using the multi-stage flashevaporation tract [W-7405-eng-261.7p. process and selection of one of theseplants (hereinafter From American Chemical Society 144thNational Meeting. referred to as the reference plant) for detailedevaluation, Los Angeles, Calif., March-April 1963. (2) comparison of this selected plant with acomparable The economics of desalting processesfor sea water fossil-fuel dual-purpose plant, and (3) arecommended de- using large nuclear reactors as a sourceof power for velopment program to confirm certaindesalting plant com- water distilling plants is discussed.It is pointed out that ponents and desiga criteria. The secondphase was directed low-cost electric power could beobtained as a byproduct toward preparing a detailed evaluation of thereference in snitch plants. It is suggested that a3500 Mev pilot plant plant and to develop information for use inpreparing an of the natural uranium type couldbe undertaken in a rel- application to funding agencies. During Phase IIthe con- atively short time and would producewater in the cost ceptual design was refined and new estimatesof the capi- range under 20 cents/1000 galand power for 3 mills/kwhr tal cost, annual cost, and the unit cost ofwater were pre- or less, after writing offdevelopment costs. It is also sug- pared. In addition, several plant alternativesand factors gested that breeder reactorswould ultimately produce the important in the determination of the totalannual cost lowest cost energy, but would need alonger time for de- were examined such as: (1)difterences in the desalting velopment. Cost estimates are presentedusing regen- plant design and in the cost of water resultingfrom the erative evaporation in multi-effect orflash type evapora- selection of either a boiling-water or pressurized-water tors and natural uranium reactor or anadvanced fast reactor for the nuclear steam supply, (2)differences in the breeder reactor. The cost of waterwould be 9.8 cents/ cost of water resulting from theselection of a concrete in- 1000 gal or 6.1 cents/I090 gal,depending on the reactor stead of a steel reactor containment building,(3) differ- type used. ences in the cost of water resultingfrom the selection of chambers, (4) review 73 (ORNL -3452)ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS. concrete instead of steel evaporator p. 240-51 of CHEMICALTECHNOLOGY DIVISION AN- of the plant operating factor, (5) determinationof the effect PERIOD ENDING MAY 31, of seasonal seawater temperature on the capital costand NUAL PROGRESS REPORT FOR Sept. 20, 1963. of the change 1963.(Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn.). the unit cost of water, and (6) determination 293p. in the cost of water which woeld result ifpotential de- Fuel cycle costs were evaluated for avariety of reactor creases in the nuclear fuel cycle costsmaterialize. In- stations for the production of water andpossibly elec- cluded are the results of the Phase I work and theresults estimates of tricity: The base case studied was aheavy-water-moder- of the above Phase 11 studies including the ated, light-water-cooled, natural-uraniumreactor using capital cost, annual cost, and the unit cost ofwater. the nested tube element. Fuel cyclethroughputs ranged from 1 to 30 short tons of uranium per day.The fuel cycle fuel element 69 POWER PLANT CYCLES FOR DUAL-PURPOSE costs were alsd determined for the same PLANT APPLICATIONS.Wilson, J. R.; Flake, J.; Platz, when the irradiated fuel was discardedrather than pro- 24p.(CONF- cessed at 10 and 30 tons per day, and whenplutonium and H. R.(Kaiser Engineers, Oakland, Calif.). at 1 to 30 660546-2).ORAU. Gmelin, AEC-CONF-66-111-3, depleted uranium replaced the natural uranium From American Society of Civil Engineers,Water Re- tons per day. An attempt was made toexamine on a com- sources Engineering Conference,Denver, Colo. parable basis a partially enriched fuel of theDresden type The economic and technical advantages of usingextrac- at 10 tons per day. These studiesindicated: unit costs are tion or exhaust steam from a nuclear powersteam plant rapidly reduced by increase in productionrequirements; as a heat source for desalting water arediscussed. The natural-uranium fuels have the lowest fuel cyclecosts; dual-purpose electric power-water desalting plant in and burnup and inventory are the major factorsin fuel Israel is described to illustrate these advantages. cycles for slightly enriched uranium. 74 (ORNL-3470) WATER DESALINATION PRO- GRAM.Douglas, D. A.(Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn.). Los Alamos Scientific Lab., p.232-4 of METALS AND CERAMICS DIVISIONANNUAL N. Mex. PROGRESS REPORT FOR PERIOD ENDING MAY31, 1963.(Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn.).Nov. 11, 1963. 285p. 70 (LA-2733)A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF Fuel fabrication costs were estimated for the verylarge PAST OXIDE BREEDER REACTORS FOR SEAWATER of CONVERSION. Sesonski, Alexander; Hammond R.Philip reactors proposed for water desalination. Fabrication Aug. 1e32,Con- 18 metric tons of uranium per day intoidentical elements (Los Alamos Scientific Lab., N.Mex.). is an insignificant part of the cost of generatingheat. tract W-7405-eng-36.80p. (ORNL-3783) WATER DESALINATION INFOR- In a reference concept for economic evaluation, asolid- 75 Abstracts oxide, fast breeder reactor is used toprovide process MATION MEETING, FEBRUARY 23-24, 1965. con- of Papers.(Oak Ridge National-Labe Tenn.).Feb. 1065, steam for a multiple,-stage flash evaporation water (CONF-650206).Dep.; version plant. Water production costs aresignificantly Contract W-7405-eng-26.35p. reduced as the capacity is increased. At a capacityof one $2.00(cy), 1(mn) CFSTI. from 8 to 13 Abstracts are presented of 15 papers which were given billion gallons per day, predicted costs range ea water research and nucleardesalination. Some of the cente per thousand gallons, competitive with newlarge- CaSO4 scale conventional source projects. The generationof by- topics treated include hyperfiltration, polarization, in solubility in solutions, Ti corrosion, fuel cyclecosts, product electricity can lead to substantial reductions reactor types, evaporators, and plant optimization. these predicted costs. 11

76 (ORNL-3870, pp 191-3)DESALINATION. ble an iraportant new source of water from the sea. In Douglas, D. A. Jr.(Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn.). each situation, however, it is important to determine how Efforts were divided into three general categories: the proposed plant compares with alternative methods of calculating fuel fabrication costs, developing fabrication supplying the needed water, and to optimize the plant design processes for thin titanium tubing for evaporator-con- to fit the local needs. Some of the analytical tools and tech- densors, and evaluating fuel performance. Computer codes niques that can be applied to these tasks are discussed. for fuel fabrication costs were extended to include Ole In the case of the dual-purpose plant producing power as coextrusL.pri of Zircaloy cladding with thorium, thorium- well as water, the cost of steam must he allocated ap- uranium alloy, or uranium. Metal fuel performance was propriately to the two products. Although this is a purely surveyed to help define applications of metal fuels for arbitrary choice, a method is presented which has the large desalination reactors. Methods of producing fluted novel feature of apportioning heat cost so that neither wa- titanium tubing by roll forming, tube drawing, isostatic ter nor power cost is appreciably affected by changing the pressing, high-energy-rate forming, and press forming product ratio of the plant design. Although simple analyti- were evaluated. cal models can assist in characterizing desalination plant 77 (ORNL-3882) AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE systems, the details of design and optimization are greatly PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA USING ELECTRICITY FROM aided by computer techniques. The computer codes in use A NUCLEAR DESALINATION REACTOR COMPLEX. at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory for desalination Blanco, 11. E.; Holmes, J.10.; Salmon, R.; Ullmann, J. W. studies are listed, and illustrated by examples, (Oak Ridge National La:a., Tenn.).June 1966.Contract 81 (ORNL-P-1278) ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF W-7405-eng-26.54p.Dep. rem CFSTI $3.00 cy, $0.50 NUCLEAR DESALINATION,Burwell, C. C.(Oak Ridge mn. National Lab., Tenn.),May 3, 1965.Contract W-7405- One example of the use of large blocks of low-cost nu- eng-26.18p. (CONF-650532-1).Dep. rim; CFSTI, $1.00 clear power predicted for the foreseeable future would be cy, $0.50 mn. production of hydrogen and ammonia fertilizer by the From Institute of Nuclear Materials Management Meet- electrolysis of water. The cost of ammonia production ing, Cincinnati. at a nuclear desalination site via electrolysis was com- It may be stated that distilled water may be economically pared with the cost using the conventional steam-methane produced by distillation in a large dual-purpose nuclear reforming process. Factors studied included power cost, facility. Projected water costs will be low enough for agri- natural gas cost, production rate, return an investment, cultural purposes if full advantage is taken of the favorable type of electrolytic cell, by-product oxygen credit, and cost features of by-product electricity, natural uranium or transportation cost. Using electrolytic cells that operate breeder fuels, a large fuel-processing industry, and large- at very high current densities, ammonia can be produced size construction. Further reductions in water cost will for $39/ton with power at 2.5 to 3.0 mills/kwhr. Such undoubtedly occur as; the results of research and develop- power costs are obtainable on an incremental basis from ment are applied to the nuclear desalination industry. commercial light-water reactors. Large advanced reactors producing power at 1.6 rnills/kwhr appear to be 82 (ORNL-P-2071) AGRICULTURAL WATER BY capable of producing ammonia competitive in the United NUCLEAR DESALINATION AND TECHNICAL ROUTES States (assuming a credit for by-product oxygen) with TO ITS ACHIEVEMENT. Hammond, R. Philip(Oak steam-methane reforming using natural gas at 29 to 331 Ridge National Lab., Tenn.).Mar. 14, 1966,Contract million Btu's. The average U. S. industrial natural gas W-7405-eng-26.25p. (CONF-660311-2).Dep. me. price in 1963 was 30 per million Btu's. The production CFSTI $1.00 cy, $0.50 mn. of hydrogen and ammonia fertilizer at a nuclear desalina- From Symposium on Water Production Using Nuclear tion site is considered sufficiently attractive to justify Energy, Tucson, Ariz. further study. The nature of technical achievements that are missing in the production of agriculture water by nuclear desalina- 78 (ORNL-3962)ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS, tion is defined, and their difficulties are outlined. The WATER DESALINATION INFORMATION MEETING, urgency of the program is disCLISSed. MAY 10-11, 1968.Kraus, K. A.; Hammond, R. P. (Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn).Contract W-7405- 83 (ORNL-TM-432) PRELIMINARY BACK- eng-26.66p.Dep. Inn. CFSTI $3.00 cy, $0.75 ren. GROUND STUDIES OF THE PROSPECTS FOR ECONOMI- Abstracts of 15 papers presented on the water research CAL DESALINATION OF SEA WATER USENG NUCLEAR and nuclear desalination programs are presented. ENERGY, Hammond, R. P., et al.(Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn.).Nov. 1, 1962.Contract W-7405-eng-26. 79 (ORNL-P-20) AN ASSESSMENT OF CERTAIN 33p.Dep.(mn); $2.00(ey), 1(inn) CFSTI. AVENUES OF IMPROVEMENT FOR NUCLEAR DESALI- Very large reactors supplying heat to evaporators seem NATION TECHNOLOGY. Hammond, R. Philip (Oa it Ridge likely to be capable of producing fresh water from the sea National Lab., Tenn.).[ad].Contract [W-7405-eng-26]. which is cheaper than can be anticipated from any other 12p.(CONE-612-1). presently proposed method, and possibly cheap enough for From IAEA Panel on Use of Nuclear Energy in galine irrigation. This likelihood is especially strong if production Water Conversion, Vienna, Apr. 1964. of electric power is combined with production of water. The Analytical considerations are given of some areas of low cost could be achieved, however, only if quantities of possible Improvements in dual-purpose and water-only water are produced which are much larger than have here- plants. The effects of product ratio (water to electricity) tofore been considered in Lhe saline water program. The on the optimum turbine exhaust temperature, performance cost of such a project and the amounts of water and power ratio, and cost of water were determined for several cases concerned tend to approach the scale of large river develop- and are presented graphically. The effects of a power ment projects. It is probably economically practical for subsidy on the water costs were also determined. The use municipalities to construct dual-purpose plants for produc- of a steam turbine to drive a vapor-compression evapo- tion of power and city water using current technology. rator in a water-only plant and the use of a single pressure These moderate-sized plants could be either nuclear or vessel for both the reactor and evaporators in a dual- fossil-fueled. Intermediate size nuclear water plants might purpose plant are suggested. be useful as an instrument of foreign aid. Once constructed, 0 (ORNL-P-1151) FACTORS AFFECTING such plants would be cheap to operate, especially if existing ANALYSIS OF DUAL-PURPOSE DESALINATION PLANTS. U. S. reactor fueling facilities were utilized. The small Burwell, C. C.; Ebel, R. A.; Hammond, R. P.(Oak Ridge plants would serve as pilot plants for developirg larger National Lab,, Tenn.). [nd]. Contract [W-7405-eng-26]. stations. 30p.(CONF-650420-1).Dep.(mn); $2.00(ey). 1(mn) CFSTI, 84 (ORNL-TM-465)PROSPECTS FOR SEA- From 5th Panel Meeting on Use of Nuclear Energy in WATER DESALINATION WITH NUCLEAR ENERGY. AN Saline Water Conversion, Vienna. EVALUATION PROGRAM.Young, Gale; Hammond, R. The advent of nuclear desalting stations will make possi- Philip; Spiewak, I.(Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn.). 12

