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ACTING with an ACCENT
********************* BRITISH NORTH COUNTRY (also Liverpool and Midlands areas)
by
DAVID ALAN STERN, PhD
Copyright © 1983
DIALECT ACCENT SPECIALISTS, Inc.
P.O. Box 44, Lyndonville, VT 05851
(802) 626-3121
www.LearnAccent.com
No part of this manual or the accompanying audio CD may be reproduced or otherwise transmitted in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or audio dubbing, without permission in writing from Dialect Accent Specialists, Inc. 2
The ACTING WITH AN ACCENT series
New York City Standard British French American Southern Cockney German Texas British North Russian Boston Irish Yiddish "Down East" Scottish Polish "Kennedyesque" Australian Norw./Swed. Chicago Spanish Arabic Mid-West Farm Italian Farsi West Indian/Black African
Programs Are Also Available for REDUCING Foreign Accents and American Regional Dialects
Other Programs Include AMERICAN ACCENTS FOR ENGLISH AMERICAN ACCENT FOR CANADIAN ACTORS THE SPEAKER'S VOICE
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
After receiving a Ph.D. in speech from Temple University, David Alan Stern served on the faculties of both Wichita State and Penn State before founding Dialect Accent Specialists in Hollywood in 1980. For the next twelve years, he worked as an acting and dialect coach exclusively for film, TV, and theatre. He helped to prepare, among many others, Forest Whitaker for Byrd and The Crying Game, Geena Davis for The Accidental Tourist, Shelley Long for Outrageous Fortune, Jeffrey Tambor for Sadat, Julie Harris for Carried Away, Lynn Regrave for Sweet Sue, Jennifer Jason Leigh for Fast Times at Ridgemont High, Liam Neeson for Next of Kin, Stephen Baldwin for One Tough Cop and CSI, and Julia Roberts, Sally Field, Olympia Dukakis, and Daryl Hannah for Steel Magnolias. He is now Professor of Dramatic Arts at his alma mater, the University of Connecticut, and resident dialect coach at the Berkshire Theatre Festival in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.
For further information on recordings, coaching, and campus seminars or residencies contact:
DIALECT ACCENT SPECIALISTS, INC. P.O. Box 44, Lyndonville, VT 05851 (800) 753-1016 www.LearnAccent.com 3
SOME PRELIMINARY CONCERNS
When should I use dialects & accents?
Here are a few guidelines I've put together after years of performing and coaching dialects.
(1) If there are characters in the script that come from a different speech group than the rest of the cast, consider differentiating them with appropriate dialects. (2) If the entire script is set in a country or region where a specific dialect of English is spoken, determine whether the whole cast can use that pattern while still creating complete, believable characters. (3) Avoid using foreign accents for translations of non-English scripts. For example, don't play Chekhov with a Russian accent or Moliere with a French accent. For such "classics," try using an "elevated" style of American diction. (4) Elevated diction is also appropriate when American casts are doing Shakespeare, especially those plays that are not set in England. (5) Finally, DON'T USE ACCENTS UNLESS THEY ARE GOING TO BE PERFORMED WELL!
What techniques lead to good dialects?
In my experience, relatively few actors have the skill to imitate the accents that they hear with a sense of accuracy and believability. Other actors must use a systematic approach in order to create authentic-sounding accents and dialects. Here is a brief discussion of the most important factors.
PRONUNCIATION: Just making the correct pronunciation changes is not enough to create an authentic-sounding dialect. Most teachers, texts, and recorded programs drill students almost exclusively with the appropriate vowel and consonant substitutions for the target pattern. Although I believe that correct pronunciation is one essential component, these vowel and consonant changes will not sound authentic unless you combine them with several other important vocal features.
PITCH CHARACTERISTICS: "Pitch" can refer to any of several vocal traits— from how high or low a voice is to how much intonation or pitch variety is used. But, the most important pitch traits that help characterize many accents and dialects are different kinds of upward and/or downward glides that take place during the sounding of vowels—especially vowels in stressed syllables. This trait, 4
which I call INNER-VOWEL LILT, contributes significantly to the familiar, distinctive sound of many accents and dialects. STRESS PATTERNS: American English has a complex pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. Many dialects and languages have distinctly different patterns. Some have few, if any, unstressed syllables, while others have rather intricate staccato rhythms that must be present before a performance of that dialect can sound authentic.
