FROM

SCROOBY TO PLYMOUTH ROCK

THE MEN OF THE MA YFL OWER

HENRY JOHNSON

‘ , AUTHOR OF UNTRUE T O HI S TRUST ETC .

LONDON T H E R EL I G I OU S TR A C T S OCI E TY ’ 5 6 PATERNOSTER Ro w A ND §5 ST P AUL S CHU RCHY ABD 1896 lflHNTED BY

- S P OTTISWOODE AND CO . , NEW S TREET SQUARE

LONDON P R E F A C E

THI S b o o k traces the great movement in English

History during the sixteenth an d seventeenth cen

t urie s which culminated in the voyage o f the May did flower , and which so much to develop spiritual life E in ngland , and which laid broadly and well the h foundation of religion in New England . T e aim has been to set forth in full clearly and impartially the

c s fa t . Recourse has been had all through to first

hand authorities , and ample guidance is given for any

readers who may wish to study these for themselves .

C O N T E T S

ORIGIN OF THE FREE CHURCH MOVEMENT

CENTRES OF I NFLUENCE

E"ILES

IN HOLLAND

THE VOYAGE OF THE MAYFLOWER

LANDING AT NEW PLYMOUTH FOUNDING THE COLONY INDIAN ALLIES

SELF - DEFENCE AND REORGANISATION

D ESIGNS OF THE MERCHANT AD VENTURERS TRADE—SOCIAL AN D RELIGIOUS LIFE

NEW COLONIES

C ONFEDERATION—AMERICAN CONGREGATIONAL ISM LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

SCROOB Y FROM THE RIVER

B RIDGE AT GAINSB OROUGH ON SITE OF FORD WHICH PILGRIM FATHERS USED

THE LD O H O S C O B O MAN R U E , S R O Y

T B L O E OH OB SO M A . R V . J R . A ET F N IN N , ’ B D O S CO A S LD RA F RD TTAGE , U TERFIE C LLS G L LL B OS O E UNDER THE UI DHA , T N

THE OW LL T N HA , LEYDEN ’ RO B INSON S FAREWELL ADDRESS

L L C L O ROC K ANDING P A E , P YM UTH VISIT OF AN I NDIAN CHIEF

THE RETURN OF THE MAYFLOWER

THE FORT AT PLYMOUTH PLYMOUTH IN 1 627

THE EL S Y L I V S M , A E UN ER ITY FROM SCROOBY TO PLYMOUTH ROCK

THE MEN OF THE MAYFLOWER

CHAPTE R I

ORIGIN OF THE FREE CHURCH MOVEMENT

REED OM to worship God according to the direction of conscience was the principle for which the Pilgrim

ther s . The in Ea persistently strove Word of God ,

r r ted t e p e to the conscience by the Holy Spirit , formed h their only test forfaith and conduct . T e authority — — o f men whether priests or kings in matters o f

religion they repudiated , unless teaching and dogma coming from such a source seemed to be based o n a i correct understanding o f Scripture . Th s princi le of r was new to the d

The W Church ,

as represented by pope and priests , had been regarded I o ORI GIN OF TH E F REE CH URCH M O VEM ENT

S as supreme and final in all piritual concerns . Man , d Go . and not , was the infallible guide But the de sire for religious freedom had been growing fo r centuries . Often checked (and destroyed , as its opponents imagined) , it at length assumed definite shape and aims with the struggle and migration Of the Pilgrim Fathers . But those who were the first to lift their voice against papal tyranny , priestly pretension , and the repression of free thought in religion should no t be forgotten .

The We s f es — 1 1 6 5 aver o Worc ter . As early as thirty weavers in the diocese o f Worcester sufiered sco urg ing, excommunication , and banishment because they chose to worship God free from the trammels of T ecclesiastical control . heir sentiments awoke an

e echo in many hearts , but no strong force rous d

England for nearly two centuries . ’ W m of ccam - Th illia O . e Invincible Doctor , born 1 270 at Occam , in Surrey , about , joined the Fran ciscan order , but was excommunicated and condemned

n o f by Pope John ""II . for vindicati g the superiority the Scriptures to the claims and restrictions of the

Church , and repudiating papal authority in secular ' f aflair s . The e fect of his writings was widespread , and he left an impression that helped to mould the thought o f the generation which followed him .

m n — Lo n lan d o r Piers the Plow a . William g , Lang — land (1 332 1 400) wro t e th e Vi si on o f P i er s the P low ma n ’ at a period when men s minds were turning to reli

u gion , partly from panic ca sed by the Black Death , ORI GI N OF THE FREE CH UR CH M O VEM ENT I I and partly from a desire to improve their social

He condition . describes in allegorical form the vices

o f o f . the age , and particularly those the Church Righteousness is set forth as the prime Object o f

o f attainment , and the death and victory Christ are Th vividly depicted . e labouring and Oppressed classes eagerly read the Vision . It put into shape their vague aspirations for freedom from the galling yoke o f political and ecclesiastical tyranny , and forecast

o f . It S the dawn brighter days influence was great , and it wrought powerfully in paving the way fo r the work o f the Reformation .

n he L ds — i si on o Wyclif a d t ollar . Whilst the V f

P i ers the P lo w ma n E was stirring ngland , John Wyclif was preparing at Lutterworth the first complete translation of the Bible in the vulgar tongue , thus giving an impetus o f incalculable force to the steadily growing desire to form religious belief direct from

I n o f the Word o f Go d . many the pamphlets and e s rmons which he produced , he denied the doctrine f o f o transubstantiation , asserted the right man to appeal to God without priestly intervention , and demanded the liberation of conscience from the thral dom o f Rome . In order to spread his teaching he sent ’ ’ out a number of poor ‘ preachers (called ‘ Lollards ’ W E after yclif s death) , supplying them with the nglish

- Bible , or portions of it , as their text book and guide . T hese men went all over the kingdom , declaring in the simplest language the leading truths Of the

Gospel . In the open air and in churches crowds 1 2 ORI GI N OF TH E FREE CH URCH M O VEM ENT

flocked to hear them , until at length their influence so greatly alarmed the priesthood and Parliament f that an Act for the burning o heretics was passed . The first martyr in England for religious Opin ions 1 4 1 suffered in 0 , and during the century and down — — to 1 534 the era of the Reformation many heretics were burned alive . Separatist Communities in the Reig ns of Mary and — Elizab eth Those who dissented from the Church o f E ngland , and worshipped apart from it , were called

Separatists . After the Reformation , which was far from being a complete measure , the Separatists , from conscientious scruples , declined to conform to

Of the Church , and to partake the communion from E f the hands of the clergy . ven during the reign o

E . dward VI they were liable to be apprehended , and in one case the persons arrested confessed the

o f o f cause their assembly to be for talk Scripture , not denying that they had refused communion (at the parish church) above two years upon very super ’ i st tio us and erroneous purposes . On the accession o f Mary the Separatists met

in secretly in various parts of the country, as well as

London , and many of their number perished at the

Th o u . e stake community in London , of which John R gh was the pastor , commenced with about forty mem

a d o f . bers , but fterwards consiste some two hundred

Collections were made for the relief of the poor , and also for those of their brethren who were pri

n er s N . so at ewgate, the Marshalsea , and other places ORI GI N OF TH E FREE CH URCH M O VEM ENT I 3

The w meetings ere held in private houses , in order 1 5 5 to avoid arrest ; but in 7 the pastor , and the

e deacon , Cuthbert Sym on , with other members , were

o u hurried o ff to gaol . R gh was burned at Smith

fi ld S m so n e , and y , after being cruelly tortured , to

compel him to divulge the names of his brethren ,

was also committed to the flames . But persecution

n o t o f did cause the dissolution the community , and when Elizabeth came to the throne the meetings were

still held , and sometimes openly . E lizabeth , professedly a Protestant , treated the

— o r a no w Separatists Purit ns , as they were being called — with great cruelty , and a fine of twenty pounds a month was decreed for absence from the parish

fo r church , and private meetings Scripture reading

and religious conversation were also penal . In this reign there was an independent church in White

chapel Street , over which Richard Fitz presided as

- In E E Of c pastor . astern ngland a man onsiderable — power , Robert Browne sometimes wrongly styled the founder o f Independency o r Congregationalism

o f im expounded the principles the Separatists , was

- prisoned thirty two times , published several books 1 5 8 6 advocating the new tenets , but finally , in ,

o f E became reconciled to the Church ngland , and accepted a living in Northamptonshire . Robert t Harrison , a Cambridge undergradua e , like Browne , was also active in Spreading Independency in Norwich and other places . Three other names must find honourable mention I 4 ORI GIN OF TH E FREE CH URCH M O VEM ENT

— Barro w e here John Greenwood , Henry , and John

Pe nr o n y, men who testified fearlessly behalf of Th liberty of conscience . e first held a living in the

o f E ‘ Church ngland , but disliking the Order of the ’ was Book of Common Prayer , he dismissed from his b en efice t , and in a shor time joined the Separatist

B r r e — Church in London . a o w whom Lord Bacon ‘ — refers to as a gentleman o f good house the son

f n f O wealthy parents , happened casually to hear o e o the despised preachers , and soon made a leap from a ’ vain and libertine youth into a life o f preciseness ’ in the highest degree . He became acquainted with

o f Greenwood , embraced the teachings the Puritans , and went further still by casting in his lot with the In

. 1 59 3 dependents In he , with four other brethren , was — executed at Tyburn a fate which Queen Elizabeth

. oo P en r regretted when too late S n afterwards , John y , the h Welsh Martyr , as he is usually called , was anged in South London . In the same year the Conventicle

Act was passed , which imposed severe penalties on all who attended private religious meetings .

’ ' “ ” Those who ab sent e d them selves from church for a

o r E month together , attacked the stablished Church

‘ Wr t o in iting , were ordered be committed to prison ’ without bail o r mainprize . If they failed to make public submission within three months , banishment i was to follow ; and if they returned w thout leave , they were to be punished with death .

Act Ohn Soon after the passing of the , Francis J

o f son, the pastor the community with which Green ORI GI N OF TH E FREE CH URCH M O VEM EN T I 5

Barro we wood and had been connected , was thrown

1 5 . into prison , where he remained till 97 He was ’ originally a fellow of Christ s College , Cambridge , but having preached a sermon advocating Presby

ri nism t e a he was sent to prison , and afterwards driven o ut o f the University . He then ministered to an E " nglish church at Middleburgh in ealand , but was bitterly opposed to the Separatists , to such an extent ,

B arr indeed, that he procured the burning of o we and ’ w Greenwood s books , ritten in prison , taking care ,

C en however , to save two opies from the flames . Th

o n e o f C he read these opies , with the result that his

. t opinions entirely changed He wen to London , entered in to fello wship with B arr o w e and Green wood , joined their community , and was afterwards chosen pastor . ’ F 1 593 o f E rom to the end lizabeth s reign , and f o I . N during that James , many onconformists lan

uishe d g in prison , whilst many others went to

Holland , where they were free to exercise their con scientio u s convictions without dread o f repression or — . 1 6 3 1 625 punishment James I . ( 0 ) was as hostile to the Puritans as his predecessor . He could not endure

o r them , and was determined to make them conform , ’ ‘ o ut o f o r harry them the land , else worse .

T fo r hus , more than four centuries , the struggle fo r religious liberty went o n without a distinct and

. c o f lasting triumph But , although the public exer ise religious belief was stifled again and again , yet the sentiment of liberty was not destroyed . In the hearts I 6 ORI GI N OF TH E FREE CH URCH M O VEM ENT o f many thousands o f English men and women it was

. o f still cherished In city , town , and village the work preachers , writers , and Reformers was still bearing

fruit , though in secret , and the prayer continually went up that the dawn Of freedom might not long tarry . Popes , kings , queens , and prelates tried in

vain by. fines , imprisonment , torture , gibbet , and flames to annihilate the divinely implanted aspiration

o f to approach , worship , and think God according

to the promptings of the Holy Spirit . CHAPTE R II

CENTRE S OF INFLUENCE

u ns : C onfo m s s esb e ns and Inde en P rita r i t , Pr yt ria , p — dents In the reign of Elizabeth the name Of Puritans had become the badge Of a party but this

. T o f party was divided into sections here were , first

P uri tan mi nisters a nd their eo le all , a number of p p , who , although holding Calvinistic views , and Object ing to some of the ceremonials of the Reformed En g T lish Church , remained within her communion . hen there were W W W i T ut O s . Church, b ppose d p pp p acy hey desired the government Of the Church to be conducted by a synod and an assembly , consisting of ministers and elders , an d sought to replace the Book of Common Prayer

o f T with the Book the Genevan Discipline . hey also believed that a church should include all baptised persons in the parish , whether they had the character — ~ o f godliness or not . e e nsrst ed e f [ W ELL e were hostile to

E isco ac and a State Church , and believed that a " , W ) B 1 8 CENTRES OF I NFL UEN CE

church m d of Christian men and women

its S only , that basis hould be essentially a spiritual

one, and that e member shoul rso n al "M M —6 0 d” They further believed that a church Should be self- governing ; and that the Scrip tures were the only criterion , not only for conduct

S and piritual life , but also for Church government . From this section of the Puritans the Pilgrim Fathers sprang, and it will be seen with what tenacity they adhered to their principles through the stress and Th storm Of future years . e counties from which N their first migration took place were ottinghamshire , l Yorkshire , and Linco nshire . Round the original leaders in the great movement , as well as round the towns and villages where their influence was felt , an interest gathers , which forms a landmark in the f religious history o the world .

a nsb o u —John m h — G i ro gh S yt . In the counties just named Puritanism made considerable progress in ’ E f the latter years of Queen lizabeth s reign . Some O the Puritan clergy , though remaining in the Church , promoted the cause of Puritanism by their teachin g and example . Others gave up , or were deprived of their livings , rather than continue to countenance ceremonies and doctrine which savoured Of Rome . It was in the Old town Of Gainsborough that the

first northern Separatist church was formed . For years past a strong Puritan feelin g had existed in the n town , and even in the days of Mary meeti gs were

. held , with closed doors , for religious improvement

CENTRES OF [ NFL UEN CE

o f vicinity , and the other those living at Scrooby

u o ne o f o f and near to it . Altho gh not the men the

Mayflower , Smyth was at length driven from Gains

a borough , and went into exile at Amsterd m , where he

‘ - Of practised medicine , and lived well beloved most ’ men . 0 “9 S —W m B ew s e R ha d Cl ft on John c oob . r y illia r t r, ic r y ,

R ns n — o f ob i o . Scrooby , about ten miles to the east

o f N h Gainsborough , in the county otting am , and

o f close to the Yorkshire border , was a place some ecclesiastical importance in the days before the

The o f Reformation . Archbishop York had a palace here . Several monastic orders were represented in

o n the neighbourhood , and there was a hospital the

t o . outskirts , dedicated St Mary Magdalen , founded and endowed by Robert Morton i n 1 390 ‘ to keep

’ h s i li ie o p ta t for poore people , and to pray for the ’ ’ h Founder s Soule and all Christian Soules . T e manor was held by the Archbishop o f York and in the old manor house Cardinal Wolsey found welcome

retirement .

Old h illi a m B rew ster In this manor ouse W , the Of m leader the Pilgri Fathers , was born in the 1 5 6 year 6 , and here the meetings of the Scrooby ’ community were held . Brewster s father was ’ Of r m atricu er the Postes , and the son , afte

lating at Cambridge , probably spent some years at

. w a e he home When about t enty years of g . entered — the service of William Davison a warm sympathiser

fo r with the Puritan movement , and a time elder of a

CENTRES OF INFL UENCE 2 3

’ Puritan church at Antwerp—who was Elizabeth s

representative in the Netherlands in 1 585 . On N his return from the etherlands, Davison assisted

Walsingham , Secretary Of State , and had Brewster ’ with him at the court at Richmond . Of Brewster s

Hi stor connection with Davison , Bradford , in his y o the P l mouth P lanta ti on : f y , thus writes After being first seasoned with the seeds of grace and virtue he went to the court , and served that religious and godly gentleman , William Davison , divers years when ’ he was Secretary of State . Davison esteemed him e rather as a son than a s rvant , and for his wisdom and godliness (in private) he would converse with ’ him more like a friend and familiar than a master .