Jan. 1963.Contract W-7405-eng-26.32p.Dep.(mn); rus, and potassium are produced. Large amounts of by- $2.00(cy), 1(1nm) CFSTL products, requiring shipment and sale, are not produced. An evaluation and preliminary design program ie pro- The arc process is used for nitrogen fixation from air to posed for the application of large nuclear reactors to the produce nitric acid and fresh water is electrolyzed to pro- distillation of eeawater. The applicable technology of evap- duce hydrogen for nitrogen fixation frerr )1r as ammonia. oration processes and low-fuel-cost reactors is surveyed Ammonium nitrate can be formed as th....al product. Al- and applied to the projection of the cost of producing fresh ternatively, nitric acid could be produced by oxidation of water in large plants. ammonia instead of the are process, if cheaper. Dical- cium phosphate or triple superphosphates are produced by 85 (ORNL-TM-536) EFFECT OF MAXIMUM nitric acid leaching of phosphate rock or by treating phos- BRINE TEMPERATURE ON THE OUTPUT OF LARGE phate rock in an electric furnace with coke and silica. In NUCLEAR STATIONS FOR PRODUCTION OF WATER the furnace process, coke must be shipped in as a raw ma- AND ELECTRICITY.Spiewak, I.. (Oak Ridge National terial but silica would be available at oceanside locations. Lab., Tenn.).Mar. 29, 1963.Contract [W-7405-eng-26]. Potassium is recovered from seawater by precipitation of 14p. potaesium dipicrylamine. Acidification of the precipitate The effect of brine temperature on the cost of water from with nitric acid produces potassium nitrate and the dipicryl- large municipally owned D20 reactor stations was investi- amine is freed for reuse. Potassium can also be precipitated gated. It was found that water coets from 25,000 Mwt sta- as magnesium calcium potassium phosphate but additional tions varied between 11.7 and 12.6e/1000 gal in the max- caustic must be shipped in to neutralize the phosphoric imum brine temperature range of 160 to 350°F. By-product acid. The effect of reducing power costs per kwh from 8 electric power was sold at 1.49 mills/kwhr. The optimum to 10 mills for private industry or from 4 mill/kwh for size of reactors for producing combinations of 1 to 3 bil- TVA to 1 mill at a large multipurpose reactor station was lion gpd and 1000 to 5000 Mw[e] was determined. From estimated. The use of electrical power to replace natural these optima, incremental costs of producing power and gaS as a process heat source was also assumed. Reduc- water were computed. tions in ammonia or dicalcium phosphate prices of less 86 (ORNL-TM-564) THE EFFECT OF SCALE-UP than 5% were predicted since these processes use large ON FUEL CYCLE COSTS FOR ENRICHED FUEL AND amounts of natural gas as process heat which has a cost NATURAL URANIUM FUEL SYSTEMS.Culler, Floyd L. equivalent to 1 mill/kwh. Conversely, however, the use of (Oak Ridge National LabTenn.).Apr. 16, 1963.Con- 1 mill/kwh electrical power would permit production of tract 1W-7405-eng-261.26p. ecomomical fertilizer at locations where natural gas is un- Cost differences between natural uranium and partially available or must be conserved. The reduction of power enriched uranium fuel cycles are discussed. The estimated cost from 4 to 1 mill/kwh decreased the cost of triple costs for a 10 ton per day, single purpose fuel cycle for superphosphate produced in electric furnaces by 13%. a reactor of the Dresden type using 1.5% enrichment (Core This cost was estimated to be 16% cheaper than for super- 1) are given. Burnup and inventory charges were calcu- phosphate produced by the conventional sulfuric acid pro- lated for advanced pressurized-water reactore. cess at a Florida location. The cost of producing ammonium nitrate, a very desirable solid form of fertilizer 87 (ORNL-TM-587)A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF suitable for long distance shipment, was estimated. The FUEL FABRICATION COSTS FOR LARGE HEAVY- cost, by the electrolysis of water (at 1 mill/kwh) to pro- WATER-MODERATED REACTORS.Lotts, A. 1...; Douglas, duce hydrogen, fixation of nitrogen and hydrogen as am- D. A., Jr.(Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn.).Apr. 1964. monia, and oxidation of ammonia to nitric acid route, was Contract W-7405-eng-26.43p. estimated to, be about 50% higher than the present method The purpose of this limited study was to estimate the which uses natural gas as a raw material to produce coal of fabricating fuel elements for very large process hydrogen. Since these steps are modern engineering tech- heat reactors intended for desalination of seawater. In niques, little further reduction in cost is expected. Hence, concept, the reactor would he moderated by heavy water, the production of nitric acid by arc fixation of air is the cooled by light water, and fueled by natural uranium. The key item which could potentially reduce costs significantly special case of using plutonium and depleted uranium as for the whole complex but one which could not be estimated the fuel was also considered. The fuel elements were en- with accuracy without a detailed cost estimate and design visaged as being of the concentric-tube. Zircaloy-clad survey. At 1 mill/kwh, the power cost alone for arc fixa- type, containing either vibratorily compacted natural UO2 tion of nitrogen is $0.029/1b N. Thus arc fixation nitrogen or 99.4% depleted UO2 spiked with 0.6% Pu02; costs were might be competitive with ammonium nitrate bat not with estimated fur three reactor sizes: 3500, 25,000, and ammonia which eell for $0.104 and $0.056/1b N, respec- 100,000 Mw(t). Fabrication plants were conceived, opera- tively. Since only 3% of the total energy of the arc process tional methods were established, processing times and is used for nitrogen fixation, the wasted heat could be used labor were estimated, and the future cost of Zircaloy was to distill seawater and thus reduce the cost of nitrogen fix- predicted. From this analysis the cost of natural-uranium ation. However, the reduction in cost of nitrogen fixation fuel fabrication, net including uranium or 003 costs, was may be small since the energy is degraded before return estimated to lee $133.65, $9.62, and $5.35 per kilogram of to the distillation system. For example, if 30% of the heat uranium for 3500-, 25,000-, and 100,000-Mw(t) reactors, is recovered as high temperature steam (worth $0.41 mill/ respectively. The coat of Pu02-1102 fuel fabrication, in- kwhh or 120 mill/106 Btu) and 20% is useful as process cluding ail operations from sol-gel-produced oxide to heat (worth $0.034 mill/kwhh or 10 mill/106 Btu) the re- finished elements but not including plutonium, uranium, duction in total cost of power for nitrogen fixation (using or Pu02-UO2 costs, was estimated, per kilogram of ura- 1 mill/kwh.) is 13%. Increasing the efficiency of the arc nium plus plutonium, to be $19.83, $12.15, and $6.30, re- Process (i.e., the yield of nitrogen/kwhe) is considered the spectively. hest means for decreasing the cost of nitric acid produced by the arc method. (ORNL-TM-609) PRODUCTION OF FERTIL- IZER IN A MULTIPURPOSE ATOMIC POWER REACTOR 89 (ORNL-TM-678)PARTIALLY ENRICHED COMPLEX FOR DISTILLATION OF SEAWATER: A SUR- FUEL CYCLES.Culler, Floyd L. Jr.(0a:t Ridge Na- VEY.Blanco, R. E.(Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn.). tional Lab, Tenn.).Sept, 3, 1963.Contract W-7405- July 3, 1963.Contract f_W-7405-eng-261.37p. eng-26.45p.(CpNF-178-1). A survey was made to determine the feasibility of pro, From European Atomic Energy Society's Symposium on clueing large amounts of nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium Fuel Cycles for Power Reactors, Baden-Baden, Germany, fertilizers with the cheap power produced from a large Sept. 1963. atomic reactor. The optimum combination was a multi- The lowest fuel cycle costs for converter reactors can purpose plant tO produce fresh water from seawater by be achieved by use of natural uranium fuels in heavy distillation and fertilizer from the air, sea, and phosphate water-moderated reactors of very large size. Natural rocic No other raw materials are required and only the uranium fuel cycles operated at cycle capacities of 10 t/d three principal fertilizers containing nitrogen, phospho- and larger offer overall fuel costs that are small, about 17 0.05 mill/kwhr thermal, or 0,18 rnill/kwhr electricity at different (mainly because the specifications were written 28% thermal efficiency. These costs assume 14%/yr at two different points in time). Hence it was necessary to charge on capital, a 5.5% charge on consumable inven- modify the MSE flowsheet to the steam, maximum brine tories, burnup of 7000 Mwd/ton of uranium and a pluto- and seawater temperature conditions of the LTV to permit nium credit of $6.70/g. If plutonium is not recovered but making a normalized cost estimate for the MSF. COM- discarded, the costs are approximately 0.9 mill/kwhr parison of the systems was made for evaporators using electricity. Plutonium can be recovered and recycled 246F steam, 230 maximum brine temperature, and 80"E with depleted uranium to the same reactor system for seawater; the LTV had six effects, and the MSE had 42 approximately 20% increase in fuel cycle costs over the etages. For the assumptions of this study, the principal natural uranium case. This natural uranium cycle is findings are: (1) Although the LTV requires about one- probably n factor of five less coetly than the leant ex- third more heat transfer surface than the MSF, its total pensive partially enriched uranium case if plutonium construction cost was less -247 million vs 269 million (where initial 23511 is 1.5 wt % or higher) is recovered dollars for the MSF. (2) The LTV, having a larger frac- and sold; a factor of two less than the least expensive tion of its total capital cost in aluminum brass tubing, which enriched case if plutonium is not recovered, particularly might have to be replaced once during the 30 or 35 year in fuel cycles of less than several tons per day capacity; lifetime of the whole plant, requires a higher fixed charge and its attractive economically if the plutonium produced rate for interim replacement-about I to 1.2% vs about 0.8 is recycled with depleted uranium. to 0.9% for the MSF. (3) The cost of water produced in the LTV of performance ratio 5 lb product/1000 BLu is about 90 (ORNL-TM-735) REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY 21/1000 gal cheaper than that of the MSE; this margin is BY NUCLEAR DESALINATION.Hammond, R. Philip obtained primarily aa the result of lower pumping and (Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn.).Nov. 26, 1963,Con- chemical treatment costs. This difference is small rela- tract (W-7405-eng-261.19p. (CONF-187-23). tive to the accuracy of the two estimates; use of higher From American Nuclear Society Meeting, New York, performance ratios would improve the MSF economics Nov. 1963. relative to those of the LTV. Comparieon of nuclear desalting plants with conventional water supply projects now proposed for the southwestern 94 (ORNL-TM-994)ESTIMATION OF INTERIM United States shows that the nuclear stations are at least REPLACEMENT COSTS OE DUAL-PURPOSE NUCLEAR- competitive in some areas, and this competitive position ELECTRIC SEA WATER CONVERSION STATIONS.Reed, will improve as, water needs increase and nuclear costs S. A.; Moyers, J. C.(Oak Ridge National Lab, Tenn.). come down. An independent study made for the Office of Dee. 1964.Contract W-7405-eng-26.33p.Dep.(mn): Science and Technology confirmed the Oak Ridge National $2.00(ey), i(mn) OTS. Laboratory's estimates of low energy costs from very Expected useful lifetimes have been obtained or esti- large reactors. mated for typical components of dual-purpose nuclear- electric, seawater conversion stations. The component 91 (ORNL-TM-784)COST STUDY OF A LARGE lifetimes were used to prepare tables of sinking fune fac- SODIUM COOLED EAST BREEDER REACTOR FOR .4 tors, based on procedures published by the Bureau of Rec- SEA WATER DESALINATION PLANT.Gall, W. R. (Oak lamation, for computing the costs of interim replacement Ridge National Lab Tenn.),Mar. 1964.56p.Dep. of equipment for stations having lifetime expectancies of (mn); $3.00 Cy, $0.50(mn)CFSTL 30 and 50 years. Employing these einking fund factors for A very rough preliminary design study and cost esti- 4% interest rate, annual interim replacement costs were mate are presented for a 25,000 MW(t) plutonium fueled calculated for a nuclear-electric plant using a 3220 MW(t) fast breeder reactor for use in a desalination plant. De- pressurized water reactor, for a 25,000 MW(t) nuclear signed for operation with sodium temperatures below plant comprised of three pressure tube reactors, and for 800 F, the primary system can be constructed of carbon two multistage-flash evaporator seawater conversion or low alloy steels. The reactor vessel is 44 ft inside plants which had rated outputs of 165 and 1000 MGD re- diameter, and with a coolant temperature rise of 260 F, spectively. At 4% interest rate, the annual replacement four pumps circulate 2,400,000 gpm of sodium through costs for 30-year-life plants, expressed as percent of four 6250 MW once-through steam generators. Saturated initial investment, were estimated to be 0.27 and 0.42% steam at 600 psia drives eight 540 MW(e) turbine-genera- for the 9220 and 25,000 MW(t) nuclear-electric plants, tor units, exhausting at 25 psia to the evaporator plant. respectively, and 0.33 and 0.38% for the 165 and 1000 Estimated direct construction costs per thermal kW arei MOD seawater conversion plants, respectively, exclusive Reactor with primary coolant system of heat exchange surface. For 50-year-life stations, the only $5.672 annual replacement costs were 0.51% for the 3220 MW(t) Turbine generator plant 4.726 plant, 0.81% for the 25,000 MW(t) plant, and 0.41 and Secondary sodium system 2.419 0,46% respectively for the 165 and 1000 MOD evaporator plants, exclusive of heat exchange surfece. The annual Top charges add approximately 40 per cent to these costs. replacement cost for the entire evaporator plant, includ- 92 (ORNL-TM-787) SOME NOTES ON MIXED ing heat exchange surface, is strongly influenced by the OWNERSHIP OF DUAL-PURPOSE POWER-DESALINATION choice of tube and tubesheet material. The annual re- PLANTS.Spiewak, I.(Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn.), placement deposits for the 165 and 1000 MOD conversion Oct. 14, 1963.Contract [W-7405-eng-26).13p. plants with copper-base alloys were 2.1 or 2.6% of the Estimates of the cost of dual-output nuclear desalination initial investment, respectively, for 30-year-life plants; plants are presented, based on projected Costs of boiling end 2.2 or 2.6%, respectively, for 50-year-life plants. The 1120 cooled heavy water reactors and multistage flash annual deposit for the 1000 MOD plants would be 0.14 and evaporators. Several combinations of private and public 0.17% for the 30- and 50-year-life plants, respectively, if ownership of the facilities are shown. Plants in the size titanium were used. range 1050 to 25,000 IVIW thermal are considered. 95 (ORNL-TM-1057) ESTIMATION OF ANNUAL 93 (ORNL-TM-826)A COMPARISON OP MULTI- OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COSTS OF DUAL- STAGE FLASH AND LONG-TUBE VERTICAL MULTIPLE- PURPOSE NUCLEAR-ELECTRIC SEA WATER CONVER- EFFECT EVAPORATORS UNDER IDENTICAL CONDITIONS. SION STATIONS.Reed, S. A.; Moyers, J. C.(Oak Ridge Van Wirilde, R (Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn.).Jan. 30, National Lab., Tenn.).Apr. 1965.Contract W-7405- 1964.Contract W-7405-eng-26,12p.Dep. Mn; CFSTI, eng-26.12p.Dep.(ran); $1.00(cy), 1(mn) CFSTI. $1.00 cy, $0.50 nue Estimates Of the operating and maintenance costs of Detailed cost estimates of a multi-state flash evaporator dual-output nuclear desalination plants are presented, (MSF), and long-tube vertical multiple-effect evaporator based Crl projected manpower requirements, supplies, (LTV) were used as a basis for comparing these two types and maintenance materials for base-load stations having of evaporators. Although the cost estimates were both for 90% plant factor. Two multistage flash ivaporator plants one billion gpd plants, the steam temperatures and maxi- have been considered; a 165 x 106 gpd plant coupled to a mum brine temperatures specified for the two plante were 3220 MW(t) nuclear-electric plant powered by a pres- 14

