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The Independent Press Refuses to Remain in the Dark

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The Independent Press Refuses to Remain in the Dark THE INDEPENDENT PRESS REFUSES TO REMAIN IN THE DARK March 2006 Investigation : Benoît Hervieu Reporters Without Borders Americas desk 5, rue Geoffroy Marie 75009 Paris Tél : (33) 1 44 83 84 84 Fax : (33) 1 45 23 11 51 E-mail : [email protected] Web : www.rsf.org On March 18, 2003, an unprecedented wave of repression broke over Cuban dissidents. For three days, ninety opponents of the regime were arrested on grounds that they were "agents of the American enemy." Among them were twenty-seven journalists. Nearly all of them were tried under the "88 Law" of February 1999, which protects the "national independence and economy of Cuba," and were given prison sentences ranging from 14 to 27 years. This "black spring" dealt a heavy blow to Cuba's independent press, which had started to emerge on the island in the early 1990s with the creation of small news agencies. Since the latter's founders and directors who had been thrown in jail, many journalists preferred to give up their profession or opt for a life of exile. Did inde- pendent journalism die out in Cuba that day? Three years after the crackdown, Reporters Without Borders wanted to take stock of the situation. Unable to send representatives to Cuba, the organi- zation contacted journalists who were still living on the island, or in exile, members of an agency or freelancers, families of jailed dissidents and media outlets - such as Internet websites, radio sta- tions, and publications - most of whom are based in Miami (the second largest Cuban city in the world, with close to 3 million nationals), Puerto Rico, and Madrid. Although it is difficult at present to estimate the exact number of working journalists in Cuba, and their working conditions are even more precarious in the wake of a new wave of repression that has begun to spread across the coun- try, the unofficial Cuban press has not given up. In fact, it constitutes the top news source on the status of human rights on the island. However, its clandestine situation has forced it to be a press "from the inside for the outside", one nearly inaccessible to those whom it covers on a daily basis. : March 18, 2003 to March 18, 2006 18, 2003 to March : March Three years after "black spring," the independent press refuses to remain in the dark to remain refuses years after "black spring," the independent press Three Cuba 1 A flashback to 1995? Union of Cuban Independent Journalists and Writers (UPECI), created in 1995. From 1996 to "They locked me up with my optimism for com- 1998 notably appeared Pátria, pany," said Ricardo González Alfonso one day, the Oriental Free Press Agency after being arrested on March 18, 2003, and (Agencia de Prensa Libre Rául Rivero sentenced to 20 years in prison. He has been Oriental, APLO), Cuba Verdad, the Grupo de held, along with 20 other colleagues, ever since Trabajo Decoro, Centro Norte, the Independent "black spring." His optimism was especially evi- Democracy and Culture Institute, Libertad, Lux dent in May 2001, when the Reporters Without Info Press, etc., and some 40-odd organizations Borders' correspondent founded Manuel scattered throughout the island, each boasting Márquez Sterling Society for the purpose of trai- a membership of up to 20 journalists. "We esti- ning independent journalists in a country in mated that prior to the crackdown of 2003, which the press is the government's exclusive there were more than 150 working journalists in domain. His optimism surfaced again a year Cuba. "Black spring" must have cut that num- later, when he launched the magazine De Cuba, ber in half," estimated Nancy Pérez-Crespo, which competed against the news - the only manager of the Nueva Prensa Cubana website version allowed - issued by the Department of in Miami, which posts online news read over the Revolutionary Orientation, which operates telephone by some 20 journalists on the island. under the supervision of the Cuban Communist Since "black spring" and especially now that the Party's Central Committee. This dual initiative country is experiencing a new wave of repres- undoubtedly hit a cord in an era characterized sion, the exact number of working journalists in by a rapidly increasing number of small inde- Cuba is anyone's guess. pendent agencies and the emergence of dissi- dent journalism. "The adventure began in 1989, in my house, with my stepbro- Who are Cuba's journalists and how many are ther Hubert Jérez, when the there? "No less than a hundred," affirmed Independent Journalist Elizardo Sánchez, who is including "thirteen Association of Cuba was foun- agencies, eight or nine of which were formed ded, which later became the after the crackdown but whose levels of activity Cuban Independent Press vary because of Internet censor- Agency (APIC), recalled Elizardo ship." A dissident journalist Elizardo Sánchez