'

Brewster s prospects at court seemed promising , but ’ ff f Davison s fortunes suddenly turned , over the a air O the warrant for the execution of Mary , Queen of Scots , ffi im and he was dismissed from O ce , fined , and prisoned in the Tower . Brewster then returned to Scrooby none the worse for his brief experi ence of the gaieties and follies of the court , and helped ’ his father in his duties as Post . His father died in 1 5 90, and after a short interval the son was appointed ’ ‘ the Master of Postes , which position he filled for eighteen years . His Puritan preferences , which had

e . Th been foster d by Davison , now grew stronger e persecution of Separatists stirred his heart . His

o f study the Scriptures showed him that intolerance , priestcraft , and formal ceremonies Were the product o f darkness, and incompatible with pure religion . T UE N CE 2 4 CEN RES OF IN F ] .

’ The light revealed by Brewster s study and reflection was further increased by Puritan influences around

. Cl fto n o f him Richard y , Rector Babworth , a few

to miles from Scrooby , seems have contributed largely

o f in that direction , whilst Richard Bernard , Worksop ,

T T She flield homas oller , of , and others , probably helped to strengthen his principles . At last he de

‘ termin e d to shake Off the yoke o f anti - Christian ’ bondage , and threw in his lot with the community at

o f Gainsborough , whither he journeyed , with some his neighbours , Sunday after Sunday , until the people from Scrooby thought it desirable to have a com

munity Of their own in that town . And here , until

o r driven into exile , compelled , through the tactics Of

in spies and informers , to meet secretly other houses , he sheltered under his roof the members o f the little ’ church , and was a special stay and help unto them .

Ri char d Cl to n yf , a grave and reverend preacher , 1 58 6 who was instituted to the rectory Of Babworth in , 1 603 had to renounce his living in , owing to his

Puritanical views . He was elected to the pastorate

o f the Scrooby community , and shared the exile Of his

brethren in Holland , but was too aged to go forth with

them to the West . The name Of J o hn R o binso n will ever hold a dis tin gui shed place amongst the leaders o f Congrega li tio na sm . Born at Lincoln (or Gainsborough) in 1 5 5 re 7 , he spent a few years at Cambridge , where his

li i u l g o s Opinions were Shaped by the Puritan , Wi liam

o f Perkins , who held the post afternoon lecturer CENTRES OF I NFL UENCE 2 5

’

. At at St . Andrew s Church the close of his college days he took orders , and was appointed to a church in Norfolk . But the question of vestments and ceremonies soon began to trouble him . Separa

N n tion from the atio al Church followed , and he

- five then , when about twenty years of age , became pastor of a Congregational church at Norwich . Per secute d Cl fto n here , he went to Scrooby , and joined y

o f in the pastorate the Pilgrim Church . He joined the brethren in their exile to Holland , and was their pastor at Leyden . On the departure of the Pilgrims fo r Ne w E ngland , he remained at Leyden , and con in d t u e pastor until his death in 1 625 . He maintained

fr e a close connection with his friends in the West ,

o f quently sending letters counsel and sympathy , and supplying fresh stimulus for prosecuting their labours and encountering difli cultie s and dangers . He was always looked up to by his people as their trusty spiritual guide and devoted friend , whilst the Dutch University was n o t slow to recognise his intellectual abilities . Robinson will ever be regarded as one o f the chief

o f representatives and exponents Congregationalism , and the Memorial Church now ( 1 8 96) in course Of erec

A - tion at Gainsborough , in which nglo Saxons on both

o f A sides the tlantic are taking part , testifies to the

b e widespread and permanent power which exerted , as well as to his personal character . He was the author o f numerous works , some Of them setting forth com pr ehensively and clearly the grounds and the prin 2 6 CENTRES OF I NFL UENCE

n l ciple s of No co n fo rmity . On the front Of the build ’ ing erected o n the site o f Robinson s house at Leyden a marble slab is placed with this inscription On

this spot lived , taught , and died , John Robinson , 1 6 1 1

1 Dr. n B w n in his P r m F a h s o New En a n a n d Joh ro , ilg i t er f gl d th i P uri a u ss rs s an x n an al o f n R n e r t n S cce o , give e celle t ysis Joh obi ’ n k so s wor s.

2 8 CENTRES OF INFL UENCE

B s n —In o to . this Lincolnshire town a Puritan leaven was at work at the beginning of the seven t e en th 1 630 f century , and in many o its leading men sailed for America , some of them taking a front rank in the establishment , extension , and government T f of Ne w England . hese successors o the Pilgrim

r o f Fathe s included John Cotton , Puritan minister T Boston Church , Richard Bellingham , homas and A T John Leverett , therton Hough , homas Dudley , and

Old William Coddington . Linking the new with the , the chief place o f their settlement was renamed after

the Lincolnshire town in 1 630 . CHAPTE R III

E"ILE S ’ — f I . C m a n . Th o Bancroft s a p ig e accession James ,

h ex ectatio n s o f contrary to t e p many , brought no d relief to the Separatists . Persecution rather increase t than diminished , for when Bancroft , a de ermined

o f foe to Nonconformity , became Archbishop Canter 1 604 bury , in , a fresh campaign against the Separatists

Th e seems to have commenced . brethren at Scrooby suffered with the rest . Thfiju mfld m o t ig ppn

aw w fi m side . Some were taken and

clapt up in prison , others had their houses beset

and watched night and day , and hardly escaped their hands ; and the most were fain to fly and leave their houses and habitations and the means of their ’ livelihood .

a Dec si n —At A Gre t i o . length they decided th the time had come to leave their native land and to

seek an asylum in a foreign country , where they might worship God and attend to their secular duties 30 E"I LES

h u f r Mt o t the fear o fine o imprisonment . But how could they carry this plan into execution By the law o f the land no person could leave England with

o ut o f license , and to think Obtaining a license was

o f quite out the question , writs having been issued for the arrest o f some o f the leaders fo r the violation

The Of the Acts against Nonconformity . only method — — fo r getting to Holland the place o f their choice was

to go secretly , and to cross the water in small parties ,

in order to avoid arousing suspicion . — re of Plans Again and again they attempt ed

ut f o their plan , but betrayal and loss O goods

- result . Down hearted , but not despairing,

they took counsel together and laid other plans . In the autumn of 1 607 it was decided to go in o n e com

o f fo r pany , instead in parties , to hire a vessel the

purpose , and to start from Boston . A vessel was

f r accordingly hired , and a secluded spot agreed upon o

o f . the place embarkation All the company , with

their goods , were safely on board , and it seemed as if their hopes were now certain of realisation but the

hope was only momentary . Strange men , with sinis

in ter looks , suddenly appeared upon the scene , and

stan tly the long- suffering company knew they were b e

The d . traye captain , probably for a bribe , had conspired to deliver his passengers into the hands of the officers

o f the law , whom he had concealed in the ship . Resist

ance was useless , and the captives , after being searched ,

were taken to Boston in small boats , deprived of their T money and goods , and lodged in gaol . hey were E"I LES 3 I

t brought before the magistrates , charged with attemp

The ing to escape from the country . magistrates used them courteously and Showed them what

u favour they co ld , though they could not deliver them ’ till order came from the Council Table . Two of the

C LLS U D R THE GU LDH LL B OSTO E N E I A , N cells in which the prisoners were confined are still in existence . They are about seven feet long and Six l feet in width , with a low cei ing, and well secured , to defy all attempts at escape . In such dungeons the unfortunate company remained for a month , when orders arrived from the Privy Council . All but 3 2 E"I LES

Brewster and six other leaders were dismissed to T their homes . hese seven were committed to the assizes , but there is no record of the trial extant .

Probably they were fined and then discharged . — Safe in Holland A few months later yet another attempt to escape was resolved upon . A Dutchman agreed to take the Pilgrims in his vessel , and to ship them near a quiet cove between Grimsby and Hull .

The o n men were to travel to the coast foot , and the women and children , taking the goods with them , by

f . boat down the Trent . Di ficulties soon began again When the travellers arrived at the coast the ship was Th nowhere to be seen . e boat was tossing on a rough sea , and was therefore run into a creek for the night , so

The that it might lie aground at low water . thoughts of the travellers through that night of anxiety may

easily be imagined . Was their hope again to be

frustrated Were they to be once more betrayed , and would the Dutchman prove as big a miscreant as the captain who had previously delivered them to 2‘ justice Morning dawned , and soon the Dutch vessel A the hove in sight . nother dilemma arose , for boat , loaded with women and children , had stuck fast , and

could not be moved till the tide came in . Rather

than waste time, the captain sent ashore for the men , who had been waiting and w atching impatiently

through the night . About half o f them were safely ’ n i taken o board , and the ship s boat was be ng sent

o f back for the rest the men , when , in a moment , con

io n — stern at seized everyone from the poor women , E"ILES 33

th e blufi —f r held fast in the creek , to captain o at

o fl some distance was seen , approaching the coast at

‘ full speed , a great company , both horse and foot , ’ h with bills and guns and other weapons . T e Dutch — man discreetly turned tail he dared n o t encounter

h —so t at troop of soldiers , weighing anchor , he sailed

o n e away with all celerity , with the instalment Of

exiles on board . With moist and straining eyes the exiles watched

- along the creek that fast disappearing boat , which

n o t cont ained only their wives and children , but

all their worldly possessions . It was useless to thin k that th e captain might be prevailed upon to take them back to the shore ; they must go forward

— o f and in the teeth a great storm , which soon broke u pon them . _ As the last speck o f land dropped

o f n behind the horizon , and the hearts these stro g

o n e men were cut to the quick , cheering thought

A who o n arose . mongst those were left shore , and who would spare no effort to protect the women an d little

e - W a w ones , wer the well tried friends , illi m Bre ster ,

Cl ft o n . John Robinson , and Richard y So the band

fo r of exiles began to hope the best , and committed their beloved ones to Go d . Th e violence of the gale

n S i creased ; the hip , tossed and battered , drifted far

N o n up the orth Sea , and every moment seemed the Th o f . e point foundering sailors shrieked in despair , but down in the lower part o f the ship the exiles F lifted up their souls to the Ruler Of the storm . our teen days passed , and at length the vessel rode into

C 34 E"ILES

’ o o f port , to the amazement and j y the captain s friends , who never expected that she would weather so fierce a tempest .

Meanwhile , the rest of the company , left near the

o f mouth the Humber , with the soldiers pouncing

. o f upon them , were faring badly enough Some the

f o f men , su ficient for the protection the women and

o f children , awaited the arrival the troops , and the rest escaped . It was a thankless task for these soldiers to deal with captives who were mostly Th weeping women and frightened children . e pri son ers appear to have been haled before several magistrates in succession , but no magistrate was inclined t o inflict punishment . At last they were all liberated , and took refuge wherever they could , awaiting a favourable opportunity fo r departing t o the T land of hope . here is no precise record o f their departure , but it is certain that they went over to

Holland in small companies , and notwithstanding all

o t these storms Of Opposition they all g over at length ,

o n e some at one time and some at another , some in

’ ‘ place and some in another , and that they met to gether again according to their desires with no small ’ rejoicing .

36 IN H OLLA ND

n On arriving in Amsterdam , Francis Joh son was re - o f chosen pastor the little exiled community , and

fo r his Henry Ainsworth , chiefly known Annotations

n T . Num o the Old estament , was appointed teacher

i joined this church , and in a few ears it atta ned a very prosperous condition . There was also another Separatist church in existence at Amsterdam before T the landing Of the Scrooby brethren . his was the f church from Gainsborough , under the pastorate o

1 6 . Th John Smyth , which migrated in 06 e Pilgrims from Scrooby , formed a third church , with Richard

l ft o n C y as pastor , and John Robinson as teacher . In church government and discipline arose amon sti 119

h c an d three c ur hes , , rather than be embroiled in con t ro ver s y , Robinson and his church decided to remove

n l f n to the o w flourishing city of Leyden . C y to re h mained at Amsterdam , for his sympat ies began to coalesce with those Of Francis Johnson , whose prefer en ce s were in the direction o f a Presbyterian form o f government . Having Obtained permission from the authorities of Leyden to settle there , pastor and people removed thither to begin church life afresh . — Leyden (1609 It is not clear where the brethren met fo r worship during the early days o f e 1 6 1 1 th ir life at Leyden but , in , John Robinson and three o f the church - members bought a house and ’ l K okst ee . garden in the g , near St Peter s Church , for

guilders . It was in this house that the Pilgrim AL Y THE TOWN H L , LE DEN

1 N H OLLA ND 39

Church held its meetings during the years Of its sojourn in Leyden . Its members continued many years in a comfortable condition , enjoying much sweet and delightful society and Spiritual comfort together in the

o f o d . SO ways G , as they grew in knowledge and

o f o f Go d other gifts and graces the Spirit , and lived together in peace and love and holiness , many came

o f E unto them from divers parts ngland , so that they

ifl ren c grew a great congregation . If at any time d e es

ffe arose , as di rences will arise , they were so met with

ni t o r and p in the head betimes , otherwise so well composed that love , peace , and communion were still ’ Th f continued . e magistrates o Leyden also bore witness to the orderly character o f the Pilgrim Church . These English have lived a mong us no w these twelve

years , and yet we never had any suit or accusation come against any o f them but your strifes and ’ F T quarrels [of the rench] are continual . hey won — the trust and respect of all their neighbours they were proved to be men of honour and integrity— men

whose word was their bond . Amongst those who joined this church o r who

were in friendly relations with it , and whose names

o r became more less famous , were Miles Standish , E R dward Winslow , John Carver , obert Cushman , and

T . homas Brewer Standish , coming from a good Lan

cashire o f family , had fought in one the expeditions sent E by Queen lizabeth to aid the Dutch , and afterwards became the military leader o f the Puritan settlers in

Ne w E . w E o f ngland Winslo , a young nglishman 40 IN H OLLA ND

some wealth , was travelling on the Continent , and

visited Leyden . Here he became acquainted with

o f several the Pilgrims , and was so impressed , not

only with their principles , but also with the harmony t prevailing amongs them , that he very soon joined the e community, and afterwards w nt with them to the

n West . Carver , who was o e Of the first deacons in

o f the church , became leader the Pilgrims across the

f e O N w . seas , and afterwards first Governor Plymouth Cushman rendered much assistance in the preliminary arrangements connected with the Mayflower expedi

tion , whilst Brewer , a Kentish Separatist a gentle ’— man of a good house , both Of land and living proved

himself to be a man o f sterling worth and courage . He

remained at Leyden when the Mayflower sailed , and 1 6 25 E about settled again in ngland , where he was

imprisoned for his staunch fidelity to Puritan principles . — Trades and Occupations Th e question of how to g live does not seem to have troubled the Pilgrims much

n on their departure for Holland . Again a d again

o f they had been deprived their money and goods , and yet they landed in Holland with scarcely any

f The misgivings as to ways and means o livelihood . deep conviction that they were in the path o f duty

was the antidote to anxiety , and with buoyant hearts they set themselves to work to provide for daily

‘ wants . Both in Amsterdam and in Leyden they soon

u n o fo nd employment , which , though t always con

genial , helped to keep alive the spirit o f sturdy

independence and strength Of will . Alluding to their IN H OLLA ND 4 1

‘ : life at Leyden , Bradford writes Being now here pitched , they fell to such trades and employments as they best could , valuing peace and their spiritual ’ comfort above any other riches whatever . Brewster found himself able to earn money by E ‘ giving lessons in nglish to many gentlemen , both Danes and Germans some o f them being great ’ ’ o n T men s sons . Later , in partnership with homas t Brewer , he Opened a printing es ablishment , and pro duce d controversial and other books , the printing Of which was prohibited in England . These books found

L d o f their way to on on , and two them fell into the

o f hands King James , who was so exasperated at their contents that he instructed his ambassador at the

Hague to take prompt action against the printer . ’ Th e ambassador s Officer arrested Brewer in mistake for Brewster ; but Brewer volunteered to go to England to give to His Majesty an account o f himself

NO and Of the printing Office . harm came to him in London when engaged on this errand . His dark I days were n store for him , for , as already mentioned , o n E returning to ngland for good , he was committed

fo r to prison his religious Opinions , and there he E remained for fourteen years . dward Winslow , also ,

o ff who had probably been cut by his friends at home , staved Off poverty at the printing press . Bradford and several others earned a living as fustian workers .