surized water reactor, and a 108 gpd evaporator plant results and of the comparative cost data. The code was operated with a 25,000 MW(t) nuclear-electric plant w ich originally written by the Bechtel Corporation. was powered by three pressure tube reactors. 99 (ORNL-TM-1321) A COMPARISON OF ALTER- 96 (ORNL-TM-1143)A 3500-MW(t) LOW-TEM- NATIVE COMPUTER CODES FOR THE DESIGN OF SALINE PERATURE SODIUM-COOLED FAST BREEDER REAC- WATER CON', eRSION PLANTS UTILIZING THE SINGLE- TOR FOR DESALINATION.Olson, R. C.; Carlsmith, R. S.; EFFECT, MULTI-STAGE FLASH-EVAPORATOR PROCESS, Hoskins. H. E.(Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn.),June 10, Easterday, R. J.; Griffith, W. L.; Keller, R. M.; Winsboro, 1965. 71p. R. B.(Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn.).Jan. 1966.Con- Preliminary design and economic studies of a 3500- tract W-7405-eng-26.40p.Dep. mu. CFSTI $2.00 cy, MW(t) !ow-temperature sodium-cooled faat breeder reac- $0.50 ran. tor concept for,use in desination applications are re- Alternative computer programs for the process design ported. The reactor consists of an oxide-fueled core and of saline water conversion plants using the single-effect, metallic uranium radial blankets operating at a reactor multi-stage, flash-evaporation process were reviewed to inlet temperature of 500 F and a mean outlet temperature determine areas where there are substantial differences of 800 F. Fear applications of the reactor design are con- in numerical approach or engineering assumptions. Com- sidered: parisons of the numerical procedure utilized were made, Central-station power plant and comparative results were calculated for typical de- 2. Dual-purpose plant sign data. The major causes of the differences observed 3. Self-contained plant were pinpointed as differences in engineering approach. 4. Single-purpose process-heat plant Based on proposed desalination ground rules, this system 100 (ORNL-TM-1329)FEASIBILITY OF OFF- produces prime steam for less than 9 cents per million SHORE DUAL-PURPOSE NUCLEAR POWER AND DE- Btu. As a central station power plant, the system is capa- SALINATION PLANTS.Arnold, H. G.; Gall, W. R.; ble of producing power at 1.5 mills/kwhr. If power is Morris, G.(Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn.).Jan. valued at this price, process heat in the form of steam 1966.Contract W-7405-eng-26.112p. Dep. mn. at 260 P can be delivered to an evaporator plant for about CFSTI $4.00 cy, $0.75 mn. 9.5/MBtu from the single-purpose process heat plant, The results of a study of the economic and technological 8.2e /MMu from the self-contained plant, and less than feasibility of offshore desalination-power plants are pre- 5c/MBtu from a dual-purpose plant producing 420 MW(e) sented. The use of a 3500-MW(t) organic-cooled heavy- over and above the auxiliary power requirements of the water-moderated reactor as the heat source for a 733- desalination complex. 11/11W(e) plant with an output of 2.5 x 108gal/day of fresh water was considered. 97 (ORNL-TM-1152(Rev.))A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF LOW-TEMPERATURE, LIGHT 101 (ORNL-TM-1373) RESEARCH AND DEVEL- WATER-COOLED AND MODERATED, SLIGHTLY- OPMENT PROBLEMS IN THE USE OF CONCRETE FOR ENRICHED URANIUM METAL FUELED REACTORS EVAPORATOR SHELLS.Bender, M.; Gall, W. R.; Merkle, FOR LARGE S1NGLE-PURPOSE NUCLEAR DESALTING J. G.; Northup, T. E.(Oak Ridge National Lab., Term.). PLANTS.Chapman, R. H.; Gift, E. H.(Oak Ridge Jan. 1966.Contract W-7405-eng-26.83p.Dep. mn. National Lab., Tenn.).Dec. 1966.Contract W-7405- CFSTI $3.00 cy, $0.75 mn. eng-26 41p.Dep. mn. CFSTI $3.00 cy, $0.65 mn. Preliminary studies of large desalination plants have Low-temperature, light water-cooled and moderated, indicated that substantial capital cost benefits may be slightly enriched U metal fueled reactors show significant realized through the use of concrete shells for evaporator savings in capital and fuel cycle costs in relatively large, inetallations. The feasibility of using concrete for this single-purpose desalting plants. A preliminary study was purpose hinges primarily on the ability of the concrete performed to determine current fuel limitatione and ap- to retain adequate physical properties at elevated tem- proximate heat costs. Reactors qf 1500 and 3500 MW(t). peratures and to withstand thermal stresses caused by sufficient for producing 150 and 350 Mgd of fresh water, temperature gradients. The effects of seawater and dis- respectively, when coupled to water plants having per- tilled water on the surfaces of the concrete must also formance ratios of about 10, were studied. With reactor be determined for the elevated temperatures that will coolant temperatures in the range of 250 to 350°F, signifi- exist in certain portions of the evaporator. An experi- cant savings In reactor plant capital costs result from the mental program was developed to obtain the iniormation low pressure required to suppress boiling and the rela- needed to design and construct a prototype plant. The tively low energy content of the coolant to be contained. proposed program would cost approximately $4.5 million This temperature range also permits direct coupling of and extend over a period of four years. The objectives of the water plant to the primary coolant circuit through the this program and a survey of the problems anticipated in brine heaters, thus eliminating the cost of an intermediate the design, construction, and operation of desalination heat transfer system. The effects of density and self- plant evaporator shells constructed of concrete are shielding of lumped uranium metal in relatively dry lat- presented. tices are to increase the fast fission effect and the con- 102 (ORNL-TM-I542)ORSEF: A FORTRAN CODE version ratio, resulting in higher neutron economy and FOR THE CALCULATION OF MULTI-STAGE FLASH EVAP- lower fuel cycle cost. Fuel cycle costs will be in the ORATION DESALINATION PLANT DESIGNS.Mothershed, range of 4.40 to 5.901/MRtu for the 1500 MW(t) reactor C. T.(Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn.).Mar. 1966. and 3.85 to 5.40e/MBtu for the 3500 MW(t) reactor. The Contract W-7405-eng-26.130p.Dep. mn. CFSTI $4.00 range is reported to reflect uncertainties in the physics cy, $1.00 mn. calculations and burnup level. Thus it is expected that A program was written for the MM-7090 that determines heat cost will be in the range of 13.5 to 15.5e/MBtu for the the operating characteristics, geometry, and cost of a the 1500 M1V(t) reactor and 10.0 to 11.50/MBtu for the multi-stage flash desalination plant. The plant contains 3500 MW(t) reactor. three major components: the brine heater; the evaporator recovery section; and the evaporator reject section. Using 98 (ORNL-TM-1244)FLASH: AN IBM-7090 the costs of these components and input unit energy costs, CODE FOR COMPUTING IVIULTI-STAGE FLASH EVAP- the program can calculate the optimum balance between ORATOR PLANT DESIGNS FOR THE DESALINATION OF heat consumption, condenser area, and power usage. The SEAWATER.Easterday, R. J.(Oak Ridge National Lab, output from the code defines the process parameters, costs, Tenn.).Sept, 1965.Contract W-7405-eng-26.87p. Dep. ma; CFSTI $3.00 cy, $0.75 ma. and design features of interest. An IBM-7090 code, FLASH, was written to optimize the 103 (ORNL-TM-I561) SURVEY OF PROCESS AP- design of a multi-stage flash evaporator saline alter don- PLICATIONS IN A DESALINATION COMPLEX. Holmes, version plant. For an assigned water productien, eucces- 3. M.; Ullmann, J. W.(Oak Ridge National LabTerm.). sive heat and material balance solutions and associated Oct. 1966.Contract W-7405-eng-26.68p.Dep. mn. costs are computed to determine the optimum design. The CFSTI $3.00 cy, $0.75 ma. output consists of listings of the heat and material balance A survey of the chemical and metallurgIcal industries 15

was made to ascertain which processes should be given (Oak Ridge National Lab Tenn.).Oct. 1966.Contract priority for further detailed study as possible components W-7405-eng-26.80p.Dep. nm. CFSTI $3.00 cy, $0.75 of a nuclear industrial-desalination complex. Factors mn. studied included market potential, demand for large quan- A Fortran IV code was written to design a multi-stage tities of power or steam, shipping costs, production costs, flash desalination plant consisting of a brine heater which and economics expressed as turnover ratios. receives heat from an external source and transfers it to the brine, an evaporator recovery section which produces 104 (ORNL-TM-1564)FLEXIBILITY IN PRODUC- the major part of the product water and recovers heat to TION OF POWER AND WATER FROM NUCLEAR DESALT- permit the plant to operate at performance ratios greater ING PLANTS.Franzreb, J. K.; Spiewak, I.(Oak Ridge than one, and the evaporator reject system which rejects National Lab., Tenn.).Sept. 1966.Contract W-7405-eng- the heat to the coolant while producing a minor portion of 26.63p.Dep. mn. CFSTI $3.00 cy, $0.65 rnn. the total product water. The code is used to calculate pro- Floweheets were developed for flexibility in the product cess flows and temperatures, heat transfer coefficients, output of dual-purpose nuclear desalting plants with base- plant geometry, and water cost. load rating 500 MW(e) and 250 M gal/day. The base plant has a 3228 MW(t) pressurized water reactor, a back- 108 (ORDIL-tr-1173)OPTIMUM DIMENSIONING pressure turbine-generator, and a multi-stage flash evap- OF DUAL-PURPOSE PLANTS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF orator. The performance and cost of alternative systems DESALINATED WATER AND ELECTRICITY WITH THE for providing flexibility were evaluated by means of a com- USE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY.Gaussene, J.(Commis- puter model of the plant. Among the systems investigated sariat a l'Energie Atomique, Paris (France)).Translated were variable back pressure turbines, optional low pressure for Oak Ridge National LabTenn., from paper presented condensing turbines, pumped storage, turbine bypass de- at IAEA 5th Panel on the Utilization of Nuclear Energy in superheaters, optional evaporator modules, vapor compres- Water Desalination,[19651. 33p.Dep. mn. JCL $3.60 sion and heat pumps. Some of these systems appeared to be fa, $1.19 mf. useful for providing economical peak power, for spinning An economics atudy was made for the nuclear production reserve, in trading power for water, or in operating at mis- of desalinated water. Separate dIscussioes are presented matched product demand. on the following; shape of the demand curves, the characteristics of supply and principles of adaptation of supply 105 (ORNL-TM-1615)COST ALLOCATION PRO- and demand. CEDURE FOR DUAL-PURPOSE POWER-DESALTING PLANTS.Burwell, C. C.; Hammond, R. P.(Oak Ridge National Lab, Tenn.).Nov. 1906.Contract W-7405-eng- Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn. and 26.29p.(CONE-660449-1).Dep, mu. CFSTI $3.00 cy, Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant, Tenn. $0.65 mn. From IAEA Panel on Costing Procedures for Nuclear 109 (ORNL-3501)FUEL CYCLE COSTS FOR A Desalination, Vienna, Austria. PLUTONIUM RECYCLE SYSTEM.Harrington, F. E.; A procedure for the allocation of the total cost of a Arnold, E. D.; Brater, D. C.; Douglas, D. A.; Smiley, S. H.; power-desalting plant to the separate products is de- Rockdale, W. G.; Ullmann, J. W.; Lotts, A. L.(Oak Ridge scribed. The cost of producing the energy required by National Lab., Tenn. and Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion both products includes the cost of rejecting waste heat. Plant, Tenn.).Jan. 20, 1964.Contract W-7405-eng-26. The production cost of energy in the form of prime steam 37p. is divided between the cost of power and water according The costs of the chemical and metallurgical steps in the to its potential for producing electric power. Common fuel cycle for large desalination reactors are estimated. facilities not associated with the production of energy are Both capital and operating costs are presented at varying allocated to water and power costs according to the use or plant capacities for a Zircaloy-elad fuel element containing benefit that each product receives. The method has the depleted uranium and recycled plutonium as the oxides: characteristic that for an energy source with a given ca- Pu02. The chemical steps are reported at pacity the water-to-power production ratio may be varied throughputs of 1, 10, nnd 30 short tons of uranium per day; over a range of values without significantly changing the and the metallurgical or fabrication step at throughputs of cost of either product as long as the temperature of the 1, 3, 5, and 10 tons per day, as specified by the Office of heat supplied to the water plant is within the useful range Science and Technology. The total estimated cost of all the for the process being used. The characteristic is due to chemical and metallurgical steps drops from $51.17 to the fact that; (1) since the energy cost component of power $14.68 per kilogram of uranium as the cycle throughput is cost is constant for a given energy source, the unit power increased from 1 to 10 tons of uranium per day. All steps cost varies in the relatively minor effect of the equipment decrease in cost as plant capacity is increased, with the and operating unit Costs of the power station as a function most impressive decrease in the irradiated assembly proof size; (2) the variation in exhaust steam cost to the water cessing step, which decreases from $26.19 to $4.10 to plant as a function of exhaust pressure is balanced by a $2.07 per kilogram of uranium as throughput is changed variation in the water plant design (if optimum) to match from 1 to 10 to 30 tons of uranium per day. The contained the water plant efficiency with the cost and condition of its data in conjunction with previous studies of a natural ura- heat source. nium fuel cycle and results of a current reactor optimization study will yield complete fuel cycle costs and plutonium 106 (ORNL-TM-1618(Pt.1)) NUCLEAR DESALINA- value in recycle. TION DUAL-PURPOSE PLANT CONTROL STUDIES.In- terim Report.Ball, S. J.(Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn.).Oct. 1966.Contract W-7405-eng-26.79p. Office of Saline Water, Washington, D. C. Dep. inn, CFSTI $3.00 cy, $0,75 inn. Methods were developed for predicting the dynamic be- lio (NP-16148)POTENTIALITIES AND possi- havior of a large dual-purpose ['lent consisting of a pres- BILITIES OF DESALTING FOR NORTHERN NEW JERSEY surized-water reactor (PWR), a back-pressure turbine AND NEW YORK CITY.(Office of Saline Water, Washing- generator plant, and a multistage flash (MSF) evaporator. ton, D. C.).June 1966.112p. A flexible digital computer code was developed which cal- The Northeast water supply situation and the drought culates the transfer functions for single-effect MSF plants. problem are reviewed. Large dual-purpose, nuclear- Preliminary resL Were obtained bar a 250-megagallon fueled desalting plants of 300 MGD capacity can be built reference plantnd some of the major control problems as a long-range solution to the need for additional water were deteemined. An aealog Computer study was made of supply. Alternative water supplies, such as the Hudson a reference PWR plant, and transfer functions for a large River and small desalting plants, are discussed and found back-pressure turbine were derived. to be adequate for the present. However, additional desalting studies are needed. 107 (ORNL-TM-1627) OROSEF; A FORTRAN CODE FOR OWRALL DESIGN OF THE MULTI-STAGE 111 (NP-16250)POTENTIALITIES AND POSSIBIL- FLASH DESALINATION PLANT.Mothershed, C. T. ITIES OF DESALTING FOR NORTHERN NEW JERSEY