Sánchez, President of the recalled the participation of "80 Cuban Commission for Human independent colleagues" at a Rights and National Reconciliation (CCDHRN) Conference on Democratic now banned). From that point on, other agen- Transition held on February 23, cies began to appear." Manuel Vázquez Portal 2006 in Havana. Manuel Vázquez The worm was already in the Portal, who founded the Grupo de Trabajo apple shortly after the APIC was Decoro in 1997, and has been in exile in Miami created, in 1992, when two of since May 2005, is taking a much more cautious its founders, Indamiro Restano view: "Black spring of 2003 discouraged a lot of and Néstor Baguer (aka people. I estimate at around 40 the number of "Octavio") turned out to be them who are still actively employed. The others State Security Department Néstor Baguer have given up or chosen exile." Forty journalists agents, Cuba's political police. was also the estimate shared by Rosa Berre, Another similar case occurred in 1998 when the Vice-President of Cubanet, one of the main Cooperative of Independent Journalists was external dissidence hubs created in 1994 in founded by Manuel David Orrio (aka "Miguel"), Miami (see insert). But this figure is restricted to : March 18, 2003 to March 18, 2006 18, 2003 to March : March who was also on the government's payroll. journalists who contribute to this media. The However, the trend was then toward a relative current director of the UPECI, Ernesto Roque, liberalization of the regime, which started to suggests "60 truly active journalists," half of open the immigration floodgates and allowed to whom he thinks are affiliated with the emerge, in the hopes of controlling them from Asociación Pro-Libertad de Prensa (APLP) [a the inside, agencies such as Cuba Press, crea- press freedom association]. The APLP claims to Three years after "black spring," the independent press refuses to remain in the dark to remain refuses years after "black spring," the independent press Three Cuba ted by Rául Rivero, Havana Press or the be the first true Cuban press union organization, 2 MAIN EXTERNAL MEDIA Magazines and websites - Cubanet (www.cubanet.org) : Founded in 1994, the publishing company Cubanet relies on a network of 40 of the island's journalists on the island, 15 of whom are freelancers, and the others scattered among 11 local news agencies. The company claims to receive about 25 briefing notes and equivalent number of opinion columns or feature articles every week, which it selects and publishes on its website in its semimonthly bulletin and its bimonthly magazine. Cubanet strives to be non-partisan and to deliver the broadest possible information on Cuban life today in every field of endeavor (politics, society, economy, daily living, human rights, etc.). Cubanet is known for being the most reliable source of news originating from the island, and is for its objectivity. The website is trilingual: Spanish, English, and French. - Nueva Prensa Cubana (www.nuevaprensa.com) : This more militant website is now posting news pieces written by about 20 regular journalists, including six freelancers. It publishes articles dictated by telephone. Focusing primarily on the status of human rights on the island, it consistently provides news updates about imprisoned journalists or victims of repression. - Carta de Cuba : This magazine was first printed in 1996 and the website (www.cartadecuba.org) has existed since 2002. Some 30 island-based journalists contribute to it. Copy and phoned-in articles are first processed and edited in Miami - in an office with four permanent staff members - before being e- mailed to Puerto Rico, where two permanent staff members, including founder Carlos Franquí, manage the publication. The magazine and website alike mainly offer news about the status of human rights and devote considerable space to opinion pieces or political analysis. - Payolibre (www.payolibre.com) : Some thirty journalists and non-journalists contribute to this web- site created in 2001, but some of them also submit their articles to other websites. Payolibre is enti- rely dedicated to the status of human rights and offers the benefit of posting updated datasheets on jailed dissidents. Payolibre shares some of its contributors with Bitácora Cubana (www.bitacoracu- bana.com), which offers more general news coverage. - Encuentro en la Red (www.cubaencuentro.com) : This magazine published quarterly, founded in Madrid in 1996, is devoted to covering Cuban culture, as indicated by its full name, Encuentro de cul- tura cubana. This general-news website primarily publishes columns written by twelve freelance jour- nalists from Havana. As permanent contributors, they write only editorials or opinion pieces. A symbol of dissidence arrested during "black spring," who sought asylum in Madrid, where he has been since April 2005, Raúl Rivero has become a frequent contributor to Encuentro. Another noteworthy Miami website is NetforCuba (www.netforcuba.org).
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