Robert Cushman carded wool , and others were car

e nt ers p , weavers , spinners , bakers , brewers , makers f o &c . o r hats , gloves , , whilst two three were merchants 42 IN H OLLA ND in a small w ay W rt able livin , but with hard and M 3 But this ‘ hard and continual ’ labour began to tell upon the endurance and strength

of the company , so that m

ha as in the first days o f exile be an to feel the

pinch of poverty . — Propo sal s and Reasons for a New Departure After years had passed the Pilgrims took a

o f review their sojourn in Holland , surveyed their

existing circumstances , and weighed their prospects . It is true their hopes of securing freedom Of worship

had been satisfied , but there was an uneasy feeling ,

and some amount of disappointment , which finally led

them to found a Puritan colony in the Far West . Fewer E than they expected had joined them from ngland ,

o f and some their brethren , having spent their

substance , and unable to face hardship and labour ,

had returned home . Inability , from straitened cir

cum st an ce s , to provide their children with an ade f quate education was also a source o trouble . And ‘ m a greater trouble still , and of all sorrows ost

heavy to be borne , was that many Of their children ,

o f by these occasions , and the great licentiousness

youth in that country , and the manifold temptations f o the place , were drawn away by evil examples into

extravagant and dangerous courses , getting the reins

Off their necks , and departing from their parents .

Some became soldiers , others took upon them far

44 [ N H OLLA ND

agreement as to its suitability . Virginia had been colonised in 1 606 by a company Of London mer chants , who Obtained a patent from King James . The first colonists consisted for the most part Of men

- who had failed in the mother country , and the second batch were little better , and Jamestown became a ’ - - refuge for ne er do wells . By a charter granted by

o f E the king, conformity to the Church ngland was necessary , and absurdly stringent regulations were

The set down for the maintenance o f religion . Pilgrims thought they might secure concessions from the company and from the king which would enable them to live as a distinct and independent colony . With this Object in View they sent Robert Cushman E and John Carver to ngland , committing to their charge , for submission to the king and council , seven articles , drawn up by the church and signed by John

Robinson and William Brewster , which embraced assent to the Articles o f the Church of England as

o f n accepted by the Reformed Churches the Conti ent , ’ and obedience to the king s authority , if the thing com ’ ’ m and d a am The e be not g st God s Word . embassage was favourably received by the council , and the two T brethren returned to Leyden . hen a document was forwarded to London presenting the grounds and — reasons~ instances o f inducement for granting m the petition o f the church . In a later co m unica tion the petitioners state that they are willin g to take

o f the Oath Supremacy if necessary , and the Oath Th of Allegiance be not sufficient . e king withheld [ N H OLLA ND 4 ;

fo r formal consent freedom of worship , but did no t ’ express disapproval o f the Pilgrims scheme . Sir

E T o f dwin Sandys , reasurer the Virginia Company , sought the assent o f the archbishop to the migration of the Separatists and the formation o f a free colony

b ut or state ; the archbishop , backed by the bishops , vigorously opposed the project . However , the Vir gin ia Company advised the Pilgrims to carry o ut their plan , assuring them that there was little probability o f either king o r bishops interfering with their religious freedom when once they were planted in‘ A the new country . t length the brethren decided to make the venture .

A special day Of humiliation , thanksgiving, and

n prayer was held , when John Robi son preached a 4 T 1 . . 3 . notable sermon from Sam xxiii , hen various arrangements were made for departu re . It was thou ght best that only part Of the church should — leave the youngest and the strongest ; that , if the

S u v expedition failed , those left at Leyden ho ld recei e

a n d back with brotherly love those who returned that , if the expectations Of success were fulfilled , any of the brethren at Leyden willing to join them should be helped across the seas . It was further decided

o f if a majority the church determined to go , then

Robinson , their pastor , should accompany them ; but if only a minority , that the pastor should remain E behind , and lder Brewster be appointed to take the A spiritual oversight Of the voyagers . lthough thus

o ne . divided , the church was still to be 46 IN H OLLA ND

But , after all , the Virginia Company raised diffi cultie s , and the original scheme had to be abandoned . Then certain Dutch traders suggested a settlement at — — New Amsterdam now New York but this proposi tion also fell to the ground . At length o ne o f the T company Of Merchant Adventurers , homas Weston , Offered to provide assistance and the necessaries for

. T d the voyage to Virginia his proposal was accepte ,

t o and the Pilgrims at once prepared depart , selling their property and putting their money into a common fund . As the majority were remaining behind ,

Robinson , according to previous agreement , stayed with them . — From Leyden t o S outhampton More than two years had passed since Cushman and Carver , in the 1 6 1 E autumn of 7 , went to ngland to make the firs t attempt to pave the way for a voyage to Virginia .

Th e f suspense , di ficulties , and disappointments Of that period would have daunted less determined men than the Pilgrim Fathers , and dissipated for ever the ambition to cross the seas . It is needless to give in detail all the vexatious difficulties that continued to — ’ Spring u p as if in mockery of the Pilgrims aspira — tions whilst effort after eflo rt was put forth to make

The satisfac tory negotiations . outline o f these trials

n m n s i t e t just given will suffice . It was resolved to go , first of all , to Southampton by the , — “ — - Speedwell a sixty ton pinnace where the travellers were to be joined by others , coming from London in

An d n o the Mayflower . w the time o f sep aratiOIf

IN H OLLA ND 49

o f arrived . Many those who had lived together Christian fellowship and peace for so long w o f meet again no more . On a day o fasting and prayer John Robinson preached the last sermon (from Ezra 21 viii . ) that the departing brethren would ever hear

from his lips . A portion Of the day was spent in

o ut pouring prayers to the Lord with great fervency , ’ T mixed with abundance of tears . hen came farewells ff to Dutch friends , whose trust and a ection had met no check since the Scrooby company first arrived ; and — ’ — then o n a bright summer s morning with waving o f hands , and Godspeeds from picturesque groups o f o n people the quay , the Pilgrims stepped into the barges , which were to carry them by the canal as far

Delftsha n as ve . ’ Most o f the Pilgrims friends went with them — this first stage o f the journey a distance o f fourteen miles . At Delftshaven the Speedwell was awaiting

22 2 f r E 1 6 0 o . them , and on July , , they set sail ngland

The final scene o f leave - taking and departure is thus Th quaintly narrated by Bradford . e passage is r e produced with the original orthography , and in that

w o f respect ill serve as a specimen the entire book .

‘ ‘ When they came to y3 place they found ye ship and all things ready ; and Shuch o f their freinds as w could not come ith them followed after them , and sun drie also came from Am st er dam e to see them

Shi te p and to take their leave Of them . That night

S lee e e was pent with litle s p by y most , but with freindly entertainm ente Christian discourse and

D 50 [ N H OLLA ND

o f Th other reall expressions true Christian love . e b next day , the wind being faire , they wente a orde , and their frein ds with them where truly do lfull

‘ was y sight o f that sade and m o urn full parting ; to see what sighs and so bb s and praires did sound amongst them , what tears did gush from every eye , pithy speeches peirst each harte ; that sundry o f

e ‘ 8 y Dutch strangers y stood on y key as spectators ,

r r in could not ef a e from tears . Yet comfortable sweete it was to see Shuch lively and true expressions

f in e o f dear un a ed love . But y tide (which stays for t no man) caling them away y were thus loath to ' d Re Ve : o n departe , their pastor falling downe his

w atrie knees , (and they all with him , ) with cheeks c o m en de d them with most fervente praiers to the

Lord and his blessing . And then with m utu all im r se s b a and many tears , they tooke their leaves one

e o f an other ; which proved to be y last leave to many ’ of them . Winslow tells us that , as the Speedwell

moved away , the Pilgrims fired a parting volley with

their muskets , which was followed by the boom Of ’ shots from the Ship s cannon . A fair wind soon

carried the party to Southampton , where the May flower was waiting with the other Separatists from

n Londo , who had resolved to go with their brethren to America .

52 TH E VO YA GE OF THE M A YFL O WER

o ff High words arose , and then Weston went without the contract being signed , angrily telling them that

‘ ’ they must look to stand o n their o wn legs . Being

fo r left to shift themselves , they found they would have to spend about a hundred pounds before sailing T in order to discharge their liabilities . o raise this

o f money they sold a quantity their provisions , which

The could ill be spared . Pilgrims sent a letter to the

Of Adventurers , reminding them the strain upon their

u o r reso rces , that they had scarcely any butter or Oil , l even a so e to mend a shoe , that m m

n with muskets and swords , hug stflh fl m mwillj g to

Providence . Fresh courage was inspired by the reading Of a letter of counsel and sympathy from John Robin son , and having appointed a governor and two or three assistants for each vessel , the emigrants prepared to depart .

- ; 1 He din Wes - n A 5 a g t . O ugust (Bradford says ’ ‘ 1 620 the about August , Mayflower and the h Speedwell left Southampton . T e Mayflower was a vessel of only one hundred and eighty tons , but her behaviour on the Atlantic fully justified the confidence

The placed in her . accommodation , we may be quite sure, was anything but sumptuous , and nowadays the gallant little craft would be pronounced unfit even for a

, f who happily ,

and were used to a rough life , being , moreover , brimful

Of e hope and faith , would not grumbl at the small cubic

u 15 N . Aug st , S THE V0 YA GE OF TH E M A YFL O WE R 53

Th in space allotted to each . e Speedwell (an appro

riate . p name , as events proved) carried thirty persons

Of Great things were expected her , although only a sixty - ton pinnace but her only satisfactory perform ance was to convey the Pilgrims safely from Holland

E . o r to ngland After tacking for three four days , she

n was reported leaki g by her captain , Reinolds , who further stated that she must be run into Dartmouth fo r repairs . Accordingly , the two ships took refuge in the pretty Devonshire harbour , where the Speedwell was thoroughly overhauled at great expense . In about three days another start was made but in a few hours the grim announcement came from the captain that the Speedwell had begun to leak

in ces again , and could only be kept from sinking by T i santly using the pumps . hifi nme lzlymo uthm sj he

It is not surprising that some o f her passengers lost E heart and courage . ighteen of them , including

Cushman and his family , resolved to abandon the h expedition and return to London . T e remain ing twelve were transferred to the Mayflower and ho w a hundred and two persons (without reckoning captain

‘ P u E u I ' ' OIitfi ved to an d EfSWTc find room in her is a marvel . ’ Afterwards it turned o ut that the Speedwell s leakage

n o t was owing to bad construction , but to a simple ,

o f though cunning , device the captain and crew , who wished to evade a clause o f their contract stipulating 54 THE VO YA GE OF THE M A YFL O WER that they should stay a year in America with the

Pilgrims .

' M ing hospita from some o f the

' o l ja l th r e e Plymnn p p x ha rim Fathers made another

‘ start On September With a favourable wind , they

' ' m dS OOd a g progress for a week or two , and then con gratulations had to give way to alarm . Fierce storms swept the Atlantic and had the ship at their mercy .

h e T upper timbers creaked and cracked , and let in the f . o wat er One the main beams got displaced , and the situation became critical . Captain , crew , and pas s n ers e g hastily consulted together , and the question arose whether it would no t be better to return to .

England rather than attempt further progress . But ’ o f Captain Jones was sanguine the ship s powers , and that if the Sprung beam could only be set right all

. o f would go well Fortunately , one the passengers had brought a powerful iron jackscrew with him ; with its aid the beam was adjusted and made fast . Alarm , for a time , was thus dispelled ; but other storms broke out in quick succession , and the ship drifted under bare poles before the terrific wind . Passengers were — h packed below , drenched with water day after day t e h women trying to soothe the sobbing c ildren , and the ’ men trying to fortify the women s hearts .

fo r One of the passengers , venturing on deck a moment , was swept into the waves . He caught hold of a loose topsail halyard , and the sailors at great risk

to o n managed save him . A servant Of e of the pas

m (NS . Sep te ber TH E V0 YA GE OF TH E M A YFL O WE R 55

r senge s died , and a child (promptly christened Oceanus)

was born to another . Nni em eka ofh ardshipn nd peril

Hope revived , and joyfulness shone on every face .

The Co d slo land proved to be Cape , and l the well wooded coast spread o ut before them . But Cape Co d was not the place the Pilgrims desired for their T h D s ettlement . heir preferences were directed to t e

Hudson River , and so the ship was headed south .

But she soon got amongst treacherous shoals , and

d A o n e had to return to Cape Co . ccording to I chronicler (Morton) , the Dutch had set their hearts o n New o r Manhattan ( York) , and had instructed ,

o f a bribed , the captain to keep clear that p rt of the

o ut coast , and he had , so far , skilfully carried his part of the plot . The weary passengers were eager to step on to dry land , and , after consultation , decided to forego their wish to settle south , and to make for Cape Cod

the Harbour , where they might explore neighbour

n hood for a suitable spot o which to raise a colony . T N hen they rounded the cape , and , on ovember anchored in the harbour o f what is now c a lled

‘ Provincetown . They fell upon their knees an d t blessed the God Of heaven , who had brought hem

an d fur io i1s t over the vast ocean , and delivered hem

from all the perils and miseries thereof, again to set

o n h their feet the firm and stable eart , their proper ’ element .

N. N v m ( S . o e ber CHAPTE R VI

LANDING AT NEW P LYMOU TH — The Famous Compact The land on which the Pilgrim ’ - Fathers first set foot was , practically , no man s

The land . Virginia Company had no rights there , and it was uninhabited , at least over a consider T able area . here were , consequently, no laws , no government , or recognised authority . A few of the voyagers were men who had joined the Mayflower from an adventuring spirit , and also to help to navi gate the ship ; b ut they had no religious sympathy with the Pilgrims , and during the journey had caused ’ some trouble by discontented and mutinous speeches .

But , once in America, they were disposed to remain

The F there . athers consulted , and finally decided that , not only for the sake of repressing license n amongst these men , but also fQLE Iaintaim g E ndeL

submit ch rnms m o v o su n one n an enn r s ofl dm g fi g as might fl t T W ; hey therefore drew up and signed LA NDING A T NE W PL YM O UTH 57 H

the memorable document which is given below, with the signatures attached .

