Capital Financeiro E Uso Agrícola Do Território

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Capital Financeiro E Uso Agrícola Do Território UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas Câmpus de Rio Claro RODRIGO CAVALCANTI DO NASCIMENTO CAPITAL FINANCEIRO E USO AGRÍCOLA DO TERRITÓRIO A FINANCEIRIZAÇÃO DA TERRA NOS CERRADOS BRASILEIROS Rio Claro - SP 2019 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas Câmpus de Rio Claro RODRIGO CAVALCANTI DO NASCIMENTO CAPITAL FINANCEIRO E USO AGRÍCOLA DO TERRITÓRIO A FINANCEIRIZAÇÃO DA TERRA NOS CERRADOS BRASILEIROS Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas do Câmpus de Rio Claro, da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Geografia, área de concentração “Organização do Espaço”. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Samuel Frederico Rio Claro - SP 2019 Nascimento, Rodrigo Cavalcanti do N244c Capital financeiro e uso agrícola do território: A financeirização da terra nos cerrados brasileiros / Rodrigo Cavalcanti do Nascimento. -- Rio Claro, 2019 250 f. : il., tabs., fotos, mapas Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, Rio Claro Orientador: Samuel Frederico 1. Geografia. 2. Geografia Humana. 3. Geografia Econômica. 4. Agronegócio. 5. Mercado financeiro. I. Título. Sistema de geração automática de fichas catalográficas da Unesp. Biblioteca do Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, Rio Claro. Dados fornecidos pelo autor(a). Essa ficha não pode ser modificada. ERRATA Nascimento, Rodrigo Cavalcanti do. “Capital financeiro e uso agrícola do território: A financeirização da terra nos cerrados brasileiros” / Rodrigo Cavalcanti do Nascimento. -- Rio Claro, 2019. 250 f.: il., tabs., fotos, mapas Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, Rio Claro. Orientador: Samuel Frederico Folha Linha Onde se lê Leia-se Agradecimentos 24 “Agradeço à FAPESP O presente trabalho foi pelo apoio financeiro, realizado com apoio processo 2015/10471-6, da Fundação de sem o qual isto Amparo à Pesquisa do não seria possível”. Estado de São Paulo – FAPESP - e da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001, através do processo 2015/10471-6, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). RODRIGO CAVALCANTI DO NASCIMENTO CAPITAL FINANCEIRO E USO AGRÍCOLA DO TERRITÓRIO A FINANCEIRIZAÇÃO DA TERRA NOS CERRADOS BRASILEIROS Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas do Câmpus de Rio Claro, da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Geografia. Comissão Examinadora Prof. Dr. Samuel Frederico (Orientador) IGCE/UNESP/Rio Claro – SP Prof(a). Dr(a). Eve Anne Bühler IG/UFRJ/Rio de Janeiro - RJ Prof(a). Dr(a). Angelita Matos Souza IGCE/UNESP/Rio Claro – SP Prof. Dr. Ricardo Abid Castillo IG/UNICAMP/Campinas-SP Prof. Dr. Fábio Teixeira Pitta FFLCH/USP/São Paulo-SP Conceito: Aprovado Rio Claro/SP, 15 de abril de 2019. Dedico: À minha mãe AGRADECIMENTOS Este trabalho acadêmico começou, na verdade, quando deixei a casa de meus pais, em Joinville/SC, para estudar Geografia na UFSC, em Florianópolis/SC. Na despedida, lembro- me de uma frase dita pela minha mãe: “vai e volte Doutor”. Essa frase foi dita em 2005. De lá para cá, foram muitos percalços, como a incerteza de que a Geografia era realmente aquilo que eu gostaria de fazer. A mudança da UFSC para a UFU, em Uberlândia/MG, foi decisiva para a minha carreira acadêmica. Foi na UFU onde eu descobri os diversos tipos de Cerrado. Foi o lugar onde eu graduei e passei a ter um novo olhar sobre a Geografia. Apesar do término, um olhar apenas inicial que me estimulou a buscar novos desafios acadêmicos, como fazer Mestrado na Unicamp, em Campinas/SP, e o Doutorado, na UNESP/Rio Claro, com o professor Samuel Frederico. O que dizer sobre o Samuel? Mentor! Um professor exigente e dedicado que me deu a oportunidade de ter um olhar mais holístico sobre o mundo. Um olhar mais geográfico que fez concluir este ciclo acadêmico. A minha eterna gratidão e admiração! Durante a fase de doutoramento, eu passei nove meses em Frankfurt, na Alemanha, para aprofundar os meus estudos na Universidade de Goethe. Lá, eu pude conhecer pessoas gentis e maravilhosas, o Super! casal Betty e Veit e a italiana, Lidia. O meu agradecimento ao Roman, Anna, Antonela, June e a equipe A-Viva que fizeram dessa minha curta passagem na Alemanha ser a mais prazerosa da minha vida. Agradeço ao professor Peter Lindner pela oportunidade do estágio BEPE e ao Stefan Ouma e a sua adorável família pela hospedagem. Agradeço ao casal, Mario e Tainã, pelas longas caminhadas e conversas. Um agradecimento mais que especial a Eugenia, uma amiga paraguaia e guerreira guarani que eu aprendi a