RESONANCE or MUSCULAR SPEECH IMPULSE: My research, teaching, and performing experiences have taught me that the most important part of a dialect's aural essence comes from the specific way that the tongue, lips, soft palate, and larynx shape and position the resonance tract. Different tract configurations, in turn, give many unique resonances or "timbres" to the overall sound. Each specific "tone focus" is very noticeable throughout a dialect, regardless of whether actual pronunciation changes are occurring on certain words. In fact, once an actor has mastered a dialect's muscularity and tone focus, many of the important new pronunciations can happen more easily and convincingly. Most of the CD's in this series begin with a detailed lesson on resonance. Pronunciation drills then extend out of the new muscularity. As such, the speech sounds are now "organic," and no longer a set of vowels and consonants you try to memorize in isolation.
What is the best way to practice?
Begin by drilling the mechanics of the new dialect—the resonance, lilt, rhythm, and pronunciations. Go on to integrate the changes into phrases, sentences, and passages. Then try improvising and actually generating your own speech while using the new dialect. Don't limit your new accent to the target script. If you do, you are apt to be very mechanical and never create the sense that you are a real person who actually talks this way.
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ACTING with an ACCENT British North Country
There are many different dialect regions in the North of England. When people speak of the "North Country Dialect," they are usually referring to the most commonly heard speech pattern of areas in and around Yorkshire and Lancashire. We will concentrate on this general Northern pattern; then, near the end of the CD, we'll look very briefly at some of the modifications which can be made to move the speech into various other areas in the North.
LESSON ONE: RESONANCE or MUSCULAR SPEECH IMPULSE
We begin most dialect instruction by learning the overall change that takes place in the general voice tone or resonance placement. In the Standard American dialect of English, the tone focuses around the central to rear part of the oral cavity. In the Standard (Southern) British dialect, it focuses between the lips in front of the teeth. In the General North Country dialect, the focus is not quite as far forward as in Standard British, but it does involve the muscularity of the lips considerably more than does the Standard American pattern. NOTE: As we move from place to place in the North Country, many of the dialect changes will be characterized by fairly strong resonance changes. The placement we're discussing now is for the "General" Yorkshire/Lancashire areas. Closely follow the exercises on the CD. They will have you generate the new tone focus by:
1. closing the rear part of your mouth,
2. gliding your lips slightly forward, and
3. experiencing the vibration of the sound in the forward part of your mouth, just behind your front teeth.
LESSON TWO: NORTH COUNTRY INFLECTIONS
Whereas the Standard or Southern British dialect tends to lilt upward on most of its stressed vowels, the North Country pattern turns around and does almost exactly the opposite. There is a significant downward movement in pitch during the stressed vowels, and an even greater degree of this inflection on particularly important words. Follow the 6
CD for demonstrations and instruction in generating this inflection. Also note that there are particular vowel sounds on which the lilt will tend to be even bigger than it is on other sounds. We'll examine this in more detail during the lesson on actual changes in vowel pronunciations for this dialect.
LESSON THREE: CHANGES IN VOWEL PRONUNCIATIONS
As with most of the dialects and accents in this series, you'll be making a big mistake if you try to "memorize" vowel changes as isolated substitutions of one vowel for another. Most of these new pronunciations can be learned as extensions of either the new resonance or the new inflection pattern. The first five changes are tied to the inflection pattern we just learned. They concern the five basic diphthongs (double vowels) of the English language. In most cases, the North Country speaker will stress and elongate the first stage of the diphthong while lilting downward in pitch.
↓↓ 1. "LONG-O" as in GO HOME
IPA: becomes an elongated, single-stage but keeps heavy stress and lilt.
no; go; home; alone; grow; solo - Joan wrote to Joe, hoping for romance. - The rowboat slowly floated in the ocean. - The oboe and cello sat alone, woefully echoing tone for tone.
Now here are a few additional drills for this sound which are not recorded on the CD. * Ages ago, the earth was cold. * The ocean rolled toward the row of homes. * He was bloated after eating the whole roast. * Of the folks I know, he's the most hopeful. * Smoke rolled out the hotel window.
↓↓ 2. "LONG-A" as in GREAT DAY
IPA: becomes elongated, single-stage with Northern lilt. wayward; faithful; rainfall; famous; great - Take haste; delay may instigate a fray. - A great April shower came our way today. - They blamed the dame with the famous face.