‘ e o f A . We a In y name God , men whose n mes

n derw ritten o f o ur are v , the loyall subjects dread

e so ve rai ne o f o f g Lord , King James , by y grace God ,

Brit aine f Great , Franc and Ireland King , defender o

e e &c . havein vn der taken o f y faith , , g for y glorie God

e a dvan cem ente and of y Christian faith , and honour

e of our King and countrie , a voyage to plant y first

e No rthern e o f V colonie in y parts irginia , doe by these presents solemnly and m u tualy in y9 presence o f God

o n e C and of another , ovenant and combine o ur selves

e ath er civill ur to g into a body politick , for o better ordering and preservation and furtherance o f ye ends

he aro f enacte aforesaid ; and by vertue to , constitute

e uall and frame such just and q lawes , ordinances , ffi acts , constitutions and O ces from time to time , as shall be thought most m ee te and convenient for ye

o f e vnto generall good y colonie , which we promise all

i n h due submission and obedience . In W t e s w ero f we have here - vn der subscribed our names at Cap - Codd e 21 9 f . N y 1 1 o November [N. S ovember ] in y year

' o f e rai n e so ver ai n e Iam e s y g Of our g lord , King of

e E Of ngland , France and Ireland y eighteenth , and

- fiftie Ano . . Scotland ye fourth , Dom

JOHN CAR VE R JOHN T URNE R WILLIAM BR ADFORD FRANCIS E ATON E DWARD WI NSLOW JAMES CHILTON WILLIAM BREWSTER JOHN CRACKSTON 58 LA NDING A T N E W PL YM O UTH

ISAAC ALLE RTON JOHN BILLINGTON My LE s STANDI SH MOSE S FLE TCHER JOHN ALDEN JOHN GOODMAN SAMUEL FULLE R DEGORY PRI EST CHRI STOPHE R MARTIN THOMAS WILLIAMS WI LLIAM MULLI NS GILBERT WI NSLOW WILLI AM WHITE E DMUND MAR GESON RI CHARD WAC HEN PE TE R BROWN JOHN HOWLAND RICHARD BRITTERI DGE STE PHEN HOP KINS GEORGE SOULE E DWARD T I LLE Y RI CHARD CLARKE JOHN TI LLE Y RICHARD GARDINE R FRANCI S COOK JOHN ALLE RTON THOMAS ROGE R S THOMAS E NGLI SH THOMAS TINKE R E DWARD DOTEY JOHN RIGDALE E DWARD LEI STE R E DWARD FULLE R

On the same day that the compact was signed ,

' r A o f yeg . few details respecting some the signatories o f the document have been given in the earlier pages T of this volume . here are two or three other pro minent men to whom reference may now be made . ISS AlLeEa E EL was a tailor , and j oined the community f in Leyden . On the death o his wife in the colony ’ he married William Brewster s daughter , Fear . Before long he occupied leading positions o f useful ness , became the wealthiest man in the colony , and was several times sent to England o n business

6 0 LA NDI NG A T NE W PL YM O UTH

o n Sunday was spent board , and on Monday the question of looking for a suitable place fo r a settle

. N ment was discussed O time was to be lost . Cap tain Jones was anxious to sail back to England speedily , lest his provisions should not hold out . He declined to cruise about in search o f a place for the colony , but undertook to put them ashore at whatever Th spot they might fix upon . e Pilgrims had brought — with them a Shallop a boat Of about fifteen tons which had been taken to pieces and stowed away o n the Mayflower . A few days must elapse before the

carpenters could prepare it for its work , and in the meantime it was resolved to send out a land exploring

party .

- On Wednesday , sixteen well armed men , headed

by Captain Standish , landed . Having marched about

a mile along the shore they saw five Indians , who Th ran away at their approach . e explorers fol

lowed them for some ten miles , but failed to get near

enough to parley with them . As night approached

o f they camped , making a barricade logs , lighting

fires , and appointing sentinels . On the next day

u they tried to track the Indians , explored the co ntry

for ten or twelve miles , forcing a path through dense d underwoo , and came suddenly upon clear springs T o f water at a spot no w called Truro . hen they saw

o f a deer , cornland , graves Indians , and the remains

o r Of a house , small fort , and , close by, two canoes , a

large iron kettle , and a bow and arrows . A little farther they came upon baskets of corn buried in the LA NDI NG A T NE W PL YM O UTH 6 I

T sand . hey carried away some of the corn , intending to pay the owners , should they meet with them . R They went as far as the Pamet iver , and in that neighbourhood saw some partridges and deer , and plenty Of geese and ducks . Then they returned to the Mayflower , but only to prepare for another expedition . N 27 O S D On Monday , ovember ( ) ( ecember

N - 7 S ) , twenty four men started in the shallop and the long boat , with Captain Jones as leader .

T SII OW hey experienced high winds , with blinding ,

o f F discovered the remains a rench vessel , wrecked some years previously , came across some empty wigwams , found more corn , wheat , and beans , but ’ discovered no suitable place for the Pilgrims settle ment . Whilst the explorers were away , Peregrine — White was born on the Mayflo w er the first Of the h English who was born in Ne w England . T e most practical result Of these two expeditions was the

o f o f acquisition some ten bushels corn , as seed for the next season . Captain Jones being so anxious to

E t o depart for ngland , and pressing the Pilgrims come to a speedy decision as to the site for their colony, a third expedition set Off o n December 6 (O S ) (1 6 N S ) , with the object of thoroughly surveying the bay . Some of the party kept in the shallop , whilst others walked along the shore , keeping their comrades in sight . On the third day the party o n shore were fiercely attacked by Indians About the dawning Of 6 2 LA NDI NG A T N E W P L YM O UTII

n the day , they heard a great and strange cry , and o e

Of o n their company being board came hastily in , “ " "” and cried Indians Indians and , withal , their arrows came flying amongst them ; o n which all their men ran with speed [to the boat] to recover their ’ arms ; as by God s good providence they did . In the meantime some o f those that were ready dis charged two muskets at them , and two more stood

a t o f ready the entrance their rendezvous , but were commanded not to shoot until they could take full aim at them ; and the other two charged with all

speed , . for there were only four that had arms there ,

and defended the barricade which was first assaulted .

The o f cry the Indians was dreadful , especially when they saw their men run o ut o f their rendezvous towards the shallop to recover their arms ; the Indians wheeling about upon them ; but some run

o ut ning with coats Of mail , and cutlasses in their

hands , they soon recovered their arms , and discharged

. No t amongst them , and soon stayed their violence

a withstanding , there was lusty man , and no less

valiant , stood behind a tree within half a musket shot , and let his arrows fly amongst them he was seen to d shoot three arrows , which were all avoide , and stood

f o ne three shot o musket , until , taking full aim at

o r him , made the bark splinters Of the tree fly about

his ears after which he gave an extraordinary shriek , . o f and away they went all them and so , leaving some l to keep the shallop , they fo lowed them about a

quarter of a mile , that they might conceive that

LA NDING A T N E W PL YM O UTH

o f they were not afraid them , or in any way dis co urage dfi

N o f E one the nglish party were injured , although T several had narrow escapes . hen they all took the

en boat , followed the coast to the west and north , countered a strong gale , with heavy snow and rain , and were almost wrecked . In a freezing temperature and at midnight they ran into M The next day (Saturday) they made good the damage

o n to the shallop Sunday they rested , and the next

‘ 1 1 NS . day , December ( they sounded the har

fit fo r s bour , and found it hipping ; and marched into the land and found divers corn - fields and little — running brooks a place (as they supposed) fit fo r ’ An situation ; at least it was the best they could find . d

Fathers . It was a rock that the explorers landed 1 4 upon . In 7 7 an attempt was made to remove it to a more central position ; but it was split during the

Th a operation . e upper portion was afterwards pl ced near the Court House , and in later years a handsome canopy was erected over it . CHAPTE R VII

FOUNDING THE COLONY — Planning the Co lony The explorers lost no time in returning to the Mayflower and recommending the place they had discovered as the permanent home Of the immigrants . For M who had accompanied the party , terrible news was waiting .

His wife , Dorothy , falling overboard , had been

The drowned . Pilgrims decided that the promising

o n site of the bay was suitable for their colony , and ff Christmas Day they weighed anchor , and , setting O

o n h for their new quarters , landed the third day . T e following is the journal , kept by one of the Pilgrims , recording events from the time of arrival to the end

of the year . ‘ December 1 8 [28 — Monday they

o f o r land with the master the ship , and three four

o r sailors ; march along the coast seven eight miles ,

W no r but see neither igwam , Indian , navigable river , but only four o r five brooks Of sweet fresh water run

ning into the sea , with choice ground formerly po s

6 8 F 0 UN D IN G TH E COL ONY

o f twenty to keep a court guard , the rest return aboard at evening ; but in the night and next day , f another sore S torm o wind and rain . — 28 . T Dec . hursday they go to work o n the hill ; reduce themselves to nineteen families ; measure

r out their lots and draw fo them . Many gr ew ill Of

th e grievous colds , from great and many hardships they had endured .

- 2 30 . Dec . 9 and Very cold and stormy again ; and they see great smoaks Of fires made by the

Indians about six or seven miles Off. ’ ‘ — L D . T 3 1 . a Dec . ord s y hough the generality

Off remain aboard the ship , almost a mile and a half , yet this seems to be the first day that any keep the Sabbath in the place o f their building ; at this time ’ we therefore fix the era of their settlement here . The division Of the whole company into nineteen

th e families , assigning single men to the various

w a s households , thought desirable , in order that E as few houses as possible might be required . ach

o w n family was to build its house , to which was attached a plot of land for each of its members , Th measuring three rods long and half a rod broad . e houses were to be erected parallel with the stream , and

n o w were to form a single street , called Leyden Street , leading up from Plymouth Rock . — Disease and Death And now the angel o f death wrought havoc in the colony , and it seemed as if not o ne of the devoted band would be left . Exposure

" - : n 1 - 1 1 1 1 to _ FO UND ING TH E COL ONY 6 9 W W Feb inevitable conseq uences. During January and r uary the people died sometimes at the rate Of two or

The three a day . sick were nursed in the first house

a - o n e finished , and there were no fewer th n thirty h deaths by the end o f February . T e dead were ’ buried on a hill , now called Cole s Hill , and the graves levelled , so that the Indians might not suspect how greatly the numbers of the immigrants were diminished .

r n a riye d by the Mayflo wemsm nelyfifg ow remained . Scurvy was the chief disease that plagued the people , and added to this trouble were fears Of attacks from Indians and wolves . When the ravages Of

o r disease were greatest , there were but six seven healthy persons able to minister to the wants of h f the sick . T e appearance o savages in the neigh b o urho o d led the colonists to mount the five cannon brought from the Mayflower on the hill close to their houses , where a rough fortification was constructed .

In e vi e i n Ind ns — t r w g ia . One day in March , whilst the Pilgrims were holding a conference about military mat t ters , an Indian walked down the s reet , much to their surprise , and entered their midst , greeting them with E — E the words , Welcome , nglishmen welcome , nglish ’ E men . He told them in broken nglish that his name

t o f was Samoset , that he belonged to the eastern par E the country , and knew several nglish fishermen .

s o f He poke another Indian , named Sq uanto , who 7 0 FO UNDIN G TH E COLONY had visited England and could speak the language Th . e well next day Samoset returned , and with him were five other Indians . He came to announce the

o f r approaching visit Massasoit , the g and sagamore H o f that region . He O HCT HIP Pilgrims a specimen o f Indian song and dance , but , the day being Sunday , ff the O er was declined . Samoset had already informed the Pilgrims that the Indian name of their settlement

Pat u set was , and that , about four years before , nearly a ll the inhabitants had died of some infectious disease .

V On his next isit he brought with him Squanto , the P t only man left Of the a uset tribe .

a Squanto , who had lived more th n three years in

London , brought the information that Massasoit was at

The im hand with his warriors . Pilgrims realised the

o f portance this visit , and anticipated that , if they could

o f w only arrange a treaty peace ith the great chief, all fears of attacks from the Indians would be at an end . A

v o n e E messenger arri ed , requesting that of the nglish men Should be deputed to visit the chief and confer

f r o . with him . M IN volunteered the task S Wearing armour and ide arms , and taking gifts with him , he proceeded on his way, crossing the ford , and ascending the opposite hill . He was seen to enter the

o f . midst the sixty Indians , and then he disappeared Massasoit showed a childish longing to possess the ’ E ff nglishman s sword and armour , and O ered to buy them ; but Winslow , with his usual discretion , de

i f o f cl ne d the O fer . Winslow assured him the good f will O King James , and of the governor of the colony ,

F O UNDING THE COL ONY 73

a n d f who wished to see him , make a treaty o peace and commerce with him . Massasoit agreed to visit the - o n governor with a body guard , condi tion that Winslow remained as a hostage with the rest o f the

The E warriors . nglishman promptly consented , and ff then the chief set O for the settlement . He was

o f received with military honours , and every scrap carpet that could be collected was laid down in the ’ governor s house . He and Carver ate and drank

de fen sive together , and then W — w lm—m u isn& w s

e for more than fifty years .

o r Tis uant um Squanto , q , remained with the settlers , and proved a true and useful friend . A little later he taught them ho w to manure with fish the corn seed which they had found , and how to plant and rear ff it . Without this corn they would have su ered from

fo r o f famine , all the seed corn and vegetables brought from England proved useless . He also showed them

o f where to find fish , and the best way catching them , and where to procure other provisions . He was their pilot to unknown places , was continually furnishing information regarding the natives and the geographica l

o f features the district , and remained with them until his death .

Re u n Of the Ma flo er — t r y w . With the ad n of f spring the health o the colony improved . Had the e winter be n severer and longer than it was , the settlers would probably have become so reduced in numbers the hope Of prosperity growing less as their numbers 74 F 0 UN D [ N O TH E COL ON Y

diminished —that the remnant of them would no

doubt have returned to the mother country , the h wreck o f a noble enterprise . T e Mayflower was still d in the bay , where she had been etained by the

o f sickness and death Of many the crew , by the sick

the nes s amongst colonists , and the necessity Of

seeing the people housed before her departu re . But

chance for a long time to come . But no one showed W M ER LE —W W W Early in

April , the Mayflower , freighted with letters and loving E l messages to friends in ngland and Hol and , sailed

o f away , whilst a little group men , women , and

children , now fully committed to their task , watched

her out o f sight .