s 20 16

AND NEW YORK CITY.A Report by the Northeast Desalt- hemispherical domes, while the turbine containment building Team.(Office ef Saline Water, Washington, D. C.). ing is one-half of a horizontal steel cylinder, capped on the Feb. 11, 1966.112p.Dep. ends with spherical quadrants. In cross section, the tur- The potentialities and possibilities of desalting are con- bine building is semi-circular w:th a flat concrete floor. sidered as a source of water supply to the area of New The reactor and turbine containn ant structures form one York City and the four northern counties of New Jersey. containment volume for the expansion of reactor coolant in Desalting 19 explored in terms of its cost and relationship the event of a coolant system rupture. Based on the com- to the growing need for water and electrical power, the plete loss of coolant from one reactor, the building design existing surface water supply system, and proposed addi- pressure is 8.5 psig. Both the reactor and turbine buildings tions to the surface system. Various design confitrations, have double outer shells, with the space between the shells including nuclear, fossil, and refuse-disposal fuel sources connected to a waste gas compression system, allowing and dual-purpose power-water production, are considered. leakage from the inner shell to be collected, monitored, passed through iodine filters and disposed of safely. The 112 (NP-16361)SALINE WATER CONVERSION RE- study includes necessary electrical auxiliaries, heating, PORT. 1965.(Office of Saline Water, Washington, D. C.). ventilating and air conditioning systems, and plant utilities 322p.GPO $1.50. such as fire protection systems, and sewage systems. It is Research progress on saline water conversion is re- assumed that the seawater for the brine heaters and that ported under the headings of chemical physics, bioseienees, used for miscellaneous cooling purposes in the plant is chemistry, applied science, materials, distillation, mem- pumped to the power plant by pumps at the saline water branes, special projects, engineering services, engineering evaporation plant. Power for these pumps is transmitted analyses, and program analysis and coordination. tO the saline water plant by three 345 kV feeders from the 113 (PE-161373) DEMINERALIZATION OF SALINE switchyard. Approximately 200 mw(e) is estimated to be WATERS.(United States Department of the Interior). required for this service. The 3,500 MW plant uses one Oct. 1952.66p.$1.75(OTS). pressure tube reactor to produce saturated steam at Potential separation processes and energy sources for 600 psi. Two 325 MW(e) turbine generators are driven demineralization of seawater are outlined and discussed. by the steam, which condenses in brine heaters at 17.2 pain. A chronological bibliography of demineralization methods 220°F before being pumped back to the reactor inlet as containing 217 references dating from 1909 is included. condensate. The heat of vaporization of the turbine exhaust steam is used to raise the temperature of the seawater 114 (P9-181546)CONVERSION OF SALINE WATER. from 185 to 200°F, as in the 25,000 MW plant. This system A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LITERATURE RESULTING FROM generates a gross power output to the switchyard of 574 THE ACTIVITIES SPONSORED BY THE OFFICE OF SA- MW(e). The output of 200°F seawater is about 2800 MW(t) LINE WATER.Kase, Karel A.(Department of the In- under these conditions. The plant structures differ from terior, Office of Saline Water).October 1963.59p. thoee of the 25,000 MW plant, in that only the reactor sys- A bibliography is presented of those monographs, scien- tems are housed in a containment structure. The turbines tific and technical reports, papers and periodical articles are located en foundations that are outdoor structures, and which are a result of the activities of the Office of Saline the turbine-generators and auxiliaries are weatherproofed Waters or which were weitten by a staff member of that for outdoor service. The containment building for this Office The bibliography which is arranged by author, is plant has only a single containment barrier, and consists divided in two parts: I. Articles and Monographs, II. Re- of a vertical cylindrical steel building 180 feet in diameter, ports, and is supplemented by author and subject indexes. enclosed at the top by a hemisphere and at the bottom by a hemiellipsoid. The design pressure of the containment Sargent and Lundy, Chicago, Ill. building (18.5 psig) is based on instantaneous release of the entire reactor coolant inventory to the interior of the 115 (SE-1998)SALINE WATER CONVERSION building. As provided for the 25,000 MW plant, the 3,500 POWER REACTOR PLANTS.(Sargent and Lundy, Chi- MW system includes switchyard, control building, waste cago).Jan. 11, 1963.For Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn. disposal systems, and offices and shops necessary for a .Contract 1W-7405-eng-261; Subcontract [20861.201p. complete power plant. It is assumed that pumping facilities Conceptual designs and construction cost estimates of for the seawater for condensing purposes and miscella- two heavy-water-moderated, natural-uranium-fueled power neous cooling services are provided at the evaporating reactor plants are reported. Both plants use vertical pres- plant. The estimated capital investments for the plants are sure tube reactors, in which heat is transferred to boiling $126,095,000 for the 3,500 MW plant and $607,787,000 for light water, as heat sources. A part of the energy in the the 25,000 MW plant. steam is converted to electrical energy in steam turbine- 116 (SL-2008)ENGINEERING STUDIES HEAVY generators; the energy in the turbine exhaust steam is used WATER MODERATED POWER REACTOR PLANTS.(Sar- te beat seawater in the turbine condenuers. The seawater gent and Lundy, Chicago).June 30, 1963.Contract flows to an adjacent distillation plant for the production of AT(38-1)-213.295p. fresh water. Two plant sizes are considered. One consists Design and economic aspects of 300-, 500-, and 1000- of a full-scale system designed to produce a power output mw(e) heavy water-moderated power reactors are illus- of 25,000 thermal megawatts. The second system is based trated and the computer codes used in the analyses are on a reactor having a thei Mal power output of 3,500 MW(t) discussed. The plant concepts all use pressure tube type and is considered to be a prototype of the larger plant. A reactors with cold heavy water as moderator and are preliminary composite flew diagram of the 25,000 MW cooled by; liquid heavy water, boiling heavy water, organic plant Is given. Three reactors, each designed for a heat liquids, and light water fog. The liquid heavy water-cooled power output of 8,333 MW, are used to produce GOO psi and organic-cooled reactors are used in an indirect cycle saturated steam for nine turbine generators. The turbines while the boiling heavy water- and light water fog-cooled esiraust to nine brine heater-surface condensers-at ex- reactors operate in a direct cycle. The use of large heavy hlust conditions of 17.2 psia, 220F; the heat of vaporiza- water-moderated reactors as an energy source ih desalination is removed in the seawater by heating it from 185 to tion plants which would produce electrical power and fresh 200°F. The plant outputs are about 4,000 MW(e) to the water is evaluated. Cost estimates together-with se.-eral switchyard and 20,300 MW(t) us 200°F seawater. The study illustrations of the plant designs for this application are includes all facilities for a complete power generating sys- presented. tem, including the switchyard, control rooms, waste disposal systems, offices and shope in addition to ,the struc- 117 (SE-2158)LARGE CONDENSING AND NON- tures and systems associated with the reactor-turbine CONDENSING TURBINE PLANT STUDY.(Sargent and complex. The general layout of the plant is shown. Each Lundy, Chicago).June 30, 1964.For Oak Ridge National reactor is contained in a separate containment structure, Lab., Tenn.Contract 1W-7405-eng-261, Subcontract 2148. and all nine turbine-generators are located in a single 36p.Dep.(mn); $2.00(cy), 1(mn) OTS. containment building. The reactor buildings consist of Costs and performance characteristics of three large vertical pre-stressed concrete cylinders, capped with turbine generator plants, two of which are designed for ex- 17

hausting steam to a desalination plant and the third isa SALINE WATER CONVERSION PLANTS USING THE conventional condensing unit, are discussed. Each of the MULTI-STAGE, FLASH-EVAPORATION PROCESS.Grif- units is rated nominally at 650 MW(e), and will be tilled in fith, W. L.; Keller, R. M.(Union Carbide Corp., Oak large dual-purpose reactor power plants. Ridge, Tenn. Y-12 Plant).Nov. 1965.Contract W-7405- 118 (SL-2317)LARGE TURBINE PERFORMANCE eng-26.81r.Dep. mn; CFSTI $3.00 cy, $0.75 mn. AND TURBINE PLANT COST STUDY.(Sargent and Lundy, For Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn. Chicago, III.).Dec, 1, 1965.Contract W-7405-eng-26. A Fortran IV computer program that performs heat 62e. balance, material balance, and cost calculations on saline (ORNL-TM-1641).Dep. mn. CFSTI $3.00 cy, $0.65 water conversion plants using the multi-stage, flash- r-or Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn. evaporation process is described. The code is a modified Performance data and cost estimates are developed for revision of a program written by the Bechtel Corporation unite employing large condensing and noncondensing turbine for 05W. Under the simplifying assumptions inherent in generators applicable to large nuclear dual-purpose power the mathematical model, a complete heat and material bal- and desalination plants. The units studied have capacities ance is calculated by a stage-to-btage numerical technique ranging from 300 to 750 MW(e) and a variety of steam con- from the design parameters supplied. Costs are calculated ditions and cycle arrangements. from these results and the economic data supplied. Opti- mum design parameters which minimize total cost over a 30-year period can be determined either by a series of Task Group on Nuclear Power and Saline computer runs or by an optimization procedure supplied. Water COnVerSiOn. Details of the numerical procedure, program options, and usage are presented. Results obtained with an IBM-7090 119 AN ASSESSMENT OF LARGE NUCLEAR POW- from typical design data and a complete listing of the ERED SEA WATER DISTILLIsTION PLANTS.(Task Group Fortran program are included. on Nuclear Power and Saline Water Conversion).Mar. 1964.41p.$0.35(GP0). A memorandum summarizes the findings, conclusions, United Nations. Dept. of Economic and and recommendations of the Task Group, and a report of Social Affairs. the interagency subcommittee is presented. The studies indicate that water prices attainable using stations made 123 (ST/ECA/86) WATER DESALINATION: PRO- up of 8,300-MW(t) dual-purpose reactors are 235 per POSALS FOR A COSTING PROCEDURE AND RELATED 1,000 gal when all the plant complex is financed at a 7% TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS.(United fixed charge rate, or 285 per 1,000 gal when the reaetor Nations, Dept. of Economic and Social Affairs).1965. and water plants are financed at 14 and 7% fixed charge 56p. rates, respectively. The cost for irrigation appears to be In view of the fact that desalinated water must by its Ile per 1,000 gal, Water conveyance costs are considered. very nature be relatively costly, both in terms of invest- It is emphasized that a station analysis for a specified pro- ment per installed unit of capacity and of total cost per posed station would be required to determine the most unit of product water, it is particularly important that a practical plant. The research and development program clear and simple costing method should be devised which required for dual-purpose reactor stations producing from would allow policy makers and administrators to establish 10 up to 620 MGD is described. The status of nuclear re- an approximate, but realistic, true cost for product water. actor technology and seawater distillation plants is exam- The procedure outlined provides a tool which should make ined. Desalting processes other than distillation are dis- it possible to establish the cost of water from existing in- cussed briefly. etallations on a uniform basis, and which may thus be used 120 APPENDICES TO AN ASSESSMENT OF LARGE SS a guide for rate setting policies. At the same time, the NUCLEAR POWERED SEA WATER DISTILLATION method should be equally applicable to plants which are PLANTS.(Task Group on Nac leer Power and Saline Water not yet built, but for which basic data are available and for Conversion).Mar. 1964.484p,$3.25(GP0). which principal technical specifications can be provided by Technical design and performance data are given for manufacturers or consulting firms. If an adequate system dual-purpose power plants for 1500 to 25,000 Mw(t) using for costing water from conventional sources le available, boiling reactors, pressurized reactors, heavy water re- as may well be the case in many countries, the procedure actors, organic-cooled reactors, liquid metal-cooled re- outlined should make it possible to compare the cost of de- actois, high-conversion reactors, enriched-fuel reactors, salinated water from a plant with given specifications with and fast breeder reactors. Power value estimates for the that of water from an alternative source fcr which it has dual-purpose desalination plants are presented. Methods been possible to establish the full cost per unit of product, of desalination are discussed. Evaluation of potential water using parameters comparable to those employed for de- markets in southern California coastal areas is considered. salination. Federal Reclamation financial criteria are applied in as- sessing the large distillation plants. Westinghouse Electric Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Technion-Israel Inst. of Tech., Haifa. 124 NUCLEAR POWER-WATER DESALTING PLANT AND THE ELECTRIC UTILITY INDUSTRY.Stinson, W. Ha 121 (A/CONF.28/P/548)FEASIBILITY OF NU- O'Toole, J. D.(Westinghouse Electric Corp., Pittsburgh), CLEAR REACTORS FOR SEA WATER DISTILLATION IN 25p.(CONF-660429-4).ORAU.Gmelln, AED-CONF-66- ISRAEL.Aschner, F. S.; Yiftah, S.; Glueckstern, P. 098-5. (Israel Inst. of Tech.. Haifa).May 1964,19p. From American Power Conference, 28th Annual Meeting, Present power capabilities and future requirements in Chicago. Israel are discussed. The heating requirements, perfor- The principles and status of technology of nuclear steam mance ratios, and temperature limitations of flash evapo- supply systems are reviewed; typical ranges of energy rators for seawater distillation are considered. Dual- costs from such systems are presented; and some unique purpose nuclear reactors for power and desalination turbine-generator configurations and their influence on purposes and process heat reactors for low pressLITU costs of energy supplied to the water desalting plant are steam generation for desalination are compared technically discussed. In addition, the possibility of reactor "stretch" and economically with conventional steam generation in utilization and need for overall optimization in dual-purpose Israel. Investment costs based on these alternatives and plants are discussed. the water prices expected are given. TRANSLATIONS Union Carbide Corp., Oak Ridge, Tenn. 125 (AEC-tr-6733)ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNI- Y-12 Plant. CAL AND ECONOMIC INDICES OF NUCLEAR-POWERED DESALINATION PLANTS.Loginov, A. A.; Koryakin, 122 (ORNL-TM-1299)SALINE: A FORTRAN Yu. I.; Chernyaev, V. A.; Zuaharov, I. I.; Stoyushchev, COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE PROCESS DESIGN OF B. A.; Suponev, A. D.Translated from Paper SWD/56 22 Presented at 1st International Symposium on Water De- Werke Aktiengesellschaft, Hamburg).A. Strom, 12: 12- salination, Washington, DCC., October 3-9, 1965.53p. 15(Jan.- Feb. 1966).(In German). (CONF-65I005-8).Dep. inn. CFSTI $3.00 cy, $0,50 mn. The development of suitable economic methods for the JCL $5.00 fs, $1,79 mf. desalination of sea water is discussed. It is proposed that A mathematical analysis was made of the basic com- nuclear reactors can be used as energy sources for de- ponents of the total cost of fresh water in a deal-purpose salting installations because of their low fuel costs in large plant with the use of vertical evaporators and flash evapo- installations. Combined plants with simultaneous water de- ration units. salination and current production offer the best economic potentials, 126 (AEC-tr-6714) ANALYSIS OF THE THERMAL 132 METHOD FOR CALCULATION OF WATER AND EFFICIENCY OE POWER PLANTS WITH HIGH-CAPACITY POWER COSTS FOR NUCLEAR DESALINATION PLANTS. STILLS.Sterman, L. S.; Gubenko, V. V.Translated Koryakin, Yu. I.; Loginov, A. A.; Chernyaev, V. A.; Zak- from Paper No. SWD/70 Presented at the First International harov, I. I.At. Energ. (USSR), 19: 138-43(Aug. 1965). Symposium on Water Desalination, October 3-9, 1965, (In Russian). Washington, D. C.17p.(CONF-651005-19).Dep. mn. A method is given for determining the economic aspects CFSTI $1.00 cy, $0.50 inn. JCL $1.60 fs, $0.80 mf. of dual-purpose installations enabling an accurate separate A method is described which makes possible the estab- estimate of the costs of power generation and fresh water lishment of parameters for the optimum thermal efficiency production. The effect of the basic parameters of the in- of two-loop dual-purpose atomic stations. stallation on the cost of fresh water was analyzed. Eco- 127 (JPRS-26497)PRELIMINARY T ECHNICAL- nomic indices are given for dual-purpose installations used ECONOMIC ESTIMATES ON COMPLEX UTILIZATION with various types and various heat capacity reactors. OF NUCLEAR POWER FOR DESALINATION OF SALT 133 NUCLEAR POWER AND DESALINATION. WATER AND SIMULTANEOUS GENERATION OF ELEC- Koryakin, Yu, I.; Loginov, A. A.At. Energ. (USSR). 20: TRIC POWER.Sinev, N, M.Translation of an address 232-43(Mar: 1966).(In Russian). presented at a conference on "Utilization of Atomic En- The use of nuclear power in the desalination of sea water ergy," Washington, D. C., August 16, '1964.32p.(TT- is discussed. Economic questions, possible engineering 64-41755). problems, distillation technology, and the efficiency of Economic and technical aspects of dual-purpose desalina- distillation installations are considered. tion-power plants using several types a reactors are discussed. Fast-neutron, water-cooled and -moderated, water- 134 THE USE OF NUCLEAR REACTORS FOR SEA- graphite, and heavy water reactors are considered. It is WATER DISTILLATION. Biondi, L.; Vaudo, A.(Servizio shown that a fast reactor of 2,200 MW(t) output is the most Nucleare della Societa Montecatini, Milan).Atompraxis, economical for desalination of 180,000 to 220,000 ni3 of sea- 9: 328-32(Aug. 1963).(In English). water per day. The possibility of using nuclear energy for distilling sea water is discussed. The first questionconsidered is 128 (JPRS-33406)THE USE OF REACTORS OF whether fresh water could be prothiced on an industrial THE BELOYARSK ATOMIC POWER PLANT TYPE FOR scale, and if so, under which conditions. After an analy- DUAL-PURPOSE DESALINIZATION SYSTEMS.Koryakin, Yu. I.; Loginov, A. A.; Mikhan, V. I.; Monchinskii, A. G. sis of the various production-cost factors involved, the Translation of Paper SWD/57 presented at the First possible advantages of sea-water distillation by means of International Symposfam on Desalination of Water, Wash- nuclear energy in comparison with conventional methods ington, D. C., October 3-9, 1965.15p.(TT-65-33980). was examined. CFSTI $1.00 cy, $0.50 nm. 135 ATOMIC ENERGY FOR AFRICA-A STUDY An evaluation of the power potentialities and economic FOR EURATOM. To the Berlin Meeting on the Savary indices of reactors of the Heloyarsk type gives grounds to Report.Atomwirtschaft, 10: 426-6(Sept. 1965).(In Ger- consider these reactors to be very promising for a com- man). bined production of electric power and desalted water, The economic possibilities for utilization of nuclear en- especially under the conditions When these two types of ergy in the African countries associated with the European the product are equally important and necessary. Common Marketwere investigated. The use of power reactors for electricity production, desalination of sea water, 129 (JPRS-33459)THE APPLICATION OF NU- and for industrial heating and cooling, and the use of radio- CLEAR POWER INSTALLATION FOR WATER DESALINA- isotopes for agriculture and hydrology were studied. TION WITH SIMULTANEOUS PRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC POWER. Dmitriev, I. D.Translation of Paper No. 136 POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF SALINE WATER SWD/72 presented at the First International Symposium on CONVERSION IN AUSTRALIA WITH PARTICULAR REFER- Desalination of Water, Washington, D. C., October 3-9, ENCE TO THE USE OF NUCLEAR HEAT.Herbert, L. S. 1955.(TT-65-34033),CFSTI $1.00 cy, $0.50 inn. and Pratt, H. R. C.Australasian Engr., 65-72(July 1960). Among the versions under investigation utilizing turbines A brief survey is given of proposed methods for the pro- with controllable steam diversion, the most convenient duction of potable water from saline waters_ It is concluded seems to be the atomic energy station with fast neutron re- that vapor recompression distillation, electrodialysis. and actors producing desalinated water at a cost of 4.5 kop/ms. in some cases solar distillation, represent the most suit- The calculations do not pretend to shed complete light on able processes for domestic units, capable of outputs of the question under investigation, and consequently cannot about 50 to 500 gal/day. For large-scale plants, suitable be extended to all specific cases of fresh water production for supplying large communities, distillation methods ap- by means of nuclear reactor heat. pear most suitable on the basis of existing technology, al- 130 (JPRS-33480) NUCLEAR DESALINATION though electrodialysis would be applicable to brackish EQUIPMENT OF LOW CAPACITY.Polushkin, K, K.: waters with salt contents below 5000 ppm. Freezing meth- Koryakin, Yu. I.; Kuznetsov, S. P.; Grozdov, I. I.; Sirotkin, ods also show considerable promise. Preliminary design A. P.; Loginov, A. A.; Khoroshavin, V. D.; Gasnikov, P. E.; and cost studies are given for multistage flash evaporation Aleksenko, Yu, N.Translation of paper No. SWD/58 pre- plants employing nuclear reactors as the heat source, both sented at the First International Symposium on Desalina- without and with concurrent power generation by means of tion of Water, Washington, D. C.. October 3-9, 1965.17p. back-pressure turbines. It is shown that plants based on (TT-65-34054).CFSTI $1.00 cy, 80.50 the 150 and 275 Mw(e) gas-cooled reactors currently being The results of a study of desalination plants using or- installed in Britain would produce respectively 44 and 80 ganic-cooled reactors of 15, 30, and 70 MeV are presented. million gallons per day of water together with 30 and 63 Mw of surplus power; the larger of these plants would be capable of providing a city of 500,000 population with the JOURNALS whole of its water and about 25% of its installed power 131 DESALTING OF SEA WATER BY NUCLEAR capacity. Data are also given for a small plant based on POWER.Koppe, Johannes(Hamburgische Electricitas- a 50 Mw(th) pressurized water reactor employing U. S. 2 3 19