admirar e que sempre terei no meu coração. Agradeço a minha tia Ruth, Rainer, Marina, Mani e sua família pela hospitalidade. Eterna gratidão! Agradeço à FAPESP pelo apoio financeiro, processo 2015/10471-6, sem o qual isto não seria possível. Aos professores e servidores da UNESP/Rio Claro. Ao grupo Geomundi, Jaque, Marcelo, Marcela, Brunão, Bruna e ao Yuri, pela parceria no trabalho de campo. Fazer Pós-Graduação requer muita dedicação, poucas horas de sono e longos períodos de estudo. Agradeço a compreensão, o apoio, o companheirismo e, sobretudo, a paciência da minha amada Michele. Agradeço a todos os amigos, a minha sogra-mãe, Marli, a minha querida irmã, Carolina, ao meu pai, Damião, e a minha mãe, Isabel. Bel, eu voltei Doutor. Muito obrigado! “Tú no puedes comprar al viento Tú no puedes comprar al sol Tú no puedes comprar la lluvia Tú no puedes comprar el calor Tú no puedes comprar las nubes Tú no puedes comprar los colores Tú no puedes comprar mi alegría Tú no puedes comprar mis dolores [...] Mi tierra no se vende.” Calle 13 – “Latinoamérica” RESUMO No início do século XXI, o território brasileiro foi marcado pela emergência das imobiliárias agrícolas financeirizadas. Trata-se de empresas agrícolas vinculadas ao capital financeiro que têm a terra como principal ativo financeiro. O surgimento dessas empresas no país remonta a recente corrida por terras de proporções globais, conhecido como land grabbing. Caracterizado pela forte relação entre o capital financeiro e o mercado de terras, o fenômeno de land grabbing foi intensificado nos Cerrados brasileiros a partir das estratégias adotadas pelas imobiliárias agrícolas financeirizadas da captura da renda fundiária, colocando em oposição à lógica de rentabilidade financeira e as comunidades locais. Diante dessa dialética entre o global e o local, partimos da concepção de que o interesse do capital financeiro no controle de terras e na produção agrícola moderna impõe uma nova lógica de rentabilidade às imobiliárias agrícolas financeirizadas, resultando numa série de conflitualidades nas áreas de Cerrado. Em busca dessa constatação, esta tese analisou as estratégias de uso do território brasileiro pela empresa BrasilAgro. Dedicando-se em responder algumas questões: como que o capital financeiro vem impondo a sua lógica de rentabilidade as imobiliárias agrícolas financeirizadas? Quem são os agentes financeiros que estão por trás da BrasilAgro? Quais são os reais interesses desses agentes de efetuar investimentos em terras/agricultura através da BrasilAgro? Quais são as estratégias da empresa de captura da renda da terra? Como que a atuação da BrasilAgro se relaciona com o land grabbing? Quais são as consequências territoriais dos seus investimentos nas comunidades locais? As informações foram obtidas a partir de trabalhos de campo (entre 2015 e 2018), com visitas: à sede corporativa da empresa na cidade de São Paulo, a algumas de suas propriedades agrícolas, às comunidades locais afetadas pelos investimentos, a instituições públicas (UFBA, unidade de Barreiras/Bahia), representantes da sociedade civil (Comissão Pastoral da Terra - regional Correntina -, Ong. 10envolvimento e membros da comunidade do Capão do Modesto), além do levantamento de dados em jornais e revistas especializadas, livros, artigos científicos e relatórios. A BrasilAgro surgiu, em 2005, da parceria entre agentes, Eduardo Elsztein (um dos representantes do capital financeiro argentino com expertise no mercado imobiliário urbano), e o brasileiro, Elie Horn, com o intermédio do megainvestidor George Soros. A BrasilAgro é uma empresa brasileira pioneira no segmento de exploração de imóveis agrícolas a listar nas Bolsas de Valores de São Paulo e de Nova York. Seus negócios se concentram na comercialização de propriedades agrícolas. Para atender aos anseios dos acionistas por elevada rentabilidade, a empresa procura adquirir grandes extensões de terras brutas, com o intuito de transformá-las em áreas produtivas, combinando preferencialmente a produção de flex crops com inversões de capital (infraestrutura e sistemas técnicos agrícolas). Esse último, além de elevar artificialmente a qualidade e a produtividade da terra, promove a precificação das propriedades no mercado especulativo de terras nas áreas de fronteira agrícola, como o Cerrado. Desde 2006, a empresa adquiriu mais de 250 mil hectares de terras próprias situadas em sete estados brasileiros, como: Bahia, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Piauí. O aumento da especulação e comercialização de terras estimula a abertura de novas áreas, com significativa alteração no uso do território
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