CHAPTE R VIII

INDI AN ALLI E S

h of Gove no C e and A o n men o f B d Deat r r arv r , pp i t t ra

d - A Ma for . few da s after the departure Of the y

n lost its first o vern o r . John Carver had won the affection and esteem o f all . He had spent most Of his substance in furthering the enter

S a prise , bore his hare Of daily labour , was alw ys ready to do the meanest service for the poor and sick .

m - field Returning fro work in the corn , he was seized with illness and died in two or three days . He was buried with military honours , the men firing volleys

Six over his grave . Within weeks his faithful wife T was laid beside him . here was but little hesitation h about the choice Of a new governor . T e elder o f the community was William Brewster , so that he was scarcely eligible for the post . Passing over

came next , and he , now about thirty , was unanimously elected . Isaac Allerton was appointed to assist him . We may be sure that Bradford was ever to the front in the manual 7 8 [ ND[ A N A LL/ES

f T no w work o the colony . here were only twenty

One men and six youths to do the work , yet in this

w - o f - season t enty one acres corn land were tilled , six acres more were sown with wheat , barley , and rye , and the gardens round the houses were cultivated . f V t t n urs O w elga marew hg ri a y murm discon t u T n f n a EL UE L linfiaa. here had been only o e O fe ce against law and order , and this is worth noting because o f the curious punishment allotted to the ’ Th f o ur . e culprit first of ence since arrival , says

‘ o f the chronicler , is John Billington , who came o n board at London , and is this month [March] convented before the whole company for his con ’ o f O t empt the captain s lawful command , with p pr o b rio us speeches ; for which he is adjudged to

have his neck and heels tied together ; but , upon humbling himself and craving pardon , and it being f ’ his first O fence , he is forgiven . A little later a similar punishment was meted o ut to two young

o f duellists , servants Stephen Hopkins , who , having

quarrelled , determined to settle the matter with swords

and daggers . Both were wounded , and then arrested T and tried before the whole community . hey are

adjudged to have their head and feet tied together ,

- r and so to lie for twenty four hours , without meat o drink ; which is begun to be inflicted but within an r hour , because of their great pains , at thei and their ’ o f master s humble request , upon promise better ’

. T carriage , they are released hjs m niq ne i nd h umi : liating punishment had a most wholesome and deter [ ND[ A N A LLIES 79

e xpeditionu o W M frien dlymelat mns and pmmot et rarla Edwal d Win slo w

t a s . in t e r re ter and Stephen Hopkins , wi h Squanto p ,

fo r were deputed a mission to Massasoit , whose place was about forty miles from Plymouth . They were instructed to take careful note o f the country through

o f which they passed , and the number of persons in T the Indian encampment . hey were received in a friendly manner by the Wampanoags , the home

a So w am s — tribe Of M ssasoit , and proceeded to now ’ — Th c alled Warren the chief s principal seat . e chief

a g ve them a hearty greeting, and prepared to listen T to their message . hey took their seats at his side , whilst a crowd o f Indians assembled to watch the

Th e proceedings . embassy presented the chief o n ’ o f behalf the governor with a soldier s gay coat , f trimmed with lace , and an ornamental chain o

The copper , with a medal attached to it . chain was intended fo r the chief to lend to anyone whom E he might send to the nglishmen , as a token that he wished kindness and hospitality extended to the

The f Visitor . chie promised to ascertain the owners o f the corn which the colonists found buried and had taken away , so that payment might be made , T and various matters were discussed . hen the chief, greatly to his o wn pleasure an d I the delight Of his ’ people , arrayed himself in the soldier s coat , and 80 I NDIA N A LLIE S

hung the chain round his neck , and thus attired delivered a speech , which won loud applause from

The the people . rest Of the evening was spent in smoking and talking , the chief being most anxious to learn all he possibly could about England and its e king . Winslow and Hopkins w re somewhat amused , e n o t to say embarrassed , by the sl eping accommoda T tion fo r the night . hey found they had to sleep in ’ the chief s own bed , they at one end , and he and his

two wife at the other , whilst of the chief men also T occupied the same couch . his crowded arrangement and the hardness o f the bed was an experience

which the guests scarcely wished to have repeated . On their way home they went through a country de

. T populated by the plague here were fields , once

cultivated , run to waste , and many signs Of former

prosperity , and for several miles were strewn the f bleached bones o thousands o f persons . The second expedition was rendered necessary by

o f the disappearance John Billington , the son of one Of the settlers— the man who had been condemned to have T his feet and neck tied together . hese Billin gto ns ap pearto have been a somewhat turbulent and trouble ’ T h uffl d some family . hey had been s e into the com

Of pany the Mayflower , says Bradford , he knew not

he f how . T first record o their vagaries concerns another

son , Francis , who , when on board the Mayflower . nearly blew up the ship by firing a fowling piece in a

wa s . on a d cabin where gunpowder stored John , bent

venture , had lost his way in the woods , living on berries INDIA N A LLIE S 8 I

’ for several days , and at last found himself at Buzzard s

Bay , some twenty miles from Plymouth . It was reported that the boy wa s in the camp Of the Nanset

t en Off Indians , and accordingly armed men set in

the shallop , and at length found the lad , profusely

decorated with beads , keeping company with the

N nsets f sachem Of the a and his crowd o attendants .

r A little later (August) , it was rumoured that Co

bitant , the chief of the Pocassets , had made Massasoit ’ Of his prisoner , apparently because the latter s friendly

disposition towards the English . Squanto and another

Hob o m ok Indian , called , were at once despatched to learn if there was any truth in the rumour . They

Co rbitant were captured by , and their lives threatened . ’ Whilst the chief pointed a long knife at Sq uanto s breast , the other Indian fled . On his arrival at Ply

a o f mouth , council war was immediately held . It was decided that every possible means should be ’ taken to defend the colonist s ally and friend , Massa

S soit , that an armed party hould be sent at once

rbit ant to Co , with instructions that , if they found

Co rbitant b e Squanto killed , was to be forthwith N headed . On reaching amasket , the party , led by ’ Corbitant s Captain Standish , surrounded house , and gave warning that no o ne was to leave the building

. Co rbitant until it had been searched But had fled , and very soon Squanto appeared , alive and um

The injured . party left a peremptory message for the chief— that if he formed conspiracies against

E o r ff the nglish , o ered violence to Massasoit o r his

F 82 INDIA N A LLIE S

no t . T f friends , his life would be safe hree o the

Indians , attempting to escape from the house , had

been wounded , and were carried to Plymouth to have

their wounds dressed . T hese prompt measures had a beneficial effect . Several sachems (or chiefs) came spontaneously to make peace with the settlers and to acknowledge

o f E . E Co rbitant the King ngland ven , with much

discretion , showed a humble spirit , and went and petitioned Massasoit to act as peacemaker between

The him and the redoubtable English settlers . — — next expedition in September was to Massachu

Of setts Bay , with the Object forming a treaty of

peace and commerce with the Indians northwards . Friendly relations were established with the tribe of

the Shawmuts , whilst the harbour (afterwards Boston E Harbour) greatly impressed the nglishmen , and to such an extent that they wished they had fixed on this neighbourhood for their settlemen t instead of

southwards . They collected a quantity o f beaver

c skins to send home to the Mer hant Adventurers , and

then returned to Plymouth .

4 Th nk s ivin Da — 5 ? a g g y . As the year drew to a close

the Pilgrim Fathers , on taking a retrospect , saw much

fo r reason thankfulness , in spite of their numbers

having been so greatly reduced by sickness and death .

Seven dwelling - houses and four public buildings now h stood in the main street . T e latter comprised a

i n bu lding for public worship and general meeti gs , and

u storeho ses for food , clothing , and other supplies .

84 INDIA N A LLIES

— n additional c olo is ts, amongst whom were Robert

Cushman , the eldest son of William Brewster , and a h brother of Edward Winslow . T e new arrivals were wretchedly supplied with provisions and other stores , partly owing to their prolonged voyage of about

. o f eighteen weeks Many them , too , were not the ’ kind o f men suitable fo r the Pilgrims settlement .

The ffi fo r first di culty was to provide food , any length of time , for both the old and the new colonists .

Temporary measures were taken , but the future , with

h o f . the approac winter , appeared threatening The

m e the e e unc nd land fi o G flL OLNewfl ngla , drawn up in T the name o f John Pierce and his associates . here was also a letter from Weston , the man who had arranged the departure Of the original emigrants , complaining that the Mayflower had brought back no freight with her , in order to repay expenses incurred . The letter was full o f cruel insinuations as to mis

n o t management , and contained a word of sympathy for the Pilgrims in the hardships , sickness , and losses endured between the arrival and the departure o f the l Mayflower . Bradford sent a manly rep y to this letter ,

to S and , rather than be Open a imilar attack again , he took care that the Fortune was well freighted with 5 l goods , to the value of about 00 . including beaver h fur and prepared timber . T e colony could ill spare

o f any this cargo , but it was distinctly to its advantage to remain on a friendly footing with the Adventurers .

Th e et Fortune s sail in a fortnight , takin g back [ ND[ A N A LLIES 85

Cushman with her but She was seized by the French

Off E the nglish coast , and , although the ship and

w . cre were released , the cargo was appropriated

F m ne — h Prospect of a i T e year closed gloomily . It was a question whether food would hold o ut through T ffi the winter . here would have been su cient for fifty

- five mouths , but with the addition Of thirty there

The was a distinct prospect of very short commons . governor accordingly took measures to deal with the difficulty in the only practicable way . Finding that

o u t the provisions , at half allowance , would hold about six months , he at once put the whole colony upon half allowance which began to be hard , but ’ they bore it patiently under hope o f supply . CHAPTE R I"

SELF - DEFENCE AND REORGANI SATI ON

M u m —Soon after the Fortune had gone , another cause Of momentary alarm arose . The 30 000 numbering , people ,

Of whom were warriors , and whose headquarters were in what is now called Rhode Island , sent a messenger to Plymouth with a bundle o f arrows tied " ’ about with a great snake Skin . Sq u anto s help was at once sought to interpret the Significance o f this curious package . He had no doubt whatever that it meant a declaxafiQL E i With men Of less Sturdy courage and strength of purpose than the

o f Pilgrims possessed , the prospect a war between t eighty men , women , and children , and five housand

desperate warriors , of long experience and fine physique , would have brought fear and quaking to every heart .

- But Governor Bradford , ever cool headed and tactful , and ever influencing his people by his vigorous mind and fearlessness , sent back an answer which SELF- DEFENCE A ND REORGA NI SA TI ON 87

‘ The could have come only from a brave man .

o f governor , with the advice others , sent them a

round answer , that if they had rather have war

than peace , they might begin when they would ;

they had done them no wrong, neither did they fear

S . them , nor hould they find them unprovided And by another messenger sent the snake skin back with

bullets in it but they would not receive it , but sent ’ it back again .

So the five thousand warriors , burning to wipe out the little English colony from the face o f the

h ad earth , second and less sanguinary thoughts aroused by the sight o f the bits o f lead and William ’ Bradford s bold reply . But it was desirable to be well prepared for sudden surprises , and in a position to give hostile Indians a warm reception , especially as news had recently arrived of the wholesale massacre by the Indians of the English settlers down in Southern A Virginia . strong palisade was constructed along the north side of the town , flanked with bastions , from

- which the outside could be covered by fire arms . In these bastions were gates , locked at night and well All — guarded . the settlers able to bear arms number — ing about fifty were thoroughly drilled by Captain

Standish , and places assigned to them for guarding the town .

An Ind n Cons i c Th ed - In ia p ra y w art . the course of the year 1 622 the intended massacre of the colony was frustrated through o ne o f those apparently trifling circumstances upon which great events so Often turn . 88 SELF- DEFENCE A ND RE ORGA N IS A TI ON

Tidings reached Plymouth that Massasoit was dan

er o u sl g y ill , and , in conformity with Indian custom ,

it was arranged to send an embassy from the colony . W inslow was selected for the work , and he set o ff to ’ Hob om o k the chief s place , accompanied by as inter

preter . Massasoit seemed sick unto death . His wig

o wah s wam was packed with people , and the p , with

in charms and incantations , were creating an suffer T able din . hough blind , the chief understood that

Winslow had arrived , and he asked him to come to

his side . After expressing the sorrow of the colony , he told him the governor had sent some things which Th would probably relieve him . e Wigwam was then cleared of the noisy crowd , and Winslow proceeded to ’ take the chief s case in hand . In a Short time the

o n patient improved , and his recovery from what he believed would prove a sickness unto death , he ex

No w E claimed , I see the nglish are my friends and love me , and while I live I will never forget this kind ’ ness they have shown me . And very soon he kept

Ho b m k his word . Just as Winslow and o o were pre paring to depart , he summoned the latter to his side , and disclosed a plot for the massacre Of numbers Of E nglish settlers , including the Plymouth community , by the Massachusett Indians . Ho b o mo k was charged to reveal the plot to Winslow as they . j ourneyed back to Plymouth . Some time previously , Weston had settled a colony of rough

E essa usset nglishmen at W g (now Weymouth) , on

. T e Boston Bay hey soon exhausted their r sources , SELF- DEFENCE A ND REORGA NI SA TI ON 89

and then began to rob the Indians of their corn , for f which o fence they were punished by their governor . Then the Indians refused to let them have food at any

The price . settlers , driven to extremities , proposed to

o n o f make a raid the stores the Indians , but , before

taking such a step , deemed it desirable to consult A . S Governor Bradford might be expected , Bradford

u emphatically deprecated such nlawful proceedings . The We ssagusset settlers seem to have relinquished

their design , but their condition became worse and

- worse . Starving and half naked , they aroused the

o f contempt the Indians , who thought they might as well take an easy method of ridding the country o f

such fellows . They resolved to murder not only the

We ssa usset g people , but the Plymouth colony as well , for they knew that if the latter were spared they would speedily avenge the slaughter o f their fellow T countrymen . hey visited Massasoit , and pressed him to join them in the plot . And thus this chief, prompted by gratitude to Winslow , made known the

Ho b o m o k conspiracy to , and suggested that the Ply mouth people should promptly take steps to seize and execute the chief conspirators . Bradford consulted with his people , and the decision was come to that , although the idea o f shedding the blood of these

Indians , whose highest welfare they had at heart ,

an should only be carried out as absolute necessity , to preserve many lives , that according to Massasoit

n o the necessity had w arrived , and that Captain

Standish Should set Off with an armed force , first warn 90 SELF- DEFENCE A N D RE ORGA N I S A TI ON

E e ssa usset the nglish at W g , and then attack the leading conspirators . Standish proceeded to execute this plan . On reaching Wessagusset he found the settlers scattered all over the place , fraternising with the

f r Indians as if there were no cause o alarm . He called the men together , and ordered them not to ’ separate . But the Indians got scent o f the captain s de sI n g , and , assuming a threatening attitude , began sharpening their knives as they stood around him .

- Standish , however , by self possession and skilful diplomacy , contrived to get the leaders in the plot T into o n e building . hen he got an equal number of

n n his o w men into the dwelli g , and suddenly, at the word of command , they fell upon the Indians . A fierce

o f fight followed , and in the end seven the conspirators lay stretched upon the ground . On the following day

The a skirmish took place . Indians let fly showers of

Hob o m ok arrows from behind trees , when suddenly

The flung o ff his coat and ran towards them . Indians

- H b o m k fled helter Skelter in all directions . o o was supposed to be in close communication with the spirit

f n o darkness , and hence the pa ic when he ran towards

h u them . T e miserable settlers at We ssag sset were invited to return with Standish to Plymouth , but they T preferred to leave the country . hus the conspiracy

a t was frustrated , and the Indians cowed , least for a time .

o f When John Robinson heard these transactions , he wrote to the church at Plymouth ‘ to consider

9 2 SELF- DEFENCE A N D REORGA NI SA TI ON land around the building became the burial - place of the community .

RaS SIe re s fo r Isaac de , agent the Dutch colony at Manhattan (founded after visiting Plymouth ’ in 1 627 thus described the Pilgrims mode o f assem bling for public worship . They assemble by beat o f firelo ck drum , each with his musket or , in front ’ n of the captain s door ; they have their cloaks o , l and p ace themselves in order , three abreast , and are led by a sergeant without beat o f drum . Behind comes the governor in a long robe beside him on the right hand comes the preacher with his cloak on , and o n the left hand the captain with his side - arms and cloak on , and with a small cane in his hand and so

an d they march in good order , each sets his arms ’ ’ Th ‘ down near him . e preacher was William

n o t Brewster , who, though administering the sacra

‘ ments , taught twice every Sabbath , and that both powerfully and profitably , to the great contentment of

h arer s ' an d edification the e , their comfortable ; yea , ’ T many were brought t o God by his ministry . here 2 was no regular minister appointed until 1 6 9 .

mmun k ab The Co istic System unw or le .

general wants of t Whenthey com

en Ne m ce d organising at w Plymouth , although each family had a house allotted to their use (with single s men fairly distributed amongst them) , yet the crop

SELF- DEFENCE A N D REORGA NI SA TI ON 9 5

F were raised and shared in common . our days of ’ each man s labour were devoted to the benefit o f the colony and fo r the interest o f the Merchant Adve n turere ; the other two working days were for each ’ man s o wn benefit . But

1 1 hole _ waS 0 a a _w 1 . _ _ the 2 9 31H s

Th e stronger men thought it unfair that they Should help to support the families o f weaker men the elder brethren were ill satisfied at having to work with young men and boys ; whilst some o f the ma rried men rather resented the regulation of their wives having to moil and toil to provide domestic necessities

fo r S ingle men .