enriched fuel. In this case 4,000,000 gallons per day of technology indicates the main areas of world demand, the water would be produced together with 2.6 Mw of surplus state of the art in the engineering and technology of large power. saline-water conversion plants, as well as results of recent research in the design of multi-stage flash and tube- 137 APPLICATION OF ATOMIC ENERGY FOR THE type evaporators. A review is made of the effects of the DISTILLATION OF SEA WATER.Aquije, Carlos Hernández application of process heat from nuclear reactors to the and M6ndez, Augusto Mellando (Junta de Control de En- economics of large scale desalination, with special at- ergia At6mica, Lima).Bol. inform. junta control energia tention to the role of heavy water moderated "high con- at6mica, (Peru), 5: 114-19(May -June 1960).(In Spanish). The utilization of nuclear power for the distillation of sea vertor" reactors. water is considered in its economic aspects. A pressurized 144 NUCLEAR HEAT TO DISTILL SALINE WATER? water reactor combined with a flaah evaporator is dis- Chem. Eng, Prog., 54: No. 2, 87-9(Feb. 1958). cussed as the reactor type. The characteristics of such a A condensation of a Fluor Corporation study to determine reactor are tabulated. The capital costs for the installation the best combination of reactors and distillation processes and operation of the reactor system for flash evaporation to produce the lowest cost water is presented. Desalinated of sea water are given. water could be produced for approximately 63 cents per 1000 gallons by a heavy water-moderated and -cooled re- 138 NUCLEAR HEAT Fort THE DESALTING OF actor combined with a seven-stage, long tube vertical, BRACKISH OR SALT WATER. Leicester, J.Brit. Chem, multiple-effect evaporator. Eng., 2; No. 7, 384-7(July 1957). The possibility of using heat from a nuclear reactor in 145 NUCLEAR REACTORS APPLIED TO WATER distillation and solvent extraction techniques of water puri- DESALTING.Ramey, J. T.; Carr, J. K.; Ritzmann, R. W. fication is considered. Cost data are presented for an in- Combustion, 36: No. 4, 33-7(Oct. 1964). stallation with an output of the order of 40 million gallons Results of studies of dual purpose nuclear power-desalt- per day. ing plants and an outline of the development program for the next decade are presented. Current nuclear desalting 139 THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY technology and cooperative international exchanges are de- FOR SEA WATER DESALINATION.Ertaud, Andre.Bull, scribed which have the possibility of providing fresh water Inform. A.T.E.N. (Assoc. Tech. Energie Nucl.), No. 53, 5- at less than 50 cents per 1000 gallons. 19(May-June 1965).(In French). A cost comparison was made of nuclear and conventional 146 THE UTILIZATION OF RADIOISOTOPES AS AN power plants for the desalination of sea water. The simul- ENERGY SOURCE FOR SALINE WATER CONVERSION. taneous production of electricity and desalinated water, the Welt, Martin A.(International Scientific Corp., Washing- efficiency of the natural uranium-graphite-gas reactor, ton, D. Dechema Monograph., 47: 373-414(1962).(In the development of mixed nuclear power plants, and the English). types of reactor are considered. Project Artesia proposes to convert fission product wastes into an energy source for saline water conversion. 140 THE ECONOMY. SOVIET ATOMIC POWER The radioactive aqueous waste material from reactor fuel STATIONS.Vvedenskii, G. A.Bull. Inst. Study USSR, element reprocessing plants is calcined to an insoluble 12: No. 2, 33-8(Feb. 1965). powder and loaded by vibrational compaction into rods. Nuclear power stations in the Soviet Union are described A sufficient number of rods is loaded into a prassure briefly. Economic aspects of using nuclear energy as a vessel in which the heat is transferred to a sif.table heat source of electric power are discussed. The program for transfer fluid. This eneru is then cat Tried to a conven- use of heat from nuclear reactors for desalination of sea- tional saline water conversion system through an inter- water is reviewed. mediate heat exchanger. The economic feasibility of an 141 SALINE WATER DEMINERALIZATION AND experimental test model is examined, and the cost is esti- NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE CALIFORNIA WATER PLAN. mated to be $0.79/1000 gal. The technical aspects are next Calif., Dep. Water Resources, Bull. No. 93: 1-145(Dec. considered; radioactive material, materials selection, heat 1980). transfer, and compatibility analysis. Finally, the design The various phases of the state of California's interest and hazards of the experimental test model are described, in nuclear energy and water demineralization as initiated 147 THE PRESENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF through the work of two legislative subcommittees are de- UTILIZING NUCLEAR POWER.Levei, Andras,Energia scribed. The history, principal demineralization techniques, Atomteeh., 18: 121-34(Apr. 1965).(In Hungarian). present and probable future water costs, and research and During the last 6 years dozens of atomic power stations, development programs, both state and federal, are de- with a total capacity of about 6000 Mw(e), were built; their scribed and discussed. The present status and future pos- operating experience offers a basis for economic evalua- sibilities of nuclear energy applications are reviewed and tion of their parformance. It was concluded from data on discussed. The effect of nuclear energy in the coming 10 these stations that the cost of the nuclear-generated elec- to 15 years on the California Water Plan is considered in tricity and heat is becoming competitive with energy de- detail. The types and possible use of so-called "noncon- rived from conventional sources, even though government ventional" sources of energy are reviewed and discussed, aubsidies played an important role in the development of and their use in relation to the water program in the near the present plants. The main factors that contributed to the future is discussed. The future prog-ram of the state in the increasing importance of atomic power plants include: use development of water demineralization and nuclear energy of large reactors, up to 600 Mw; increasing cost of conven- applications is presented. Many tables and graphs are used tional fuels; prolonged periods of exploitation of the atomic to elucidate the various aspects of the report. power plants, and inclusion of these plants in intercon- 142 NUCLEAR PROCESS HEATERS LOOK HOPE- nected networks. It is forecast that by 1970 about 25,000 FUL.Can. Chem. Process., 47: 39-40; 42(May 1963). Mw(e) and by 1980 up to 250,000 Mw(e) atomic.power ca- The economics of nuclear fuel as compared with elec- pacity will be available. Desalination of seawater is pos- tricity and coal are discussed. Fueling costs of 7c/mil- tulated to be one of the chief potential fields of application lion Btu have been demonstrated for nuclear reactors, of atomic energy that will probably become completely compared to 30-40c/million Btu that most plants must competitive with other systems within the next two de- pay for coal, oil, or natural gas. However, it isn't pos- cades. sible to get 7-cent steam in small units because of design 148 SPECIAL USE OF NUCLEAR POWER.Halzi, considerations. The desalinization of water, paper mill Jozsef.Energia Atomtech., 18: 187-9(Apr. 1965).(In process heat, light-water vs organic, and high-tempera- Hungarian). ture heat are discussed. Papers at the Third Geneva Conference on specialized 143 DESALINATION: THE "POOR MAN'S" SPACE applications of atomic energy are discussed under three PROGRAM.Law, C. Arthur.Can. Nucl. Technol., 4: headings: desalination of sea water; atomic heating plants; No. 3. 51-4(1965). a and problems connected with the development of portable A survey of the current status of nuclear desalination reactors. Economic investigations carried out in the United 20

States and Israel revealed that, depending on the cost of fos- Uses of nuclear reactors to produce heat for distillation sil fuels, fresh water may be produced competitively by of sea water are discussed. World water requirements are reactors with a capacity between 220 and 600 Mw. A 1000- also considered. Mw desalination reactor is plaimed by the Soviet Union to 156 NUCLEAR DESALINATION PROSPECTS. be located near the Caspian Sea. Two reactors were con- Hitchcock, A.(Atomic Energy Establishment, Winfrith, structed primarily for space heating: in Belden. Norway Eng.).Euro Nuclear, 2: 533-6(Nov. 1965). and Stockbolm, Sweden. Similar work is in progress inthe Sea water desalination processes are discussed. Flash Soviet Union, basing the design on that of the Beloyarsk distillation, multi-effect multi-stage flash distillation, scale power reactor. The Portable reactors aredesigned for op- control by distillation, multi-effect distillation, the theory eration in remote areas where high fuel costs make them of distillation, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis are competitive. The United States has five such reactors in considered. Use of nuclear reactors as heat sources in operation. These reactors are characterized by lowweight, desalination is discussed. small dimensions, portability, ease of assembly, long core life, and simple operation and maintenance. Ship propel 157 NUCLEAR POWER TODAY AND TOMORROW, sion reactors include that of the icebreaker Lenin. Design Schwoerer, Frank Jr.; Witzig, Warren F.IEEE (Inst. work on maritime reactors is in progress in Holland, spon- Elec. Electron. Engrs.),Spectrum, 1: 120-30(July 1964). The firmly established applications of nuclear power sored by Euratom and in West Germany. such as electric power generation, submarine propulsion, 149 L'ADOUCISSEMENT DES EAUX MARINES ET and space auxiliary power are reviewed. Several new areas SAUMATRES.Energie Nucleaire, 2: 262-4(July-August of application including booster rockets for deep space, de- 1960).(In French). salting of sea water, power packages for hardened sites, Discussions are preeented of two English desalination and underground explosions of nuclear devices ere also studies, a nuclear-powered distillation plant and anelec- discussed. troclialysis plant, and the American nuclear-powered dis- Baron, S. tillation plant at Point Loma. The Fluor Corporation de- 158 ECONOMICS OF DESALINATION. cubic (Burns and Roe, Inc., New York).IEEE (Inst. Elec. Elec- sign study for a nuclear distillation plant of 208,000 tron. Eng.),Spectrum, 3: No. 12, 63-70(Dec. 1966). meters per day capacity is mentioned, and costs of water In an analysis of the thermodynamics of dual-purpose de- from the various types of plants are compared. salination plants, it is apparent that the base-loaded plant 150 DESSALFMENT DE L'EAU DE MER. PER- with noneondensing turbine provides the most economic ap- SPECTIVES D'UTILISATION DE L'ENERGIE NUCLEAIRE. proach to desalination even theugh new storage capacities Energie Nucleaire, 5: No. 3, 195-7(May 1963)- will be required. Conveyance of water to existing reser- A summary is presented of five U. S. studies on the eco- voirs and variable operation of the water facility offer no nomic evaluation of reactors for the desalinationof sea economic advantages. Desalination of water is too expen- water utilizing the flash evaporation process. eive for agricultural applications, but it provides a promising source of fresh water for certain areas with special 151 ENERGIE NUCLEAIRE ET DESSALEMENT DE L'EAU DE MER,Energie Nucleaire, 6: No. 5, 328-30 water problems where conventional supplies are inadequate (July-Aug. 1964). to meet the needs of growing populations and increased in- A short review of estimated economies of single and dual dustrialization. Thermodynamic comparisons of single- presented. purpose power plants (fossil and nuclear); single-purpose purpose reactor-powered desalination plants is water plants (fossil or nuclear); noncondensing dual- A bibliography containing 17 references is included. purpose (fossil and nuclear); and condensing dual-purpose NUCLEAR REACTOR FOR DISTILLING SEA- (nuclear) plants are given. 152 Engineering, WATER. Vilentehuk, Isaac; Arad, Nathan. 159 NUCLEAR POWER FOR SALT WATER CON- 165: No. 4810, 628-30 (May 16, 1958). VERSION.Intern. At. Energy Agency Bull 6: No. 2, 3-7 A pressurized-water reactor producing low temperature (Apr. 1964). steam for distillation of sea water is shown tohave highly Various purification processes for salt water using re- favorable conditions of operation in arid and semi-arid actor and conventional heat and electrical sources arede- countries. The constructional and technologicalfeatures scribed. Flash distillation, vapor compression, andelee- of the Low Temperature Reactor (LTR) are shown tobe trodialysis are discussed. The relative merits of mixed much simpler than for a power reactor, and certainfea- installations that produced electricity as well as purified tures of the LTR are compared with those of aShipping- port-type reactor. Cost data are analyzed fordistilling water are considered. water by a power reactor and by the LTR and arefound to 160 CYCLES FOR SUPPLYING STEAM TO DE- compare favorably. SALTING EVAPORATORS OF DUAL-PURPOSE POWER- GENERATION PLANTS.Leung, Paul; Moore, Raymond E. 153 DESALINATION TODAY AND TOMORROW. (Bechtel Corp., Los Angeles).J. Eng, Power, 88: 22-6 Streifler-Shavit, I. E.(Joint Sea-Water Desalting Project, (Jan. 1966). Israel),Euratom Bull., 5: 66-72(Sept, 1966). Feasible cycles for supplying low-energy-level steam Present desalination processes and cost estimates for to the desalting flash evaporators of dual-purposeelectric- each are discussed. Desalination processes include elec- generation and seawater conversion plants are presented trodialysis. reverse oemosis, freezing, and evaporation. and discussed. Cycles which generate electricity as the The best economic prospect is the construction of large primary product and desalted water as the by-product are combined plants in which nuclear energy is used to produce compared with cycles which produce water as the predom- electricity and fresh water. A large nuclear dual-purpose inant product and electricity as the by-product. Investiga- plant is described and nuclear fuels are compared with fos- tions include fossile-fueled steam cycles and nuclear-fueled sil fuels. steam cycles at various pressures and temperatures. De- 154 NUCLEAR-POWERED ELECTRODIALYSIS FOR termination of the most feasible cycles for various capacity DESALINATION.Hitchcock, A.(Atomic Energy Estab- ranges of water production and electrical generation are lishment. Winfrith, Eng.); Minken, A. A. L.; Minken, J. W. presented. Euro Nucl., 2: 79-84(Feb. 1965). The extent to which electrodialysis can be an economic 161 NUCLEAR ENERGY: POTENTIAL FOR DE- means of obtaining fresh water from salt water, when nu- SALTING,Ramey, James T.; Swartout, J. A.; Williams, clear reactors are used as energy sources, is examined. W. A.(Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D. C.). Comparisons between electrodialysis and flash dietillation Mech, Eng., 88: No. 4, 52-5(Apr. 1966). as a means of obtaining large volumes offresh water aro The development of nuclear power for desalinationis presented. The two processes are shown schematically, discussed. The history of this development, the advan- and comments are made on the clifferencee in plantbehav- tages of nuclear energy, the AEC program fordesalting application, and the probfem of technology scale-up are ior and product. considered. Trends in gosts of nuclear power plants, data 155 DESALINATION FOR THE FUTURE. Zibis, from dual-purpose plant studies, fuel costs for light water Dieter.Euro Nucl., 2: 134-5(Mar. 1965). . 21