Now here are a few additional drills for this sound that are not recorded on the CD.
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* The able often stray in this fateful age. * Statesmen hasten to awaken the nation. * The neighbor made faces at the baby. * There was a painful delay in rainfall. * The aviator flew away in his new plane.
↓↓ 3. "LONG-I" as in RIGHT TIME
IPA: [] elongates its first stage and lilts downward. right; night; file; crisis; twilight - A life of violent crime is a sign of our times. - They sliced the pike for Friday night's supper. - Eliza was the pride of the whole science department.
Now here are a few additional drills for this sound which are not recorded on the CD.
* Try to find a gold mine in the sky. * The sight of dry land was exciting. * The lights shined through the night. * Don't deny which side was fighting. * The actor recited iambic, rhyming lines.
↓↓ 4. "AH-OO" as in OUT OF TOWN
IPA: [a] elongates its first stage and lilts downward. around; town; flounder; denouncement; out - The crowd loudly prowled the streets of town. - Wild flowers abound in out-of-the-way towns. - He counted the hours and vowed to get out of the house.
Now here are a few additional drills for this sound which are not recorded on the CD.
* The loud hound barked at the mouse. * He tried to pound down the flowers. * The crowd prowled around the town. * We don’t allow too much clowning around. * The town council met for about an hour.
↓↓ 5. "AW-EE" as in JOYFUL NOISE
IPA: [] elongates its first stage and lilts downward.
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rejoice; noise; cloister; royalty; oil - He coiled around the moist cloister pillars. - Ointment is the best choice for aching joints. - They anointed his royal head with oil.
Now here are a few additional drills for this sound which are not recorded on the CD.
* The boy joined in the noise. * They put soy sauce on the boiled oysters. * He hoisted the soybeans from the soil. * Raise your voice in a joyful noise. * The oysters caused food poisoning.
NOTE: The next three vowels are the ones most closely associated with and recognized as North Country sounds.
6. "UH" as in MOTHER'S LOVE
IPA: becomes
stubborn; under; cut; mother; love; drunk - A mother's love is above that of another, my brother. - The stuntman stumbles and tumbles in the mud. - The bum blundered into the lumber yard under cover of darkness. - The suds from the supper dishes made a dull puddle on the floor.
Now here are a few additional drills for this sound which are not recorded on the CD. * The puppet was shut up in its trunk. * There was a puddle of suds from the supper dishes. * The hunters used clubs and lived in huts. * The tumbler did some other tricks. * We'll have some fun another day.
7. "SHORT-A" as in GRAND MASTER
IPA: consistently becomes NOTE: In the Standard or Southern British speech pattern, this vowel substitution only takes place when the [] vowel is followed by certain consonants and consonant clusters. In most areas of the North Country, however, the substitution takes place on this vowel regardless of its consonant environment. after; fast; bath; dance; plant; demand can; bat; man; grand; at; bank - At last, the commander's repast is half ready. 9
- My batting hand soaks in a vat of apple cider. - That man is dancing divinely. - Last night the cat transferred the kittens to the back room.
Now here are a few additional drills for this sound that are not recorded on the CD.
* The soprano laughed as she shattered the glass. * The passengers and baggage are in the alcove. * Please hand the annual to the admiral. * Let's have a lamb sandwich. * The staff has a rash of bad habits.
8. "SHORT-O" as in I WANT A LOT
IPA: [] or [] becomes a soft [] rock; opera; obstinate; knock; pocket; often - The rocket shot toward the opposite air lock. - The frog got groggy and hopped away. - Becket was positive about the honor of God. - Move the logs onto the rock grotto.
Now here are a few additional drills for this sound which are not recorded on the CD.
* The obstinate opera singer occupied the stage. * The two cops have got a lot in common. * Oxygen is more common in air pockets. * Don was positive that he wanted lox. * Do not move the rocks or the logs.
9. "BROAD-AW" as in I THOUGHT I SAW
IPA: [] [] or [a] is [] but does not round as tightly as in Standard British (RP).
NOTE: This vowel is usually spelled with the letters "a(l)" "aw" "au" or "ou" applaud; sought; nautical; all; cause; tall - You taught me to vault flawlessly, without falling. - The cat crawled across the lawn with its hurt paw. - The awful sauce made Paul pause and walk away. - The author brought home the shawl which he bought at the shopping mall.