’ ‘ ‘ The experience , says Bradford , that was had

in this common course and condition , tried sundry

years , and that amongst godly and sober men , may well evince the vanity o f that conceit o f Plato and

o f other ancients , applauded by some later times

- o f that the taking away property , and bringing

in community into a commonwealth , would make them happy and flourishing ; as if they were wiser

r than God . Fo this community (so far as it was)

was found to breed much confusion and discontent , and retard much employm ent that would have been

to their benefit and comfort . Upon the point all

do being to have alike , and all to alike , they thought

o ne themselves in the like condition , and as good as

a o ff nother ; and so , if it did not cut those relations 96 SELF- DEFENCE A ND REOR GA NI SA TI ON

that God hath set amongst men , yet it did at least much diminish and take Off the mutual respect that should be preserved amongst them . And would have been worse if they had been men of another ’ condition .

resolved to W M Before the sowing time of 1 623 it was arranged to allot to each family for one year a parcel o f land in the proportion Of o n e

01“ T acre to 9 34 person h e i andj g sj oh a dm dm — — lo t o f di en ces m Ita n aht . The f , because fier q y e fect of the change was electric . A fresh and redoubled spirit of activity spread itself at once through the — colony even women and children catching the in fe c tion , and working industriously in the fields . As an inevitable consequence , far more corn was planted

o f than in previous seasons , and the working the colony went more smoothly than it had ever gone before .

D u — Dearth and ro ght . But long before the corn had grown and ripened, there was scarcity of food and

F r o r much suffering . o two three months the people

n o t had no bread , and knew where their next meal was to come from , and yet bore their privations with T patience and courage . hey subsisted almost entirely

o ne upon fish , but having only boat and o ne net amongst them all , the supply was by no means

The abundant . boat was constantly at work . As soon as one party landed , another set Off and no SELF - D EFENC E A N D REORGA NI SA TI ON 9 7

a party ever returned without bringing a f ir haul , even though they might have to be o ut five o r six days D before securing it . uring such times of weary

o n fo r waiting , those shore dug in the sands shell A fish , and others scoured the woods to find game . drought Of seven weeks which began in June rendered suffering and anxiety still more keen . Young plants withered , the harvest threatened to be a failure , the gaunt faces and hungry eyes o f women and children

- fo r told a pitiful tale , and men staggered at noon day want o f food . But the patient and uncomplaining Spirit o f William Brewster made its influence felt f everywhere . Sitting down to a platter o boiled clams

o f Go d and a pot water , he thanked that he and his

o f were permitted to suck the abundance of the seas , ’ o f and o f the treasures hid in the sand . A day

o n humiliation and supplication was appointed , and the evening of that very day the clouds gathered and T the rain fell , continuing for several days . hen a service o f thanksgiving was held for the life - giving

o f . rain , and the promise an abundant harvest CHAPTE R "

DESI GNS OF THE ME RCHAN T ADVEN TURERS — Fre sh Arrival s About the middle of 1 623

'

PI n n e . mouth , brin hundred new colonists They proved to be a mixed company—some being friends from Leyden , and others little more than

o f adventurers , who came across the seas in search

. The fortune denied them at home governor , finding that a number o f these people were altogether unfit

o n for colonial life , discreetly sent them back at his w

expense by the ships which brought them . Of the

remainder , some sixty identified themselves with the ll ‘ colony , and about forty , ca ing themselves par ’ ticular s t f , wished to form a dis inct colony o their T o w n within the existing colony . hey came with fine ’ ‘ o f ‘ notions Of building great houses , pleasant ’ an d o f ‘ situations for themselves , becoming great men and rich all of a sudden but these notions ’ ‘ proved castles in the air The governor received

them in a friendly way , and agreed to allot them sites

1 0 0 DESI GNS OF TH E M ERCH A NT A D VENTURERS

Morrell , came out at the same time . He had powers f to regulate the religious af airs Of the country , and to make what alterations he thought proper , even to

' compel the Pilgrim Fathers to c o n fo rm to the Church

o f E . ngland Happily , his mission was not known to the Fathers until after his departure from the colony .

o f Happily , too , he was a man common sense , wisely

o n concluding , seeing the religious harmony of the people , that it would be entirely useless t o attempt

o u t n o r to carry his missio , even to announce

o f n it . Instead revolutio ising church government , he studied the habits of the Indians , and natural history , and harmlessly employed spare moments in

N T ‘ r writing a Latin epic o n ew England . h e p a ’ n li ticular s o t . As re m i , however , were so wise a p ’ nary step to subverting the Pilgrims church , they

dvent ur er s o f sent home to the a string complaints , which made it appear that the colony was a hotbed

o f religious controversy ; that worship , public and

private , was neglected , and that the children received

no religious instruction , and were not even taught to read . As a result of these complaintsthe Adventurers 1 6 24 E sent out in , by the Charity , an piscopal

o f t str o n l minister Puri an sympathies , but g yW

to free church government . A number of inquiries were at the same time sent to the church respecting

the complaints , to which Bradford returned explicit

. T answers his clergyman , by name John Lyford , l h was as cunning a knave as ever set foot in P ymout . DESI GNS OF TH E IVE R CH A N T A D VE N T URE RS 1 0 1

Th e Pilgrims seem to have been under the impression that he had come as a sort o f candidate for the pastoral office . On his a rrival he was hospitably

I i . O I h s received He , part , saluted the brethren with that reverence and humility as is seldom to be seen , and indeed made them ashamed , he so bowed and cringed unto them , and would have kissed ff their hands if they would have su ered him ; yea , d he wept and shed many tears , blessing Go who had brought him to see their faces , and admiring the ’

. things they had done He soon joined the church , rejoicing in th e privilege o f being identified with a

Of church free and pure principles , and declaring that he would no longer regard himself as an ordained minist er until he received a call from the church .

' B u t the continual e flu siven e ss o f Lyford put the

OII . L Pilgrims their guard Still , yford and a man

‘ ’ o f named John Oldham , one the particulars , were

An d o f . taken into the counsels the brethren , whilst

f fo r professing esteem and a fection the Pilgrims , they

a . were creating a faction , priv tely , against them In good time Governor Bradford became suspicious . He heard that both o f the men were sending letters to A the dventurers , defaming the Pilgrim church , and Th promptly took measures to Checkmate them . e t ship containing the let ers had started , and the governor went Off ina shallop and overtook her . He ’ ’ procured from the captain all Lyford s and Oldham s letters , and found they contained , as he suspected , a tissue Of slanders and lies against the church and the 1 0 2 DESI GNS OF TH E M E R CH A N T A D VE N T UR ER S

o n f government . Lyford also stated in e o the letters that he intended to set up worship according to the f E Church o ngland as soon as the ship had sailed . The tw o men had no knowledge for a time that

Bradford had outwitted them , and soon began to pick quarrels with the Pilgrims , as the first step in the f o . accomplishment their scheme Oldham , when called upon to take his turn as sentinel at the fort , b a used and assaulted Captain Standish , and threatened

th . him wi his knife He was arrested , and , after being ’

. T clapt up awhile , he came to himself hen the two men , with the people they led , without a word to any

he . T body , held public worship apart from the others governor forthwith called a court and summoned the whole company . He charged Lyford and Oldham with T secretly plotting to destroy the government . hey warmly denied the charge , but when the letters were produced they were dumb . Presently Oldham became insolent , and Lyford confessed his misdoings with Th contrition and tears . e court decided that Oldham should leave the colony at once , and that Lyford Th might remain six months longer . e latter con fessed his sin to the church ; his period Of grace was extended , and he was readmitted to teach in the church . But he soon resumed his treacherous devices , and though permitted to remain at Plymouth durin g i N the w nter , he joined O ldham at antucket in the

th e r e early part of 1 625 . In same year Oldham turned , and was more violent than ever . He was ’ I no clapt up again for a short time , and then g

1 0 4 DESIGN S OF TH E M ER CH A NT A D VENT URERS

’ Two matters helped to fortify the Pilgrims resolve — the tyrannical measures o f Archbishop Laud in E ngland to compel conformity , and a rumour that a — company o f emigrants double the number o f the Pilgrim colonists— under promise to adhere to State

l o ut Church princip es , would be sent to overwhelm and absorb the free Plymouth community .

firmness , energy, and tact in adhering to convictions , which led them into exile , established the community on a stronger and more uncompromising basis than ever , and bore fruit in generations to come in the independent spirit o f the great nation Of which the

Pilgrims were the germ . CHAPTE R "I — TRADE SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS LI FE

The Ad en u e s — The f v t r r . connection o the Pilgrims with

The the Adventurers drew gradually to a close . Adventurers originally undertook to finance the Pil

fo r grims and to furnish supplies . In return this help the Pilgrims were to send home cargoes o f furs and Th other goods . e contract between the parties was

to continue for seven years , during which period all

trading profits were to be held in common . At the

o f end the period all the property in the colony , as t well as profits , were to be equally divided be ween the A Th dventurers and the colonists . e latter appealed

for certain alterations in the agreement , but without

success and the contract was not signed until 1 6 21 . The Adventurers shamefully neglected their part o f the agreement , and it was owing to their negligence in not sending supplies that the Pilgrims suffered from

n fami e , and other hardships , during the early years

f e T o their N w England life . he Pilgrims performed

o f their part to the best their ability ; but two , at — 1 0 6 TRA DE SO CIA L A N D RELI GI O US LIF E

t leas , Of the cargoes despatched to the company never

o n e reached their destination , , as we have seen , having F t been captured by the rench , whils the other fell into f h “ the hands o the Turks . Owing to their eavy losses ; th e and the existence Of factions in their midst , days ’ o f A the dventurers Company were numbered . At 1 6 26 length the Pilgrims , in , resolved to take a bold T course . hey made an agreement to break Off their

a l l connection with the comp ny by paying 8 oo . within i S x f r . 600l. o Th years , and also their trading debts e

o f company agreed to surrender , in consideration

a the sum n med , all claim to stock , shares , land ,

d e merchan ise and chattels . In order to m et their

Obligations , the Pilgrims reorganised the farming and

o f f trading system the colony , and by a supreme ef ort they contrived to pay Off the last instalment o f their debt in the year 1 6 33 .

A New a ent — Two o r P t three patents , vague an d L satisfactory , had been issued from ondon to the colony Of New Plymouth but they proved o f little or

2 Ne En . 1 6 9 w no benefit In the Council Of gland , under

o f E o f the presidency the arl Warwick , granted a new patent o f a definite and useful character . It was

o ut made to William Bradford , his heirs , associates

and assigns , and defined the territory of the colony , granting also fifteen miles o f land o n each side Of

o f the Kennebec River , for the purpose establishing

fisheries .

- n —In Co operatio . order to meet their indebtedness

o f co to the Adventurers , the colonists formed a kind

— 1 0 8 TRA DE SOCIA L A N D RELI GI O US LI FE

. 1 6 28 o u sideration Captain Standish , in , bought t

n d o f the his twelve partners , a for the rest term was

sole possessor of a cow .

es o T and us n n —B c f rade S te a ce . y slow degrees

n f y arrived at a state O comparative comfort .

ext en siOn Improvements in the harvests , of trade with

fo r the Indians , and additional facilities fishing were f some of the causes o the growth Of prosperity . Trading was also carried o n with the Dutch colony

New 1 6 23 at Manhattan ( Amsterdam) , founded in , as well as with ships calling at Plymouth from time to A time . few years after settling , the colonists had f plenty o pigs and poultry , whilst wild birds and deer furnished occasional means o f support .

The To — 1 62 o f w n Plymouth , in 7 , consisted about

o f thirty or forty houses , constructed logs , the crevices plastered with clay , the roofs thatched , and the f chimneys built on the out side . Most o the houses

Of stood in a line along the street , at distances fifty to a hundred feet apart , the intervening spaces being occupied by gardens , fenced in with rough planks .

b u t They comprised from two to four rooms , all on h . T one storey , and at the rear were outhouses e ’ governor s house stood by itself, for a time at least ,

o f en o n the opposite side the street , with a strong it closure around , and four small cannon mounted h in the front enclosure . T e town was b uilt o n the

o f Of Slope a hill , on the summit which was the fort , and which commanded a fine vie w of the bay and the surrounding country .

— 1 1 2 TRA DE SOCIA L A ND RELI GI O US LI FE

o ut to youths went to the fields cut wood , to fish in

o r the bay the streams , whilst the women and girls attended to domestic duties . At the accustomed hour a unctualIt I (W y be sure that p _ y was a rule n every household the famil assembled m ; then followed breakfast , which probably consisted mainly o f porridge and milk . Almost the only varia w 0 N tIo n from the o o un d Of modern rural house

(There appe ars t o have been n o regular school set up In New Plymouth until about 1 662 ; but we must not infer that the education of t he young was

. T neglected here may have been private schools , or

the mo thers o r perhaps 4 the elder daughters taught the junior children , whilst the senior boys and girls

had their lessons in the evening from their parents .

‘ ’ ’ m a R s In any case, we y be certain that the three ,

as well as other rudimentary knowledge , were regularly

an d taught in that quaint and simple little colony , the Fathers may well be forgiven for no t including a

o n schoolmaster in the company board the Mayflower , especially at a time when a schoolmaster was as yet a

- fi n 1 - - rarity in the mother country . 670 twenty seven years after the league Of the three states had been formed—the fishing excise was offered any town that

would set up a free elementary and classical school . .

Plymouth embraced this offer , and thus had the first

New E . free school , established by law , in ngland ) — Dress and Amusements There was nothing Spe cially distinctive in the dress o f the Pilgrims from — TRA D E S OCIA L A rVD RELI GI O US LIF E 1 1 3

o f E that worn by the Puritans ngland . The men wore doublets or short coats , with broad linen collars

f an d at the neck , cu fs at the wrists , stout belts at the F t waist . el hats with high crowns and broad brims , loose cloaks , knee breeches , long frieze hose , and

o r - buckled shoes , jack boots for rough weather , com ple t e d the costume . Bright coloured garments were w sometimes orn , for Brewster at his death owned a ’ The green waistcoat and a violet coat . women s dress

Of laIn e st was the p description , like the plainest of the present day , and probably seldom varying from black ,

The N . ew E white , or grey pictures of ngland maids and matrons thus attired , with the simple kerchief over

s the houlders and the hood over the head , are known to everyone . It is impossible to believe that the rising generation and the less grave among their elders pa ssed their days without amusements an d

o r recreations of some kind another ; and yet . the records o f Ne w England give only a few hints o n T the subject . We know that hanksgiving Day w a s

o f - largely a time recreation and pleasure seeking, and

- we also know that dancing , dicing, and card playing E Ne w . were forbidden by law in ngland Bowling ,

t - - wrestling , s ool ball (or club ball) , the predecessor of cricket , quoits , and pitching the bar were some of the

Sports in dIIlge d in . — n Me n - ho se Th The New Engla d eti g u . e Pilgrims ca lled the first day of the week the Sabbath or the ’ ’ ’ Da Lord s y, and objected to the word Sunday

Al . because of its heathen origin . l the colonists were

H — 1 1 4 TRA DE SOCIA L A ND RELI GI O US LIFE

expected to attend ublic w o r shi on the Sabbath but

no compulsion was used . Membershi p o f the c hurch io n al and h rs re alwa s read to admit sober industrious and ri ht men into the

' colon without an Obli tion o f Oinin the c rc

The order Of service in that curious fort - meeting house was probably much the same as prevails tod ay f in congregational churches , with the di ference that

Of - the singing psalms took the place Of hymn singing . ’ o f ‘ In course time there was also a weekly lecture , which consisted Of an address o n some religious

- o r semi religious topic , and praise and prayer .

There were no Sunday - schools o r week - day prayer E meetings . lder Brewster taught twice every Sab ’ bath , and that both powerfully and profitably , but , f although often pressed to take the o fice Of pastor , 1 2 declined to do so . In 6 9 the Rev . Ralph Smith came to Plymouth and was chosen pastor , and then , ’ fo r the first time Since the Pilgrims departure from

E . U ngland , the sacraments were administered p to that date the performance of marriag es in the colony

was entirely o f a civil nature . In the same year the

em e t w haLWfiM aM IM p L arran hich E L fi many

o n AS years passed , and the population extended , and many hundreds o f fresh colonists arrived in

America , and towns and villages sprang to life in 1 6 75 Ne w England , it was enacted ( ) that a meeting

— 1 1 6 TRA D E SO CIA L A N D RELI GI O US LI F E

b ut coals , or buried their feet in wolfskin bags ; the f men , with stoical indi ference , sat through the service ’ Of the sharpest winter s day without adopting any

such preservatives , even though their attention and

r patience might be taxed for three o four hours . ’ Those were not the days o f twenty minutes sermons and the preacher Often took no notice o f the hour

glass which was usually provided fo r his warning .