reactors, and the effects of the size of the nuclear fuel in- ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION.Nucl. Energy, 16-20 dustry on fuel costs are even. (Jan. 1965), 162 NUCLEAR DESALINATION.Ramey, James T. The objectives and achievements of the Civilian Nuclear (Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D. C.).Mech. Power Program are reviewed. The history of the use of Eng.. 89; 107-9(May 1965). nuclear energy for process heat and desalting is discussed, The program to desalt sea water by nuclear energar is and international activities in this field are summarized. considered. It was found that with large.dual purpose nu- The proposed AEC reactor-development program for large- clear plants, power and water could be produced at compet- scale desalting is presented; the heavy-water moderated, itive costs in water-short coastal areas by about 1975-1978 organic cooled reactor offera the best potential for meeting and that such installations would be valuable supplemental the energy needs for large power-water situations. Esti- sources of municipal and industrial water. Dual-purpose mated program costs through 1975 are summarized. plants fired by 200- to 1500-Mw reactors were studied. 166 NUCLEAR ENERGYPOTENTIAL FOR DE- The advantages of dual-purpose plants were confirmed, and SALTING.Ramey, James T.(U. S. Atomic Energar there seems to be a sound basis for combining the produc- Commission, Washington, D. C.).Nuel, Energy, 60-6 tion of these two utilities, especially with nuclear reactors (Mar. 1966). as the heat source. Better use of the available heat is The development of nuclear energy for sea water desalt- made; economies are offered by building one large plant ing is discussed. Topics considered include nuclear and instead of two smaller plants to produce the two products; fossil energy resources, the advantages of nuclear en- and savings in certain equipment are possible. A wide ergy, trends in nuclear plant and operating costs, the his- range of plant sizes and reactor types was investigated tory of desalting using nuclear power, and the AEC program and various assumptions on factors such as fixed charge for desalting application. Also discussed are engineering rates, value of power, and plant load factor were employed. studies of desalting installations, scale-up of the desalting Considerable variations in the resulting predictions of the technology, and the international program. The goals of costs of water and power were found. The predicted costs, this development are to provide a nearly inexhaustible re- however, proved to be encouraging, and nuclear desalting source of energy, and large quantities of pure water from plants, especially those of a larger size, should be com- the sea at reasonable cost. petitive with alternate methods of water supply. For example, a plant built for operation in 1970, which uses a 167 DESALINATION AND THE ROLE OF NUCLEAR 1500-Mw water-cooled reactor, ie oredicted to produce POWER. Nucl. Eng., 10: 191-3(May 1965). 190 Mw of electricity and 170 million gal/day of water at A brief review is given of the vapor compression, flash a cost of about 32e per 1000 gal. For a plant built for op- distillation and falling film methods of desalination, and eration in 1975, which uses an 8300-Mw heavy-water reac- diagrams are presented of typical processes. A survey is tor and produces about 1460 Mw of electricity and 620 mil- presented of dietillation plants in operation and under con- lion gal/day, the cost of water is predicted to be around struction around the world and a comparison of dual pur- 231 per 1000 gal. The electricity produced in a dual- pose plants powered by various types of reactors is shown. purpose plant (the power value) ean have a substantial U.S.A. brackish water feasibility studies, water deealina- effect on reducing water cost. For the plant using the Lion development in Israel, and U. K. economic feasibility 1500-Mw water-cooled reactor, the water price is lowered studies are discussed. by about 21/21 /1000 gal for every mill/kw-hr of power sell- 168 APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR ENERGY TO ing price increase. In the case of the 1500-Mw water reac- LARGE-SCALE POWER AND DESALTING PLANTS. tor plant, the cost was found to increaae from 321 /1000 Siegel, Sidney; Golan, Simcha; Falcon, Joseph A.(Atom- gal to 401/1000 gal when the entire plant load factor de- ics International. Canoga Park. Calif.).Nucl. Eng, De- creased from 80 to 60%. The reactor concept presently sign, 4: 225-32(Oct. 1966). considered most promising for large-scale power desalting There is a current widespread interest in dual-purpose use in the heavy-water, organic-cooled reactor (HWOCR). nuclear plants, attributable to successful developments in The HWOCR concept offers significant potential for produc- both the nuclear and desalination fields. During the past ing low-cost electric power and heat, especially in large year, it has become clear that nuclear power can compete single unit sizes. Because of its specific design features, economically with fossil fuel power in many geographical extrapolation to a large-scale unit of up to S to 10,000 Mw areas. At the same time, parallel strides have been.made capacity is considered technically feasible. The reactor in the technology and economics of seawater converaion, also has the potential for very low energy costs whether particularly in distillation processes. These developments used in power only or dual-purpose plants. As an advanced have opened the way for consideration of large-scale plants converter, the HWOCR also promises a substantial im- which can supplement both the electrical energy and fresh provement in nuclear fuel utilization compared to present water needs of large metropolitan areas near the coast. light-water reactors. It is expected- that the initial proto- Specific types of nuclear power plants in combination with type would be sufficiently developed to permit its operation desalting plants are examined to establish the relative in 1970. economic potential of various heat sources for large-scale 163 DESALTING OCEAN AND SALINE WATERS. dual-purpose application. Emel'ianov, V.(Corresponding Member of the Mad. Sci. USSR).Nauka i Zhizn' No. 3, 20-3(March 1965).(In Rue- 169 FEASIBILITY OF OFFSHORE DUAL-PURPOSE sian). NUCLEAR POWER AND DESALINATION PLANTS.Ar- Brief discussions are presented of desalination pro- nold, H. G.; Gall, W. R.; Morris, G.(Oak Ridge National cesses, and various desalting installations now in operation Lab., Term.).Nucl. Eng, Design, 4: 311-21(Oct. 1966). are mentioned. The economics of nuclear dual purpose (ORNL-P-2517). plants are discussed. A 2,200 Mw(t) reactor in a dual pur- Discussion of the ecological and technical reasons sug- pose plant could produce 510 Mw(e) and 180,000 cubic gests off-shore locations for dual-purpose nuclear power meters of freah water per day at a cost of 2 to 3 kopeks and desalination plants to be an attractive solution to the per cubic meter. Reactors in the range of 10,000 to 20,000 siting problem. A study on the feasibility of offshore con- Mw(t) would produce water cheap enough to be used for ir- struction of such dual-purpose nuclear plants shows that rigation. the necessary technological experience is available from 164 FRESH WATER BY NUCLEAR POWER. Kron- applications for other purposes such as offshore oil wells, berger, HansNew Set., 28: 31-3(Oct. 7, 1965). bridge caissons, floating dry docks, and other marine struc- Flash distillation, using steam from an AGR, as a method tures. Conceptual design studies for a large-scale nuclear for desalination of sea water is discussed. An advanced power and desalination plant using alternatively an island gas-cooled reactor and multistage flash distillation plant caisson, a deep-water caisson, and a moored floating plat7 designed to yield 400 Me of electricity and 60 million gal- form are described. Comparative cost estimates for on- lons of fresh water daily is described. shore and offshore dual-purpose nuclear plants are made. 165 REACTOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME FOR 170 SCALE, NUCLEAR ECONOMICS AND SALT LARGE-SCALE DESALTING PLANTS. REPORT BY U. S. WATER. Weinberg, Alvin M.; young, Gale(Oak Ridge 22

that for ANS Nucl. News, 6: No. 5, 3- ered water plants is discussed. It was concluded National Lab., Tenn.). a 100 x 108 gpd plant, waterwould cost 4001000 gal. (May 1963). economics of The disadvantages of dual-purpose plantsinclude produc- The effecta of large scale reactors On the tion of large blocks of power, limits toflexibility of plant nuclear power and process heat generation areconsidered. lower plant ef- The cost figures for a 25,000 Mw(t) dual-purposeplant location due tO power transmission costs, of fresh water ficiency under certain operating conditiona, andhigher producing 5000 Mw(e) and one billion gallons costs than single-purpose plants. A reactordesign is pro- per day are presented. posed in which brine temperature is limited to190°F. The 171 HEAVY-WATER REACTORS FOR PROCESS reactor can be either light-water cooledand moderated HEAT. ANS Nucl. News, 6: No. 5,0-11(May 1963). with slightly enriched uranium fuel, orheavy-water cooled Tables and information are summarizedfrom report DP- and moderated with natural or slightlyenriched uranium 830 on the use of heavy-water reactorsfor both single and fuel. Selected as basic design was an aluminum-clad dual-purpose plants. natural UO2 fuel, with 1320 as coolant andmoderator. Multistage flash evaporator designs werestudied and 172 NUCLEAR APPLICATIONS TO SALINE-WATER CONVERSION AND THEIR ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS. evaluated. (Burns and Roe, Inc., New York).Nucl. News, THE PROSPECTS FOR DUAL-PURPOSE Baron, S. 180 (General Electric Co., 7 :No. 4, 36-9(Apr. 1964). PLANTS.Greyer, Frederick E. The general design approach forapplication of nuclear San Jose, Calif.),Nucleonics, 23: No. 9, 48-50(Sept, energy to desalination of sea water isdiscussed. A survey 1965). is presented of nuclear desalination projectsand studies. Dual-purpose nuclear desalting plants are consideredin Technological problems, siting criteria, and reactortypes tile light of fundamental thermodynamicsand economics. are discussed in large-scale reactordevelopment for de- The effects of size and duality arediscussed, and the cost salination. of stea'm considered. It was concludedthat in areas requiring both power and water, dual-purposeplants with 173 SUMMARY OF INTER AGENCY DESALINATION 108 glad capacities can be economical if designed for REPORT-CONFIRMATION OF THE PROSPECTS FOR NU- fbted rather than flexible product ratio andtailored to CLEAR DESALINATION.Nucl. News, 7: No. 4, 40-1(Apr. particular applications. 1964). Inter The conclusions and cost data presented in the 181 NUCLEAR DESALTING FOR AGRICULTURAL Agency Task Group study of large nuclear-powered sea- WATER. Hammond, R, Phillip(Oak Ridge National Lab., water distillation plants are summarized. Nucleonics, 23: No. 9, 51-3; 55(Sept. 1965). Tenn.). the 174 NUCLEAR DESALINATION ASPECTS. Ham- The role of nuclear desalination plants in solving mond, R. P.Nucl. Neivs, 7: No. 10, 55-6(Oct. 1964). problem of agricultural water is discussed.Controlling A summary is given of the Geneva Conference papers on factors, such as population growth, food requirements, the development of power reactors for desalination pur- and land and its use are discussed. The amountof water needed for food production is considered.Data on the cost poses. of desalting are reviewed. It was concluded that,combined 175 LARGE REACTORS MAY DISTILL SEAWATER with improved agricultural techniques, nucleardesalting ECONOMICALLY. Hammond, R. Phillip(Los Alamos tnay add as little as 2.5 cents per day tothe cost of man's Scientific Lab., N. Mex.).Nucleonics, 20: 45-9(Dec. food. 1962). Nuclear reactors in very large sizes hold outthe prom- from the sea 192 SEA-WATER DISTILLATION BY NUCLEAR ise of large-scale distillation of fresh water POWER.Bethon, Henry E.Power, 104: No. 1, 82-3 at a cost low enough for municipal,industrial, and irriga- (Tan. 1960). tion uses. According to the results of a preliminarystudy, A summary is presented on an economicstudy of a com- water in these cost ranges can be producedby breeder- bined power-water desalination plant using apressurized- reactor distilling planta if they can be builtlarge enough water, heairy-water moderated and cooledreactor fueled up to 100,000 Mw(th). The cost of waterdepends strongly with natural-uranium dioxide. The plant capacitywould be on the size of the unit; for largerplant sizes, costs lielow 50 Mw(e) and 6 million gallons per day. 15c /103 gal may be possible. 176 A LARGE DESALINIZATION REACTOR BASED 183 NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR WATER DESALINA- ON CURRENT TECHNOLOGY. Spiewak, Irving(Oak TI0641. Lewis, G. T.Power, 108: No. 12, 80-2(Dec. Nucleonics, 21: No. 7, 64; Ridge National Lab., Tenn.). de- 66; 68(July 1963). The progreas in a 50 million gallons per day nuclear A reference design for a reactor desalinization and power salination plant study is reviewed. Coat comparisonsare generation plant (particularly, the reactor design) is pre- made for five principal conversion processes, andfresh sented. The facility, based on current technology, would water production at a cost of 28 to 36 cents per1000 gal- use three 8,333-Mw(t) heavy-water moderated,boiling- lons is predicted. light-water-cooled reactors fueled with natural UO2 to 184 NUCLEAR PLANTS FOR WATER DESALTING provide 4,500 Mw(e) of electricity and 2 billion gallons of GETS THOROUGH DISCUSSION AT ATOMICINDUSTRIAL water per day. Cost estimates for construction and opera- FORUM.Power Eng69: 61-2(Mar. 1965). tion are also included. A survey is provided of reports on progress in the nu- Industrial 177 ECONOMICS OF REACTORS FOR POWER AND clear desalination pregram given at the Atomic (Burns and Roe, Inc., New Forum at San Francisco on Nov. 30, 1964. Majorattention DESALINATION,Baron, S. that York),Nucleonics, 22: No, 4, 67-71(Apr. 1964). was paid to a large-scale nuclear desalting program Capital costs, fuel costs, and costs for operation and would provide regional water supply plants in the1970's. maintenance are discussed for power-desalinationdual Such plants would produce about 500 to 700 mgd(Mgal/day) purpose power plants. of water and have an electrical output of over100 Mw. Best economic potential for these plants seems toreside in the 178 ADVANCED REACTOR CONCEPTS.Nucln- heavy water moderated organic cooled reactor(HWOCR) ice, 22: No. 10, 74-9(Oct. 1964). and the multi-stage flash distillation process(MSF). The A summary is given of the Geneva Conference papers on first phase of this large-plant program has twoobjectives: advanced reactor designs and concepts includingnuclear to operate at least one intermediate-sizeprototype dual- superheat projects, fast-breeder reactors, heavy-water purpose plant of about 50 frigid capacity;and to operate a reactors. Applications such as waterdesalination and nu- prototype power-only IIWOCR of about 1000 Mwcapacity. clear space power units are also discussed. These two objectives are scheduled to be achievedby 1990. plant 179 WHY NOT SINGLE-PURPOSE REACTORS FOR In the second phase, a large dual-purpose prototype (Burns and Roe, Inc., would employ a nuclear-energy source. General recom- DESALTING.Baron, S.; Zizza, M. mendations call for expanded research and development New York).Nucleonics, 23: No. 9, 44-7(Sept. 1965). of The development of large single-purposereactor-pow- efforts in all phases of the program, and an increase 23