Now here are a few additional drills for this sound which are not recorded on the CD.
* The tall author walked awkwardly. * Lost boys often become flawless. 10
* He kicked the ball down the hall. * The dog fought the moth which he bought at the mall.
LESSON FOUR: CONSONANT PRONUNCIATION
1. The BRITISH R-DROP as in BETTER CAREER
When "R" follows a vowel, the sound that Americans associate with "R" is dropped throughout most of England (with the exception of the West Country). Although the inflections and the resonance placements are different, the "R" is dropped in almost the same manner in the North as it is in the South of England. singer; runner; player; climber - My brother was heavier than my sister and mother. earth; curse; thirsty; earnest - The search for the cursed pyramid left them dirty and thirsty. jeer; weird; steer; gear; clear - Never fear, the wheel to steer is near the gearbox. hair; pair; air; fair; dare - An air of excitement, which was rare, blared down the stairs. poor; sure; allure; endure - You're sure you can endure the long tour? four; shore; door; before; nor - Fourteen bored sportsmen adorned the shore. star; mar; retard; harm; alarm - The Harvard archer got out of the arbor unharmed.
NOTE: When the "R" is between two vowels or the final "R-Drop" is followed by a word beginning with a vowel, then the "R" is pronounced much like it is in America. It does not take the tongue tap that it would in the British Southern or Standard dialect. very; sorry; miracle; carry sore at; pair of; prefer it; year after I was very sorry year after year.
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2. Medial "T" does not change to "D" as it does in most American dialects.
British; matter; later; after - The beautiful British writer scattered the letters. - The Cincinnati batter was better at the bottom of the ninth.
3. Special British Pronunciations:
Follow the CD for demonstrations of the British pronunciations of the following words: again; against; clerk; figure; garage; either; neither; process; missile; hostile; laboratory; schedule; tomato
LESSON FIVE: COACHED DRILL
Here are the marked transcripts of the passages you'll hear in Lesson #5 of the CD. All of the important pronunciation changes are indicated using the same IPA symbols I used earlier in the manual. Follow the CD closely. We'll go through both the UK National Anthem and Lincoln's speech—the first time, word-by-word. Then you can hear them in connected speech.
from the U.K. National Anthem
↓↓↓ GOD SAVE OUR GRACIOUS QUEEN;
↓↓ LONG LIVE OUR NOBLE QUEEN;
↓ GOD SAVE THE QUEEN.
SEND HER VICTORIOUS, HAPPY AND GLORIOUS,
↓↓ LONG TO REIGN OVER US;
↓ GOD SAVE THE QUEEN. 12
from Lincoln's Speech at Gettysburg, PA
↓↓ FOURSCORE-AND-SEVEN YEARS AGO, OUR FATHERS
↓ BROUGHT FORTH ON THIS CONTINENT A NEW NATION—
↓ CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY AND DEDICATED TO THE PROPOSI-
↓↓ TION THAT ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL. NOW WE ARE
↓↓ ENGAGED IN A GREAT CIVIL WAR, TESTING WHETHER THAT ↓↓↓↓ NATION, OR ANY NATION SO CONCEIVED AND SO DEDICATED,
↓ CAN LONG ENDURE. WE ARE MET ON A GREAT BATTLEFIELD
↓ OF THAT WAR. WE HAVE COME TO DEDICATE A PORTION OF
↓↓↓ THAT FIELD AS A FINAL RESTING PLACE FOR THOSE WHO
↓↓↓↓ HERE GAVE THEIR LIVES THAT THAT NATION MIGHT LIVE. IT IS
ALTOGETHER FITTING AND PROPER THAT WE SHOULD DO
↓ THIS, BUT IN A LARGER SENSE, WE CANNOT DEDICATE, WE
↓↓ CANNOT CONSECRATE, WE CANNOT HALLOW THIS GROUND.
↓ THE BRAVE MEN, LIVING AND DEAD, WHO STRUGGLED HERE,
↓↓↓ HAVE CONSECRATED IT FAR ABOVE OUR POOR POWER TO
ADD OR DETRACT.
HAVE AT IT WITH YOUR NORTH COUNTRY DIALECT!