The f people were kept from falling asleep by an O ficial ,

‘ ’ called a tithing man , who diligently observed the worshippers , arousing any drowsy ones by touching them with a foxtail wand .

The o f f service praise was attended with di ficulty , and performed clumsily but in those days , when psalmody was in its infancy, even in the Old country , it would be ungracious to make it the subject o f harsh

‘ ’ Fo r o r criticism . many years the starting tuning a psalm was left to some volunteer in the congregation . Judge Sewall often u ndertook the task in the Boston church , and he has left his experience on record .

‘ Once he intended Windsor , and fell into High Dutch , and then , essaying to set another tune , went into a key

to o . . much high So I prayed to Mr White to set it , Th Lit chfield . e which he did well , tune Lord humble

o f me and instruct me , that I should be the occasion ’

f . any interruption in the worship o God Again , In th e morning I set York tune , and , in the second going ’ over , the gallery carried it irresistibly to St . David s , ’ which discouraged me very much . A little later he

‘ o ut says , I set York tune , and the congregation went — TRA DE SOCIA L A ND RELI GI O US LIF E 1 1 7

’ o f iht o . D it St avid s in the very second going over . T T hey did the same three weeks before . his is the second sign . It seems to me an intimation fo r me to ’ a resign the precentor s place for a better voice . I h ve ,

- f through the divine long su fering and favour , done it fo r - 110 W Go d twenty four years , and in His pro vidence ’ Off seems to call me , my voice being enfeebled . The support o f the minister was at firs t arranged

o n 1 6 5 by voluntary contributions , but later ( 7) an Act was passed in Plymouth for the levying o f a rate for this purpose . In other respects the minister A was treated with much consideration . parsonage was built for him , and the best land in the town f assigned for his use . He had free pasturage o r his horse , the first salmon caught every year , a portion f a to fir e o every whale th t happened be captured , and

t wood supplied gratuitously . He Of en had to exercise

o f a variety of offices , including those physician , sur

a . geon , lawyer , and f rmer His influence was felt in ’ all departments of a town s life , and he was usually looked up to with unstinted respect and reverence .

a s Breaches of respect were punished . One man w punished for saying he received no profit from the ’ ’ T minister s sermons . w o others were fined and inhibited from the sacrament , the one for speaking ’ ’ ‘ o f deridingly the minister s powers , and the other for casting uncharitable reflections o n the

La and o de — o f 1 623 w r r . Down to the end Offences were tried at Plymouth before the whole community , i except servants . In December of that year t was — 1 1 8 TRA DE SOCIA L A N D RELI GI O US LIF E

decided that all criminal facts , and also all matters

f S o trespasses and debts between man and man , hould

be tried by the verdict of twelve honest men , to be

o f impanelled by authority , in form a jury , upon their ’ re - oath . On the election Of Governor Bradford in

1 6 24 o ne , five assistants , instead of , were chosen to serve him in managing the affairs Of the little demo

cracy . A little later the number was increased to

. 1 6 33 seven Until the people were their own police, for it was only in this year that the first constable was h f E appointed . T e tithing man o New ngland men tio ne d above (first appointed in 1 694) was a sort o f

- - who Church and State policeman , had multifarious

duties , besides the one named . He had ten families ’ under his charge, and had to diligently inspect them ,

see that they attended public worship , and that the

children learned their catechism . He had also to

- report to the magistrates all Sabbath breakers , swearers , and idle and dissolute persons , as well as disorders and offences in licensed houses o f entertain ment ; to see that keepers o f taverns abstained from supplying drink to persons who appeared to have taken enough ; to administer the oath o f fealty to new - comers ;

u to warn out of the town suspicio s additions , and to

- prevent young people taking Walks on Sabbath eve . Anyone caught committing any Of these offences was brought before the magistrate and severely r epri m an ded and on repetition of the offence the culprit

was o r . put in the stocks , into the cage on the green

e Such , in rough st outline , were the conditions and

CHAPTE R "II

NEW COLONIES — End o and ss l . ic tt , Ma aehfi efi w ny Allusions have been made in the previous chapter to the arrival o f o f large companies emigrants , whose coming, and subsequent union with Plymouth brought about a

o f an d En l vast enlargement interests , led to the g ish becoming the ruling r a ce in America . Between 1 6 28

1 640 d o f t and many hun reds Puri an colonists landed , and by the latter year the population o f New England

Th e a had increased to about persons . ex mple set by the Pilgrim Fathers in seeking a free country for the exercise o f freedom o f conscience roused a number of godly people in Lincolnshire in 1 627 to consider the question of forming a settlement in the neighbourhood o f Massachusetts Bay . Several attempts had been made to raise a colony in this

f . locality , but with little e fect — At length the Lincolnshire people sOm e Of whom were wealthy— found a man who was willing to T go o ut with a small expedition . his was John N E W COLONIES 1 2 1

E m an o f a ndicott , a Dorchester , and strong Purit n A sympathies . patent w a s obtained from the Council o f Ne w E 1 1 628 ngland , dated March 9 , , granting for the projected colony ‘ that part o f New England lying between the Merrimac river and the Charles river ’ E o n . the Massachusetts Bay ndicott , with his party ,

t 1 62 a N a lef Weymouth in June 8 , and re ched aumke g

a (afterw rds Salem) in September . But sickness soon E carried Off several of the party , and ndicott sent for

F o f Samuel uller , the physician Plymouth , to come

T - over . his event brought the new comers and the

b e Plymouth people into friendly relationship , and ’ came the means o f dispelling from Endicott s mind incorrect ideas about the worship and principles o f the Pilgrims . In due course Endicott sent home a favourable

o f account of his impressions the country , and , before

a long , many persons were inclined to ssist the under

a . A W t king mongst these persons were John inthrop , o f S u fio lk a Groton , ; M tthew Cradock , a rich merchant , an d afterwards a member of the Long Parliament ;

a Isaac Johnson , of Clipsham , Rutl nd , who had married

L A o f E o f ady rabella , a sister the arl Lincoln John ’ o f Humphrey , who had married another the earl s

R T f . Sisters ; Sir ichard Saltonstall , and homas Gof e ’ It was these men who bought from En dicott s party

o f 1 6 28 all their rights under the patent , and who 4 1 6 2 Obtained a royal charter (March , 9) constituting them a legal corporation under the name o f the Governor and Company o f the Ma ssachusetts Bay 1 2 2 NE W CO L ONI ES

’ in New England Matthew Cradock was elected

a governor , and then a second government was p pointed to be resident in the colony , consisting of a

- governor , deputy governor , and twelve councillors . Each shareholder was to have two hundred acres o f

50l. v n o t land for every invested , and e ery emigrant ,

v . a shareholder , was to ha e fifty acres Religious wants were also provided for , and three ministers — were chosen Samuel Skelton , a Cambridge man , who had a church in Lincolnshire ; Francis Higginson , also f a Cambridge man , and formerly vicar o a church

o n t at Leicester , but inhibited account of his Puri an

o f E . sympathies ; and Francis Bright , Rayleigh , ssex Men of various occupations and grades in life joined

- the enterprise , including a surgeon , a barber surgeon ,

S E in a land surveyor , and killed mechanics . xplicit stru c tio n s on , both secular and religious matters , were

The sent out by the company with them . propaga tion of the Gospel was to be the chief aim ; no o n e was to be allowed to injure the Indians ; any rights claimed by the Indians were to be lawfully purchased .

In order that the Sabbath might be properly Observed , ’ all employments were to cease at three O clock on

o f Saturday afternoon , and the rest that day was to be spent in ‘ catechism and preparations for the ’ o f Sabbath , as the ministers shall direct . If any the planters should prove disorderly and vicious , they were to be shipped back to England promptly family prayer was enjoined morning and even ing , and a watchful eye kept on the youth of every family .

1 2 4 N E W COL ONIES but Skelton and Higginson r epliedzthat they were not

n o t Separatists , that they had departed from the

u o f E Ch rch ngland , but only from its corruptions , and had left England in order to get away from the

Prayer Book and sinful ceremonies . It was quite clear that Ne w England was no place for the two brothers ; why they left the Old country at all was T a wonder . hey were therefore sent back home ,

o ut . much against their will , before the year was

S e Chu ch S m hi es —It tat r y pat . should be noted that , although Skelton and Higginson and their party left

E a ngland hostile to Sep ratism , and warm friends Of the

Of Church , yet on reaching Salem they adopted some the

o n leading principles which Separatism was grounded , and became , at first sight , identical with the Pilgrim

f . Church at Ne w Plymouth . But there was a di ference

The Pilgrim s were uncompromising anti - State Church

people the Salem settlers were not . With the former ,

non - membership with their church was no bar to official position in their government ; but with the

to latter , church fellowship was essential political ffi franchise and to any o ce in the government ; and ,

o f moreover , the formation new churches came under Th m government supervision . e agistrate at Salem h also had powers in religious matters . W en Higgin

n f so drew up the confession o faith and covenant , ‘ because they foresaw that this wilderness might be

looked upon as a place Of liberty , and therefore might m in ti e be troubled with erroneous spirits , therefore they did put in o n e article into the confession o f N E W COL ONI ES 1 2 5

f faith , on purpose , about the duty and power o the f magistrate in matters o religion .

J j ll and t he G ea E odus of 163 0 . nhn i nthrop , r t x Seventeen ships— including the Mayflower once more

with about fifteen hundred passengers , sailed from E Th ngland for Massachusetts in 1 6 30 . e Bay Com W pany appointed John inthrop Resident Governor ,

R a and with him went Sir ichard Saltonstall , Is ac T D Johnson , and homas udley , as well as other f o a . governors the comp ny Other emigrants followed , and in a short time Winthrop found himself governor of some two thousand people at Salem . But Salem ’ o f not being pleasing , many the planters dispersed

Do r some went to Boston , others to Charlestown , R chester , oxbury and other places , and before the end o f a year there were eight settlements a long the sea

. W board inthrop himself removed to Boston , which thus became the chief town . Scarcity of food and death caused great trouble during the first twelve

. f months , and two hundred people died Quest ions o

in government and representation arose , and the f dependent spirit o the colonists , which in religious matters had led them to forsake their native land , asserted itself in a demand for certain legislative rights in the public afiair s o f the Bay Company . But John

Winthrop was equal to such emergencies , and yielded

far to the claims of the freemen , so as he saw they were just and right . Winthrop was elected governor eleven times , and his name stands in the front ’ ’ E n a n s M m a . 1 46 . Morton s New gl d e ori l, p 1 2 6 N E W COL ONIES r a nk amongst the pioneers o f English influence in

America .

u V — B 4 Connectic t alley . y the year 1 6 3 about four thousand Englishmen had come over ; and still they came . About t wenty villages had been set up along T o f . the shores the bay rade in furs , timber , and

‘ articles r a idl salted fish , and other p y increased , and large herds of cattle and goats covered the pastures .

It was time for the colonists to extend their borders , and in 1 6 36 a number o f them migrated a hundred Th miles westward t o the Connecticut Valley . e towns o f We th er sfield Hartford , Windsor , and quickly sprang up , and within twelve months they had a population

Of about eight hundred . Municipal inde advanced to representative government , and in the three towns proclaimed themselves a common wealth . T homas Hooker , formerly lecturer and assistant

o f at Chelmsford , was the chief leader this migra

o n o f tion , and it is the basis the constitution which

Of he was the means forming , that the present govern ment of the United States is founded . All free

o f men , irrespective church membership , had the

f fo r right o voting the legislative deputies , and also at the annual election o f the governor and assistants whilst church membership was essential for the post

Of governor only . Before long these settlers were

fl r d su e e . attacked by the Indians , and much loss Some time previously the Indians had more than once been guilty o f violence and murder on English

1 2 8 N E W COL ONI ES

’ - o f . Prebendary St Paul s , and grand nephew of Arch ’ bishop Grindal . He was trained at King s College ,

o n e Cambridge , and though at time hostile to the

Puritans , he became an ardent sympathiser by acci ’ S even Tr ea ti se dentally meeting with Richard Rogers s .

His next step was to hear Rogers preach . Then he fraternised with the Puritans ; and whilst holding a living at Sudbury had to battle with the ecclesiastical courts concerning his opinions , and at length decided to leave England . He went with Winthrop from

Salem to Boston , at which place he was appointed pastor . Another Puritan clergyman who fled from Eng

in J o hn Co t to n land search Of freedom was , for twenty years Vicar of Boston . Brought under Puritan in

fluen ce whilst at Cambridge University , he was soon known as a man ‘ o f great gravity and sanctity of

’ ‘ life , Of rare parts for his learning , eloquent and well spoken . His Opinions and mode o f conducting

f r worship gave rise to complaints , and o a time the L bishop had to silence him . ater , he Openly taught that bishops were only entitled to rule no larger

o n e o f diocese than congregation , and that the keys ecclesiastical government are given by Christ to each separate church . Stricken by sickness , and harried by his foes , he at length resigned his living . Writs against him were issued , and leaving Lincolnshire in

o f disguise , he lay in hiding at the house John Daven ’

o f . t port , Vicar St Stephen s , Coleman Stree , until the opportunity offered to cross the seas . He arrived N E W COLONI ES 1 2 9 a t New E 1 6 33 the ngland Boston in , and became the f colleague o John Wilson .

Tho ma s S he a r d Another Cambridge man , p , whilst at — Emmanuel College the a lma ma ter of John Robinson and many other Puritan ministers—became imbued

- o fE with anti Church ngland teaching , and whilst hold ’ E E ing the lectureship at arl s Colne , ssex , incurred the displeasure o f Archbishop Laud . He records the brow ’ beating inflicted when summoned into the great man s L ‘ presence . aud was so angry that he looked as though

o ut blood would have gushed of his face , and did shake ’ as if he had been haunted with an ague fit . He called

Shepard a prating coxcomb , and finished his harangue by inhibiting him from working in his diocese If you ’ d o o f , he added , and I hear it , I will follow yo u

o u o o f wherever y g , in any part the kingdom , and so ’ everlastingly disenable you . He suffered many priva

fo r New E tions before leaving ngland , whither he was E followed by a number Of his people from ssex . He

o f N then became pastor the church at ewtown , after

wards named Cambridge .

1 6 33 R i cha rd M a ther h o ldin a T In , g living at oxteth ,

near Liverpool , was suspended for declining to perform

o f the ceremonies the Church , and soon migrated to the

o f New Country . He was chosen minister the church

The at Dorchester , near Boston . next two generations o f his family hold prominent places in the story Of A Young merica , for his son , Increase Mather , was a

o f president Harvard College , and the chief instrument f in Obtaining from William III . the removal o Governor 1 39 NE W COLONIES

Andros ; and his grandson , Cotton Mather , was the

o f M a na li a Christi Amer ica na author g , an ecclesiastical

New E history of ngland , and Of more than three hun dred other publications .

J o hn E li o t , known the world over as the ’ e 1 04 Indian apostle , was born in H rtfordshire in 6 . He took orders in the Church of England ; but his Nonconformist opinions led him to cast in his lo t with

. 1 63 1 the Puritan emigrants He landed at Boston in ,

o f became pastor the church at Roxbury , and set him

self to learn the Indian language . His first sermon to the Indians in their native dialect was delivered in

1 646 . Believing it absolutely necessary to carry o n f civility with religion , he set about the civilisation o his converts , and established settlements , where indus

trial occupations and schools were carried o n . Great

interest was excited amongst his colonial brethren , as

a s E o f well in ngland , and considerable sums money ’ s E were rai ed to support and extend liot s work . He finished his translation of the Bible into the Indian h tongue in 1 6 58 . T e printing Of the work was not 1 6 63 completed until , and this was the first Bible A printed o n the merican continent . Whilst Visiting the Indians at regular intervals he continued his w pastoral duties at Roxbury , here he remained till his ’ E death in 1 6 90 . liot s name is also identified with ’ Ne w the Bay Psalm Book , the first book printed in

R r England , having , in conjunction with icha d Mather T W E and homas eld , prepared this nglish metrical

version for the use of the churches .