$200 million in authorized expenditures through1972. At 192 WATER DESALTING SYSTEM STUDIES IN NU- present, the HWOCR concept is consideredmost promising CLEAR ENGINEERING DESIGN CLASSES,Scala, Rob- for combination plants. Units up to 100,000 Mw arecon- ert L.(Univ. of Arizona, Tucson).Trans. Amer, Nucl. sidered technically feasible at this time, andthe reactor ic 9: 210-11(June 1966). has the potential for low-energy costs inpower-only or dual-purpose plants. It is recommended thatlarge dual- 193 A NOTE ON A NEW METHOD OF COST AL- possible, in an LOCATION FOR COMBINED POWER AND WATER DE- purpose plants be developed as soon as SALINATION PLANT.Barnea. Joseph(Resources and effort to achieve water costs in the range of 20cents/1000 Water gal. Dual-purpose plants are envisionedthat produce up to Transport Division, United Nations, New York), and thousands of megawatts Resources Research, 1: No. 1, p.143-5(First Quarter 1965). a billion gallons of water a day The cost allocation method described, which is for dual of power. purposes or combined electricity waterdesalination plants, 185 FUTURE OF WATER. DESALINATION.Gal- uses exclusively economic data. The methodis based on staun, Lionel S.; Currier, Edwin L.Power Eng., 70: 36- the cost of power and water produced in single-purpose 42(May 1966). plants and on the application of the cost relationship for a Use of nuclear and other forms of energy in desalination given net output of water and power to the total annual cost of seawater by various processes is examined. While fos- of a combined plant. sil fuel costs vary widely from one location to another, nuclear fuel cycle costs are essentially unaffected by location. They are often somewhat lower than fossil fuel costs and PATENTS will drop further as the scale of operations in the nuclear industry expands. However, nuclear steam-supply sys- 194 NUCLEAR REACTOR POWER STATIONS. tems tend to cost more than fossil-fired units. Conse- Thorn, James Doublas(to United Kingdom Atomic En- quently, the most economical energy source can be se- ergy Authority).British Patent 1,038,419,Aug. 10, lected only after thorough evaluation of the various options. 1969.Filed Aug. 27, 1964. Factors that apply to such an analysis include the size of A nuclear power station design is presented using a the heat aupply and the local cost of fuel delivered to the steam-powered system for circulating gas coolant. The facility. Experience has shown that nuclear energy will steam is received at intermediate pressure from a re- tend to be economical in the larger plants and fossilfuel heat line and exhausted to a desalination plant. in smaller ones. Nuclear fuercycle costs are heavily de- 195 DISTILLATION OF SEA WATER EMPLOYING pendent on the size of the nuclear power industry. Future NUCLEAR ENERGY.Pedrick, Arthur Paul.British Pa- lower cost will result from increased volume of prodUC- tent 1,042,541.Sept. 14, 1966.Filed Apr. 12, 1965. tion and improved technology. It is shown that a nuclear A method is described for distillation of sea water by fuel cycle cost of 140/million BTU is competitive with oil- pumping a stream of sea water over the outer surface of a gas fuel at 230/million BTU. A dual-purposeplant generat- nuclear reactor, which is mounted for rotation and provided ing about 600 Mw (net) power and 150 million gal/day ofde- with screw blades so that the flow of sea water maintains salted water was considered. the reactor in rotation. The heat energy from the reactor 186 DESALINIZATION OF WATER.Power Reactor is transferred to the sea water by conduction causing the Technol., 7: No. 2, 136-44(Spring 1964), sea water to boil. The steam so produced is guided to a The design, development, economic aspects, and use of condenser: During the rotation of the reactor, the scraper nuclear reactors for desalinization of sea water are re- blades remove depoaits of salt resulting from the boiling viewed. Results are summarized on reactor types used in of the sea water. The reactor is eescrlbed for particular studies of nine different electric generation-desalinization application to "floating fields" described in British Patent 1,038,320 and which would be maintaioed in an area, not Cases. necessarily far from the coastline, but at a sufficient dis- 187 THE ECONOMICS OF COMBINED ELECTRIC tance not to provide any form of radiation hazard toin- POWER AND WATER DESALINATION PLANTS.Scar- brough, 13. R.(Westinghouse Electric Corp:, Philadel- habitants of the local area. phia); Stinson, W. EL; Nordman, D. A.Proc, Amer. Power Conf 27: 167-72(1965). MISCELLANEOUS The economics of dual-purpose plants are discussed, following a brief consideration of the technical feasibility 196 THE ROLE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY IN WATER of such plants. CONVERSION BY DISTILLATION.Hainsworth, W. R.; Brice, D. B.; Dusbabek, M. R.pp. 398-407 of "Proceedings 188 NUCLEAR-POWERED DESALINATION OF SEA Post, Roy G.; Seale, of a Symposium on Saline Water Conversion," Nov. 4-6, WATER FOR SOUTHERN ARIZONA. 1957.Washington, D. C., National Academy of Sciences- Robert L.(Univ. of Arizona, Tucson).Trans. Am. Nucl. National Research Council.Publication 568 (1958). Soc., 7: 199-200(June 1964). A study of the combination of reactors and distillation From American Nuclear Society 10th Annual Meeting, processes which will 'produce the lowest cost water is Philadelphia, June 1964. presented wilh emphasis on large-scale aspects of de- A discussion concerning selection of the most economical salination. Graphite, heavy and light water heterogeneous method of providing desalinated water using currently dem- reactors using natural or slightly enriched, aluminum-clad onstrated technologies is presented. It is concluded that the uranium fuel elements, combined with multiple-effect flash use of nuclear power to desalinate sea water appears toof- or evaporation distillation plants are studied.The best fer a feasible and potentially economic source of water for combination of systems is determined to be a heavy water- municipal areas and for agriculture where extensive trans- moderated and cooled reactor combined with a seven-page portation is not required, long-tube-vertical multiple-effect eaaporator. Plant costs 189 ECONOMICS OF SMALL NUCLEAR ELECTRIC- and operating expenses and their effect on the cost of water DESALENATION PLANTS.Baer, Robert L.; Solberg, produced are summarized. Donald E.(Rittman Associates. Inc., Baltimore).Trans. 197 A STUDY OF THE FEASIBILITY OF USING AN Am. Nucl. Soc., 9: 155-6(May 1960. UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSION AS A SOURCE OF 190 COMPARISON OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE AND HEAT ENERGY FOR THE DISTILLATION OF SEA WATER. LOW-TEMPERATURE REACTORS FOR USE IN DUAL- Fait, I.Univ. of California (Berkeley), Sea Water Conver- PURPOSE SEA-WATER EVAPORATOR AND ELlICTRIC- sion Program, Series No. 75, Issue No. 17, Sept. 24, 1959. POWER STATIONS. Van Winkle, R.; Ebel, R. It'.; Wins- 31p. bro, R. EL(Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn.).rrans. The possibility of using the heat energy released in un- Am. Nucl, Soc.,.8: 156-7(May 1965), dergTound nuclear explosions for the desalination of sea water is examined. The conditions that may exist in ays- 191 USE OF LOW-TEMPERATURE FAST REAC- TORS FOR DESALINATION OR POWER.Carlamith, R. S.; tems where sea water is pumped Into the heated zone Hoskins, R. E.(Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn.).Trans, created by an explosion and the heated water returned to Am, Nucl. SOO. , 8; 157-9(May 1965). the surface and there vaporized to give steam and solids 24

are investigated. The economics of such systems are 203 LARGE NUCLEAR-POWERED SEA WATER roughly estimated from AEC proposed charges for nuclear REvERSE OSMOSIS PLANTS,Keilin, B.; Watson, E. R. bombs and the COSts for hot sea water delivered to thesur- (Aerojet General Corp,). 10p.Delivered at the 149th face are found to be high. National Meeting, American Chemical Society, Detroit, 190 SALINE WATER DEMINERALIZATION AND Michigan, April 5, 1965. NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE CALIFORNIA WATER PLAN. The advantages of the reverse osmosis processare ex- Koch, Albert A.California. Department of Water Re- amined for the large scale purification of sea and brackish sources. Division of Resources Planning.Bulletin 93. waters. Energy requirements and capital costsare com- December 1960. pared for reverse osmosis and distillation plants, and their Described are the various phases of the problems of nu- economy of operation using an 8300 MW(t) heavy water clear energy and saline water conversion, as they apply to moderated, organtc-cooled reactor as the heatsource is the water problems of the state of California. The present examined It is shown that dual purpose reverse osmosis status of saline water conversion and its future possibili- plants can yield as much saleable electric powerand pro- ties indicate that it will cost at least two to five times duce a considerably greater quantity of water thancan the more than development of natural water resources. The distillation system under optimum conditions. Inaddition, possible application of nuclear energy to sea water con- pthreocuensitseost of water will be less for the reverse osmosis version and the production of electrical and mechanical power is discussed and it is Indicated that nuclear energy 204 OUTLOOK FOR THE USE OF NUCLEAR EN- will have a marked effect on the future development of the ERGY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HEAT AT LOWTEM- California Water Plan. PERATURE.Baldetti, S,; Biondi, L.; Cerullo, N.; Di 199 SEA WATER CONVERSION BY THE MULTI- Menza, R.; Guerrini, B.; Lazzarino, L.; Pierazzi, L.; STAGE FLASH EVAPORATION METHOD.Brice, D. B.; Vaudo, A.pp 223-51 of Giornate dell'Energia Nucleare Townsend, C. R. pp.147-55 of SALINE WATER CONVER- 1964.Milan. Federazione delle Associazioni Seientifiche SION, ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES NO. 27, e Tecniche, 1965.(In Italian). American Chemical Society, Washington, D, C. 1960. Vapor a-elatively low temperatures and pressures can $5.85. be used in industrial plants (principally chemical), for The economics of fresh water production based on the domestic heating, and for the desalination of seawater. multistage flash evaporation of sea water is discussed for The utilization of nuclear power plants for the production a single-purpose, 50 million gallon per day plant. The of vapor at low temperature at a competitive costwas steam generator employed is a 370 Mw(t) pressurized light- examined. In the power area and the vapor characteristics water ricaetor. Based on present technology, the water that best satisfy the utilizations discussed, organic-cooled costs are estimated at 38 to 42 cents per thousand gallons. reactors seemed of special interest. After a preliminary with future costs,predicted to be 24 to 31 cents per thousand examination of the most promising lines of development gallons withili the next decade. of an organic reactor for production of heat at low temperature, preliminary results in a design study of this type 200 NUCLEAR APPLICATIONS TO SALINE WATER of reactor are presented. CONVERSION. ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS. A PANEL DISCUSSION. pp.1-16 of "Proceedings of the Tenth Anni- 205 APPLICATION OE NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR versary Conference of the Atomic Iudustrial Forum." DESALINATION.Dall'Asta, G.; Bortone, C.pp 253-71 New York, Atomic Industrial FOrum, 1964. of Giornate dell'Energia Nucleare 1964.Milan, Federa- The results of studies on the economics of nuclear de- zione delle Associazioni Scientifiche e Tecniche, 1965. salination plants, particularly plants also producing elec- (In Italian). tricity, are summarized, together with associated tech- Needs for desalination, the systems used, the propoeed nological efforts. Cost estimates are given, including utilization of nuclear reactors for this purpose, and the comparisons of conventienal and nuclear systems. principles of the multi-flash evaporation system arere- viewed, and the coupling of reactors and desalinatorsis 201 SEA-WATER CONVERSION USING SMALL NU- discussed. In the coupling of nuclear reactors and de- CLEAR HEAT SOURCE.Scanlon, T. R.; Schoenbrunn, salinators various problems are presented. Theuse of A. G.; Minners, W. ASME-Paper 64-WA/NE-8 for meet- a reactor for water alone or for the simultaneous producing Nov. 29Dec. 4, 1964.7p. tion of electrical energy is considered. The conditions A 21 Mw(t) reactor is studied for use in operatinga under which a nuclear reactor would be more economical multieffect. multistage flash distillation plant for the de- as a heat source than a conventional fuel power plant are salination of seawater. The nuclear plant is basically an considered. In the case of electricity production the use of upgraded research reactor using UO2 pressure-tube fuel controlled pressure turbines is compared with the use of elements, and the new distillation cycle operates at higher condensation turbines. The advantages of reactors produc- efficiencies than present day multistage flash distillation ing vapor at high temperatures or low temperaturesare cycles. considered. 202 USE' OF NUCLEAR POWER FOR THE PRODUC- 206 SOME ALTERNATES FOR THE UTILIZATION TION OF FRESH WATER FROM SALT WATER. HEAR- OF ORGANIC LIQUID REACTORS FOR DESALINATION OF ING BEFORE THE JOINT COMMITTEE ON ATOMIC SALT WATER. Di Menze, R. Pittori, S.; Pierazzi. L.; ENERGY, CONGRESS OF TUE UNITED STATES.Eighty- Valant, P.pp 273-64 of Giornate dell'Energia Nucleare Eighth Congress, Second Session.August 18. 1964. 1964.Milan. Federazione delle Associazioni Scientifiche $0.40(GPO). e Tecniche, 1965.(In Italian). Included in the Hearing are a year-by-year break- An economic comparison was made of water and organic down of funds appropriated to the Office of Saline Water, nuclear reactors for the simultaneous production of elec- a compilation of pilot plants built and operated by the trical energy and vapor and of organic reactors forvapor OSW, a list of contractors performing work, approximate production and of water reactors for the simultaneous cost of the contract, and the ecope of work being performed, production of electrical energy and vapor. The waterreac- and a list. of AEC contractors 'engaged in desalination work, tors considered were the PWR and the BWR. The results . the rate of funding, and the nature of the work they are showed that the dual-purpose organic reactors couldnot doing. Appendices include a summary of a report by the be competitive with the water reactors for powers of the Office of Science and Technology on nuclear power and order of 150 MW(t). At 1700 MW(t) however the tworeac- water desalting, a report by the IAEA op desalination using tors would be competitive. The unit alefof thermalenergy conventional and nuclear energy, papers presented by AEC at 1500 MW(t) vras decidedly higher for Me vapor-producing commissioner James T. Ramey at the Geneva Conference organic reactor. At powers below 150 MW(t), however, the and the IAEA Panel Meeting on Nuclear Desalination, the situation was reversed. report to the President on a "Program for Advancing De- 207 NUCLEAR DESALINATION ABROAtD: THE salting Technology," and papers presented by the U.S.S.R. ISRAEL PROJECT.Bush, Philip D.(Kaiser Engineers, Delegation during its July 1964 visit to the United States. Oakland, Calif.).pp 148-62 of Proceedings of the 1965 25/2(a