N E W COLONI ES 1 33

Amongst other men who helped to build up these

colonies were Peter Bulkely , the founder and first

"a minister of Concord ; chary Symmes , minister at D Charlestown , who formerly held a living at unstable f Samuel Whiting , who was cited before the Court o High Commission for neglect o f certain rites and

ceremonies , but quitted his native land and became

pastor Of Lynn , named after the scene Of his labours

No N in rfolk Peter Hobart , born at Hingham , orfolk ,

o f Ne w E and founder Hingham , ngland ; Charles

N . Chauncey, John Fisk , and John orton

Ha a d and Y e Co e es — f rv r al ll g Between 1 6 30 and 1 647 at least ninety university men went to E Massachusetts . ducation and learning , fostered

by their influence , soon became great forces in the f 1 6 3 6 progress o New England . In the General Cour t of Massachusetts voted four hundred pounds towards establishing a college o r grammar school at Cam

. The a bridge following year , John Harvard , gra

duat e o f E N mmanuel College , and a onconformist

to minister , bequeathed the college half his fortune , Of f 1 0 l. O about , 5 0 , and his library nearly three hundred

The m volumes . seminary was named fro that time

o t Harvard College . N to be behind in providing a f centre O light and learning, the people Of Connec

l OII tiout opened a co lege at Saybrook , which , its

r Of . e m o valt o New Haven , became the University Yale ’ Oth er sch o o ls and colleges were opened in the course

f 1 6 4 o f o years , and in 7 it was ordered that schools

two classes should be established in Massachusetts . 1 34 N E W COL ONIES

In every place containing fifty householders there was to be an elementary school ; and in places o f a hundred o r more householders grammar schools were t re Opened . y — Intolerance The weakes t points in these new h colonies , especially at Massac usetts Bay , were their f o . intolerance , and the severity their penal code

The Quakers , and others who did not share the

V o f ecclesiastical and doctrinal iews the churches , and

o f made no secret their Opinions , were cruelly treated , and this intolerance seemed to justify the saying t hat people who have once been persecuted fo r their religious Opinions become persecutors themselves . It is sickening to read the many crimes fo r which either h capital or corporal punishment was inflicted . T return o f a Romish priest after banishment upon the first conviction was a capital offence ; also burglary and theft on the Sabbath upon a third conviction , as ’ well as blasphemy , idolatry , and cursing one s father

The o r mother . Puritan lawgivers thought they were T t warranted by the Old es ament , as well as by the f customs o other countries , in assigning such penalties , and forgot to consider the milder spirit of the New .

In these two matters , at least , the Plymouth colonists stand o u t in favourable contrast with their Puritan friends in the north and west . Quakers , and other people with peculiar religious views , applied to

Plymouth for permission to settle within its bounds ,

. The o f Swan sa and it was readily granted town y , a h lso wit in the Plymouth jurisdiction , was inhabited

CHAPTE R "III

— CONFEDERATI ON AME RI CAN CONGREGATI ONALI SM

ew En land onfede c i N g C ra y . Wh le the three new colonies were in process of formation , Plymouth was 1 32 gradually extending its borders . In 6 Captain

Standish , William Brewster , and others removed five miles to the north , for the sake of the more fertile l land in that loca ity, and named their town Duxbury , ’ ’ after the captain s home in Lancashire . On Captain s l Hi l , at this place , stands the monument to Standish

—a landmark for many miles round . Other towns and churches were founded during the next ten years , including Barnstable , Yarmouth , Sandwich , and 1 6 43 Scituate , and by Plymouth colony consisted o f

eight separate towns . The friendly relations between Plymouth and Massachusetts gradually led to the — creation Of a Federal Union the first o n the American

. 1 643 N continent In Massachusetts , ew Plymouth ,

Ne Connecticut , and w Haven became the United

Ne E Colonies of w ngland . The Articles of Confedera A M ERI CA N CONGREGA TI ON A LI S M 1 37 tion stated that the Objects Of the union were to con stitute fo r ff a league of friendship o ence and defence , mutual advice and succour upon all just occasions , both for preserving and propagating the truth and

Of liberties the Gospel , and for mutual safety and E m i welfare . ach colony was to a ntaIn its own juris diction all public charges to be met by contribution s levied o n the colonies in proportion to the number Of their inhabitants and the affairs o f the confederation to be managed by commissioners from each colony .

Fo r the next thirty- one years the colonies went o n — prospering trade and commerce extending , educa tion and religion moulding the race o f the coming

America . — Then ( 1 6 74 7 6) occurred the disastrous war with ’ the Indian King , Philip , bringing mourning to nearly

New E every household in ngland , and the destruction

The o f numerous towns . next event Of importance was the interference Of England in the affairs o f th e

1 684 o f colonies . In the charter Massachusetts was E annulled , and Sir dmund Andros appointed governor , E whose rule was execrated by all New nglanders . A When William III . came to the throne , ndros was

m . t re oved , and Governor Phipps sent out He brough

a charter which united Massachusetts Bay , Plymouth A Colony , the Vineyard rchipelago , Maine and Acadia f F into the one province o Massachusetts . rom that period the Puritans lose their existence as separate political bodies and whilst their descendants spread

the north , south and west , way was being prepared 1 38 A M ERI CA N CONGREGA TI ON A LI S M — for the next great change the Declaration o f Inde

e n den ce 1 6 p in 7 7 , and the creation of the United

States . — Death o f Veterans The chief men o f the May flower lived long enough to see the promise Of a great nation growing o ut o f their venture o f courage and 1 643 faith . William Brewster died in , just before the

r A ticles of Confederation were signed , at the age of f ld eighty . Bradford speaks o his O friend as a man

: Of S wise and discreet a very cheerful pirit , very

o f sociable and pleasant amongst his friends , an humble and honest mind Of a peaceable disposition ,

’ undervaluing himself and his own abilities , and some times overbalancing others ; in o fien sive and innocent in his life and conversation , which gained him the love f o those without as well as those within . Yet he

l o f would te l them plainly their faults and evils , both publicly and privately , but in such a manner as usually ’ was well taken from him . William Bradford passed 1 6 57 away in , having been elected governor for thirty: o n e years o ut o f the thirty - Six between his arrival a n d his death , and leaving behind his valuable history o f the Plymouth Plantation .

E 1 6 55 . dward Winslow , governor , died at sea in During his last visit to England he was appointed o n e ’ O f the commissioners in Cromwell s disastrous e xp e dition against Hispaniola (San Domingo) , and it was o n his voyage home that the end came . Miles Stan d ff s ish , after being engaged in military a air and the business o f the colony even until within a short time

1 40 A M ERI CA N CONGREGA TI ON A LI S M

o f E were neither Church ngland , Presbyterian , nor

. T Congregational hey were of a mixed , hybrid

' pattern ; in close union with the State , their prin ciples and mode Of worship partook partly Of the t Presbyterian and partly of the Congrega ional order . T hough friendly with the Plymouth people , and gladly listening to their counsel and suggestions , they forbore from adopting the Plymouth model in the early years of their existence . It seemed more than likely for a time that a state church was to prevail in the new colonies , and the free church of Brewster and Bradford to suffer

. n total extinction But this was o t to be . An anti state church feeling gradually developed in the new — colonies the outgrowth o f the democratic spirit which the settlers brought with them from fettered England

The to free America . free air Of the new country fostered and stimulated the growth of that spirit until

Th n it became a ruling force . e churches cut their a

ch ra e o g to the state and then , with a few exceptions ,

Of abandoned the rulership pastors , elders , councils — - in and synods , and became entirely self governing

. T fact , Congregational hey adopted the church method

to which Plymouth had adhered , and even went beyond

it by the abolition of the ruling eldership . T hus the Pilgrim Fathers , besides being among the early pioneers Of the colonisation of the great co n

in ent E o f t by the nglish , were the founders American — Congregationalism , and their real monument the

— o f actual triumph , so far , of their work consists A M ERI CA N CONGREGA TI ONA LI S M 1 4 1 some five thou sand churches with their more than half a million Of members o f the present day . The Pilgrim Fathers sought for the emancipation

f o f o r o f o conscience from the control individuals , any

o f bodies men , and they obtained it , and have trans mitted the rights and privileges which they secured and asserted to the millions now peopling the United L States . ittle dreamed the Scrooby band when they decided to leave Leyden and seek a home in the Far T t West Of the vast results o f their venture . hey fel c alled by God to journey thither , and nothing could

a a turn them back, even though st rvation and de th Th s . e tared them in the face persistency , courage , a n d faith Of the venture are alone suffi cient to crown with a halo Of lasting honour those invincible Chris tians , who will be remembered , in centuries to come , — as the Pilgrim Fathers the Men o f the Mayflower . BIBLIOGRAPHY

WORK S ON TH E HI S TOR Y OF TH E P I L GR I M F A THER S AND THE F OUND I NG OF NE W E N GL AND

ORIGINAL AUTHORITIES

THE a a o n S a a s s m a n O P m e rly liter ture the ep r ti t , the igr tio f the ilgri F a s a n d s ss s i s m s a na ssi b x ther , their ucce or , for the o t p rt , i cce le e cep t M m a nd a fe w a b Th i n the B riti s h u seu other l rge li rarie s . e p rin ci p al authorities up on w hich later w orks are bas ed are as follow s

P m P n a . W . B a H is tory of the ly outh la t tion r dford . [Th e s tory Of th e dis appeara n ce a n d recovery Of th e m an u s cript Of Na h a n l M n n h thi s work 1 3 full Of i n tere s t . t ie orto a d ot ers u s ed t h e i in t h e re ar a t Io n h m n a a i s a n d it w a s d e o s rt e d m an u s cr pt p p of t e rr t ve , p h O th e Old S u h Ch u h B s n s m im b th e i n t e tower f o t rc , o to , o e t e efore h n i O n in 1 5 . A a t i a In 1 s ieg e f B osto 7 7 fter t t eve t d s ppe a red . 8 45 B IS h Op W Ilb e rfo r c e pub li sh ed 11 1 8 H i story of the P rotest a n t Ep i s cop a l Chu ch i n A m e i ca u n d d a c n sid ab l x n o n i i n a l r r , fo e to ’ o er e e te t or g h L n n lib F T docum en t s in t h e B i s op Of o do s ra ry at ulh am . e n ye a I S B h n a in hi H la t h e R e v . J h n S . a s is o M a ssa hu s e s , g c , ter o ’ rry w e prep r tory f tt c n s ul d th e b ish s b k a n d u n d in I t m a n x a c s h ich o te op oo , fo y e’tr t w h h s hi h h e h a d s n in M n I corre spon ded wit ot er w c ee orto s work . Th S n le d th e i n ifi a i n an d in in O the m an u in ci de t to de t c t o , recovery, pr t g f s cript ; b u t h o w It foun d it s w ay from B o ston to F ulh a m i s on ly m a tter of s pecula tion ] ’ N . M n . New E n gla n d s M emori a l. orto P n s o the E n sh P a n a n o P R ela tion of roceedi g f gli l t tio f lymo uth .

G Mo urt . . ’ Hunter s Collection s concern in g the E a rly Hi sto ry of the F oun ders

of New P lym outh . ’ l n an d Anna o N E n a n C s ew En a nd . Prin ce s New g d hro ology , l f g l R b n s n Justifica ti on of S ep a ra ti on . J . o i o .

T . H n s n . Hi s tory of M a ssa chusetts B a y . utchi o

1 0 W n . His tory of New E n gla n d ( 63 J . i throp G n a l Hi stori c o Vi n a New En a n a n d the S umm The e er l f rgi i , gl d , er

n m i . 1 626 . I s les . Joh S th The Groun d of the F irs t P la n tin g Of New En gla n d .

LATER WORK S AND REP RI N TS ’ ’ B k et . A b G s L c s n s . ov ern or Bra dford etter oo , ( r er rep ri t ) ’ 1 2 n m . 2 . New E n gla n d s T7 i a ls . Joh S ith 6 Rep rin t p ubli shed

3 Cam b M a s s . 1 87 , ridge ,

C n M . n a . E m a a d . 1 M a gn a li a Chri sti A eric otto ther 853 .

THEPILGRIMFATHERS OF NEWENGLAND D THEIR PURITAN S E R AN UCC SSOS.

B y J O H N B R OW N , B . A D . D .

‘ ’ u ho r o o hn B un a n H is L e Ti m a k A t J es nd Wo . f y , if , , r

W l n H E Y P ith Il us tratio s b y C AR L S WH M ER .

1 v 3 . 6d . a . 8 o . 0 cloth bo rds

‘ Dr . B n s s i all xa a nin b us s ns row tell the tory w th the e ct le r g, the ro t e e , the nia l c a i ic , J in d i ig gif s a gi n h i m hi s mi n n si i n g e h r ty wh h o e w th h her t’, h ve ve e e t p o t o i i us c o m m um t i a d — AI i n ns . D LY N EWS the rel g o y wh ch he or .

Th e b o k s u d a a a no t n i n ib a o f C n a i na i s o ho l h ve p l ce o ly the l r ry every o greg t o l t, b ut o f everyone who rea lly desn ‘e s to get at the root o f the religi ous controvers ies d — ND E DE which most d ivi e D ef I EP N NT .

P RES ENT DAY P RlM ERS .

EARLY CHURCH HISTORY : a Sk etch o f the Firs t Four C e n LE M A l S a o f t uri e s B V O BAR T T . . a . y J . ERN N , , te chol r Ex ll l h l . . eter Co eg e . s c ot

- B t he Re v . THE PRINTED ENGLISH BIBLE, 1525 18 85 . y A RI HAR D L ET T . l M . l . C OV s. , c oth

HOW TO STUDY THE EN L H BIBLE B Can n GIR D LE G IS . y o l h S T ON E . l s . c ot .

A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO NEW TESTAMENT GREEK.

B Re v . SA MU EL G GR . EEN D . D l s y , . . cloth .

B A H AY E LL D A PRIMER OF ASSYRIOLOGY. y . . S C , . . l l s . c oth .

v W H B n x nr r F L B Re . THE E RMATI N . . c . O IN ENG AND. y

Rs. 0Oc t I

L T B BL B t h e Rev . GEOR E HENSLOW P AN S OF THE I E. y G , M A & . . c . l s . l , c oth .

B v T M A B Re C . H I EH U E HE REW ANTIQUITIES . y . 0 . W O S , . . Illu s a 1 . l h tr ted . 8 c ot .

R MAN CATHOLI I o r D n s o f C o f R m e O C SM; , the octri e the hurch o fl Ex am n d i n L f o S u B Rev . brie y i e the ight cript re . y the

CH A RLES H . H WR I H T D D T ni ll . G . . C u n M . A D b . , , ri ty o eg e , li , f x d & O c l . l h o . s for , c ot .

PRI ER l E t d b R v L f ‘ m A OF MO ERN M e . R . ‘ ISSIONS. di e y ’ HA l 8 ClO g v g t ég 9 S (f

THE RELIGIOUS TRA CT S OCIETY 56 Pa n s Ro w L n n . , ter o ter , o do

THE LIBRA R Y UNIVERS ITY O F C A LIFO R NIA

S a nt a Ba r b a ra

THIS B O O K IS D UE O N TH E LA S T D A TE W S TA M P ED B ELO .

looM l l/86 56 1 16 8 9482