Conierence, Atomic Industrial Forum, Inc., Washington, 1964.Girelli, Alberto (ed.).New York, Pergamon Press, 1965.200p.$9.00.tCONF-640415). D. C.McCluskey, Robert J. (ed.).New York, Atomic Eight papers presented at the symposium are given. Industrial Forum, 1966. Topics covered include: Application of ionexchange for The reference design selected in a joint United States conversion of saline water into fresh water, seaand brack- Israel study of a dual-purpose power-desalination plant , water desalting in Japan,developments in obtaining is described. The plant complex consists of a light water fresh water from seawater in Germany, Britishactivities reactor, a back pressure turbine, and a multi-stage flash in desalination development and research,desalination re- evaporator with capacities of 200 MW(e) and 100million search in Italy, the state of desalination research inIsrael, gallons of water per day. Engineering and economic as- evolution of the distillation process for seawater conver- pects of the plant are discussed and a proposeddevelop- sion, and the role of the United Nations Department of ment schedule is presented. Economic and Social Affairs in the neld of waterdesali- 208 OPRESNENIE SOLENYKH VOD. METOD DIS- nation. TILLYATSII S ISPOL'ZOVANIEM TEPLA YADERNYKli LARGE NUCLEAR-POWERED SEA WATER REACTOROV.(Desalination of Salty Waters.Methods 212 of Distillation Using Nuclear Reactor Heat).Mal'tsev, REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANTS.Keilin, B.; Watson, E. R. E. D.Moscow, Atomizdat, 1965.92p. 10p.(CONE-650401-8).Gmelin, AED-CONF-65-041-26. A brief review is given on various methods fordesali- From American Chemical Society, Detroit. nation of saline waters. The use of hydrophobic coolants, It is pointed out that reverse osmosis can be used in intensification heat exchange by film formation by means conjunction with a nuclear reactor to yield at least as much of stationary column packing, removal of scum-forming electrical power and, at the same time, produce a consid- salts by sorption on resins, followed by regenerationof the erably greater quantity of water in a desalting plantthan resins from the evaporators are described. Theperfor- the distillation system under optimum conditions. and production mance of nuclear reactors for desalination 213 COST DETERMINATION AND COMPARISON OF of electricity is also discussed, NUCLEAR AND FOSSIL FUELED DUAL-PURPOSE POWER 209 DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH, AND STATE OF AND DESALINATION PLANTS.Fruth, Hans.19p. THE ATOMIC ENERGY INDUSTRY. HEARINGS BEFORE (CONE-651005-4).ORAU. Gmelin, AED-CONF-65-276-8. THE JOINT COMMITTEE ON ATOMIC ENERGY,CON- From lst International Symposium on Water Desalination, GRESS OF THE UMTED STATES, EIGHTY-N1NTH CON- Washington, D. C. GRESS, FIRST SESSION, AUGUST 10, 11, AND SEPTEM- The general conditions and reasons for which lowerfresh BER 8, 1965,Washington, D. C., Joint Committee on water costs may be expected with the nuclear-dual purpose Atomic Energy, 1965.624p.GPO $2.00, plants than fossil fueled plants are presented. A deternona- Topics covered include: AID financing of reactors, air tion method is developed by means of the energy concept to pollution, breeder reactors, coal use, competition in nu- allow the accomplishment of an equitable cost breakdown in clear industry, cost of coal-fired power, costs ofnuclear a dual-purpose plant based on the designdata of the plant power, desalination, education in the nuclearfield, fast itself, independent of cost comparisons with reference breeder reactors, fast reactor fuel tests, foreign sales, plants or market conditions. The economics of nuclear- fuel cycle, fuel cycle guarantees, fuel inventory cost, re- fueled single-purpose desalting plants is discussed. processing fuels, gas-cooled breeder reactorsnuclear power growth, heavy water organicreactors, design im- 214 REACTOR STEAM CYCLES FOR DESALINA- provements in nonbreeder reactors, nuclearships, in- TION.Chambers, S.; Hitchcock, A.10p.(CONE- demnity legislation, isotope uses in industry,licensing, 651005-5). ORA U. Long Island reactor proposal, maritime reactors,national From 1st International Symposium on Water Desalina- laboratories, oceanographic programs, nuclear fuel cycles, tion, Washington, D. C. operating contract award policy. plutonium, theplutonium The principles involved in the optimization of nuclear recycle reactor, fabrication of pressure vessels,nuclear dual-purpose power-water plants are discussed assuming weapon proliferation, submarine propulsion byradioiso- only modest advances in reactor and flash distillation plant topes, regulatory jurisdiction, reliability ofnuclear power, technology. Comparisons between reactor types as sources safeguards agreements and inspection, seedblaithet reac- of heat and economic considerations are examined. sodium pump tor, siting, sodium component development,supercritical 215 AN ANALYSIS OE THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR test facility, steam-cooled breeder reactors,and uranium OF DUAL PURPOSE POWER/DESALINATION NUCLEAR reactors, superheat reactors, toll enrichment, PLANTS.Saphier; D.; Wolberg, J. R.; Yiftah, S.19p. conversion to hexafluoride. (CONE-651005-7).ORAU. 210 SALINE WATER CONVERSION REPORT FOR From 1st International Symposium on Water Desalinat' 1964.(Office of Saline Water, Washington, D. C.).304p. Washington, D. C. GPO $2.00. A model of a dual purpose power/desalination nuclear A detailed summary is presented of the1964 desalting plant is described and used to simulate operation for a operations of the Department of the Interior.Research, variety of control systems and disturbances in the operat- processes, and demonstration plants arecovered. ing conditions. A comparison of the dynamic behavior of the plant to nuclear single purpose plants indicates the 211 FRESH WATER FROM THE SEA.Proceedings of the International Symposiumheld in Milan, April 20-21, model is in working order. AUTHOR INDEX

Alekasoko, Ye. N., 130 Golan, Spooks, 12, 168 Ago lie, Carlos Hernsedea, 137 Green, J. K., 53 Arad, Nathan, 152 Griffith. W. L., 99, 122 Armstrong. G. R., 37, 38, 39 Grozdov, 1. I., 130 Arnold, E. D., 109 Gobenke, V. V., 126 Arnold, H. G., 100, 169 Guerrini, B., 204 Asebeer, F. S., 121 Gersa, Tomas, 41 Babcock, D, F., 46 Hainnerwth, W. R., 196 Reef, Robert 59, 189 Jonsef, 148 Baklouti, ff., 42 Hammond, R. P., 70, 72, 75, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 90, 105, 174, 175, II': Bahlottl, S., 204 Harringtoa, F. E., 109 BaU, S. J., 106 Harty, H., 14 Barnes, Joseph, 193 Hendrickson, N. N., 53 Baron, S., 29, 158, 172, 177, 179 Herbert, L. S., 136 Bender, IL, 101 Higgins, Gary, 31 Bethoe, Henry E., 182 Hitchcock, A., 154, 156 214 Mourn, L., 134 204 Melrose, J. M.. 77, 103 Blanco, R. E., 77, 88 Hood, R. R., 46 Bcrtose, C., 205 Bookies, R. E., 96, 191 Beraff, W. R., 38, 39 Brater, D. C., 109 Isakoff, L., 46 Bray, Donald T., 51, 52 Brice, D. B.. SO, 196, 199 Jensen. J. C., 46 Burwell, C. C., 80, 81, 105 _Phaeton, Thema A., 51, 52 Busk, Philip D., 207 Kea., Karel A., 114 Carlsrath. R. S., 96, 191 Keith% B., 203, 212 Cinr, J. K., 9, 145 Keller. R. M., 99, 122 Cerullo, N., 204 Kennedy, Geary C., 33 Chambers, S., 214 Khoroshania, V. D., 130 Chapman, R. H., 97 K nebel, K. E., 29 Charuk, L, Each, Albeit A., 198 Chereyaer, V. A., 125 132 !Copps, Johannes. 131 Chine, N., 42 Koryukie, Ye, I., 57, 125. 128, 130, 132, 133 Clark, Richard L., 19 Marmots, H. R.. 64 Coleman, R. R., 38, 39 Kraus, K. A., 78 Clever, F. E., 55, 180 Kronterger, Herm, 10, 164 Culler, Floyd L., Jr., 86, 89 K=neisor, S. P., 130 ic.rd., Edwin L., 19, 185 1.*ag, Peter M. 1, 3 DRIPAsta, G., 205 Law, C. Arthur, 143 Delyannia, 1. 64 Lazzarino, L., 204 Di Menza, R., 204 206 Leicentor, J., 138 Dedtriev, 1. D., 129 Leong, Paul, 160 Donlan, D. A., Jr., 74, 76, 57, 109 Leval, Andras, 147 Dusbabek, M. R., SO, 196 Lewis, G. -r., 183 Locinov, A. A., 57, 125, 128, 130, 132, 133 Easterday, R. j., 98. 99 Lotts, A. L., 89, 109 Ebel, R. A,, BO, 150 EirrePtanov, V., 163 Martnev, E. D., 208 &laud, Andre, 139 licClunkey, Robert J., 11 McCutchan, J. W., 32 Falcon, Joseph A., 12, 168 MoNelly, N. J., 55 FatL 1 197 McWhorter, C. R., 37 Fluke, 3., 69 Minden, Augusto Idellado. 137 Frannreh, J. 5.104 Male. J. G., 101 Proth, Hsas,.213 Ilikhan, V. L, 128 Miller, E. IL, 55 Gall, W. R., 91, 100, 101, 169 liallIman, J. W., 60 Galstaan, Lionel S, 16, 185 Minken, A. A. L., 154 Gassikov, P. E., 130 Waken, J. W., 154 Gaussens, j., 108 W inners, W., 5, 201 Gerber, W. G., 29 Mitchell, B. K., 71 Gift, E. H., 97 Monchinekii, A. G., 128 Alberto, 211 Meree, Raymond E., 160 Glsockstern. P., 121 Herds. G., 100. 169

SC 27 28

Motherahed, C. T., 102 107 Steinberg, Meyer, 26 Moyera, J. C., 94, 95 Stemma, 1... S., 126 Mulleabach, PMIlp, 58 Stigma', W. H., 124, 187 St. John, Daniel S., 46. 47 Newaon, L 0. 9 Stockdale, W. G., 109 Madman, D. A., 187 Stone, L., 29 Northup, T. E., 101 Stoyoshchev, B. A., 125 Stredler-Shavit, L E., 153 Olson, R. C., 96 Saponev, A. D., 125 Meal, Raymond L., 30 Swartout, J. A_ 161 O'Toole, 3. D., 124 Thom, James Douglas, 194 Parker, Herbert M., 15 Townsend, C. R., 50, 199 Patti, F. J., 29 Pedrick, Artbur Paul, 195 Ullmann, J. W., 77, 103, 109 Perri, Joseph G , 27 Plerazzi, L., 204, 206 Natant, P., 206 Plttori, S.. 206 Venriltolde, R., 93; 1r0 Plate, H. R., 69 Vaudo, A., 134, 204 Polushkin, K. K., 130 Vileutchuk, bran, 152 Post, Roy G., 188 Vvedenskil, G. A., 140 Pratt, H. R. C. 136 Wade, Jamm W., 46. 47 Raleigh, Henry D., 45 Watson, E. R., 203. 212 Ramey, Jammu T.. 7, 145. 161, 162, 166 Weinberg, Alvin IL. 170 Reed, S. A., 94, 9S Welt, Martin A., 37, 38, 39. 146 Reichle, Leonard F. C., 48 WbHe, G., 56 Ritzniann, R. W., 7, 145 Williams, N. L., 35 ROSS, Charles P., 47 Williams, W. A., 161 Rossouw, S. F., 6 Wilson, j. R., 69 Wilma, William H., 18 Salmon, R., 77 Ninsban, R. B., 99, 190 Sophist, D., 215 Wilzig, Warren F., 157 Scanlon, T. R., 5, 201 Wolberg. J. R., 215 Scarbrougb, B. R., 187 Wyatt, A., Schoenbrunn, A. G., 5, 201 Schwomer, Frank, Jr., 157 Tiff/al% S., 121, 215 Seale, Robert L., 188, 192 Young, Gale. 84. 170 Smionake, Alezander, 70 Siegel, Sidney, 12, 163 Zekharay, 1. 1., 125, 132 Siam+, N. M., 127 Zamora, Pedro, 41 Sirolkia. A. P., 130 Zibis, Dieter, 155 Smiley, S. H., 109 Zizza, 111., 29, 179 Solberg, Donald E., 59, 189 Zweiglm, R., 20 Spiewak, Wing, 84, 85, 92, 104, 176

32 REPORT NUMBER INDEX

The AEC-sponsored reports may be examined at the de- Report No. Reference pository libraries listed in each issue of Nuclear Science NUMERC1AL Abstracts (NSA ). They may also be purchased from the 66-1-RE 68 Dep(ma); S2.00(ey), $1.50(me)CFSTI Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Infor- A/CONF.281P mation (CFSTI) in either full-size printed copy or the form 220 7 Dep(mn); $1.00 CF5TI indicated. 548 121 The availability of non-AEC reports is given when known. 824 4 1 If availability is not shown, inquiries should be directed to ACNP CFSTI or the issuing agency. 65558(Ror.1) 1 DeP.(13a); S2.00(ey), $0,50(mn)CFSTI 65573 2 D ep(me); S2.00(cy), $0.50(on)CFST1 AEC-tr 6733 125 Dep m, CFSTI $3.00 ey, $0.56 ma. JCL $5.60 le, $1.79 of. Abbreviations Used in Availability Column 6744 Dep. me. CFSTI $1.00 ey, $0.50 me. JCL 81.60 fa, $0.80 of. BIS For sale by British Irfformation Service, $1.60 fe, $0.80 of. 845 Third Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10022 AECL 2213 CFSTI For sale by the Clearinghouse for Federal AER.EIR Scientific and Technical Information. U. S. 13574 37 Department of Commerce, Springfield, Vir- 13575 38 ginia 22151. The Symbol "cy" indicates 13576 '39 that the format of the item sold may be AERE-M either a printed document or a photographic 1504 9 80.70(313); 3a.63(HMSO) reproduction (two-thirds of original size) MIL depending upon the availability of printed 959 26 Dep.(mo); $2.00(oy), $0.50(ino)CFST1 13NWL-SA stock. The indicated price is for either for- 14 Dep.(me); $2.00(ey), lOne)CFST1 mat. Tile symbol "mn" is used to indicate 596 15 Dep(mo); $2.1:10(ey), S0.500en)CFSTI that copy is available in the form of micro- CONF negatives (microfiche). 14-6 72 Dep(me); S1.10(fs), 50.80(tai)CFSTI; Gmelie, AED-Cenf-1963-0219 Dep. AEC reports: Full-size copy is on deposit in COO the depository libraries both inside and out- 283 21 $5.00(CFST1) side the United States. These reports are DP also for sale by Microcard Editions, Inc., 830 46 Dep.; S2.50(CFST1) Accounting and Shipping Departmnnt, West 866, 47 Dep.; S1.25(CFST1) Salem, Wisconsin 54669. GA Non-AEC reports: Full-size copy dn deposit 6294 52 ORAU as CONF-650429-4 in the depository libraries in the United HT States only. 78388 53 Dep.; $2.50(CFSTO JPRS Dep.(mc) Same as for Dep., except copy is in Microcard 26497 127 52.00(CFSTI) form. 33406 128 $1.00(cy) S0.50(me)CFSTI 33459 129 S1.00(cy); $0.50Orn)CFSTI Dep.(mn) Same as for Dep., except copy is in micro- 33480 130 S1.00(ey)1 $0.50(4n)CFSTI negative (microfiche) form. K-D 1780 71 DeP.011ek 13.00(ey), 2(on)CFS-F1 GPO For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, LA U. S. Government Printing Office, Washing- 2733 70 Dep.: $2.00(CFSTI) ton, D. C. 20402. 14P 14617 66 Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. 15834 41 Dep.64e) HMSO 15920 34 Dep.(am) JCL For sale by the Special Libraries Association 16148 110 Dep. Translation Center, John Crerar Library, 16359 13 Dep.Ozo) 16361 112 $1.50(GPO) 35 West 33rd Street, Chicago, Illinois NYO 60616. 3316-1 36 Dep.; $3.60(CFSTI) 10719 28 Dekate); $3.006CFSTO The symbols "ph," "rra," and "fs7' are used to designate ORNL that copy is available only in photostat, microfilm, or fac- 3452 73 Dep.; 83.50(CFSTI) simile form. The symbol "mn" is used to designate that 3470 74 Dep.; $3.50(CFSTI) copy is available in micronegative (microfiche) form. The 3501 109 Dep.; $1.00(CFST1) symbol "cy" is used to designate full size or photographi- 3783 75 Dep.; $2.00(cy), 16n0CF8TI cally enlarged copy (two-thirds of original size). 3870, pp 191-3 76 DeP.(ms)j $7.00(el), $1.75(con)CFSTI

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