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The Effects of Fetal Microchimerism on Maternal Health The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences Volume 14 Number 1 Fall 2020 67-72 2020 The Effects of Fetal Microchimerism on Maternal Health Matti Miller Touro College Follow this and additional works at: https://touroscholar.touro.edu/sjlcas Part of the Biology Commons, and the Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Health Commons Recommended Citation Miller, M. (2020). The Effects of Fetal Microchimerism on Maternal Health. The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences, 14(1), 67-72. Retrieved from https://touroscholar.touro.edu/sjlcas/ vol14/iss1/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Lander College of Arts and Sciences at Touro Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences by an authorized editor of Touro Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Effects of Fetal Microchimerism on Maternal Health Matti Miller Matti Miller will graduate with a Bachelor of Science degree in September 2020. Abstract Maternal-fetal cellular trafficking is the bidirectional passage of cells between the fetus and mother during pregnancy. The presence of fetal cells in maternal circulation, brain, and muscles is known as fetal microchimerism . During pregnancy, fetal cells can be obtained from the mother’s blood for prenatal diagnosis of the fetus. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that fetal microchimerism persists decades later in women who have been pregnant . Investigation of the long-term consequences of fetal microchimerism is a frontier of active study, with preliminary results pointing to both beneficial and adverse effects. This review will examine the relevant literary information on fetal microchimerism during pregnancy and provide current knowledge regarding the long-term effects of naturally acquired fetal microchimerism . Introduction Fetal microchimerism has been reported in the periph- Microchimerism is the presence of two genetically dis- eral blood of women in cellular subsets, including lym- tinct cell populations in the same individual. Foreign phoid-lineage and myeloid-lineage cells. An experiment was cells and DNA are found in an individual’s plasma or done to evaluate microchimerism in CD66b sorted gran- tissues that originated from a genetically different indi- ulocytes. Granulocytes were isolated from the peripheral vidual. Naturally acquired microchimerism is commonly blood of healthy women. CD66b+ cells were then isolated observed and results from the maternal-fetal exchange by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and a panel of poly- of cells and DNA during pregnancy. (Gammill & Nelson morphism-specific quantitative assays was employed to 2010) In pregnancy, there is transplacental two-way investigate the presence of fetal and maternal microchime- trafficking of living fetal cells from the fetus into the rism. One-third of the women tested positive for at least maternal circulation, and cells from maternal circulation one form of microchimerism. 40% had maternal microchi- impart in the fetus. (Naik, Shrivastava, Suryawanshi, & merism compared to 15% who had fetal microchimerism. Gupta 2019) This paper provides an overview of the The maternal and fetal origin CD66b+ cells are strong evi- role of fetal cell microchimerism in autoimmune and dence for an active microchimeric hematopoietic stem and cancerous diseases. The mechanisms by which fetal mi- progenitor cell niche. Higher proportions of women might crochimerism is believed to modulate the protection test positive for even larger quantities of microchimerism if against cancer or tumor progression will be discussed, more sensitive assays were available. (Sunku, Gadi, Lacoste, along with future research directions. Guthrie, & Nelson, 2010) Methods Fetal DNA in Maternal Plasma During Pregnancy This document was written by researching peer-reviewed Another study was undertaken to evaluate fetal DNA scholarly articles and medical journals to assess the in maternal plasma and urine. DNA was isolated from newest research and methods in fetal microchimerism. plasma and urine samples of 80 pregnant women, ranging The information and data were gathered from numer- from 7 to 40 weeks of gestation. Their DNA underwent ous sources, including databases such as Google Scholar, amplification for Y specific chromosome DNA via a nest- Touro Library, The National Center for Biotechnology ed polymerase chain reaction. The postpartum analysis of Information, and The National Institute of Health. Key- fetal gender showed that 25 women carried female fe- phrases searched included, “fetal microchimerism,” “the tuses and 55 male fetuses. Among the 55 women bearing effects of fetal microchimerism,” and “fetal microchi- male fetuses, Y chromosome‐specific signals were detect- merism in autoimmune disorders.” All the content was ed in 96% of their plasma and 38% of their urine samples. carefully selected, compared, and analyzed to assure its (Al-Yatama et al., 2001) The detection of fetal sex chro- validity and determine the articles’ standpoint. mosomes with Y-chromosome-PCR has a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 96%, which increases along with Fetal Microchimerism gestational age. This minor lack of sensitivity explains why Microchimerism is the fetus’s cell legacy after pregnancy. Y-chromosome signals were only located in 96% of the Fetal stem cells can leave the fetus and migrate across plasma of pregnant women. (Rijnders et al.) The analysis the placenta to engraft in the maternal bone marrow and of their results with respect to gestational age showed no other tissues. The transfer of fetal progenitor stem cells significant difference in the Y chromosome‐specific DNA begins four or five weeks after fertilization and continues detection. These results showed that fetus‐specific DNA throughout the pregnancy. This form of microchimerism was detected in the maternal plasma by nested PCR. (Al- occurs in both male and female embryos, but the detec- Yatama et al., 2001) tion of male microchimerism in maternal tissue is easier Fetal DNA is present in low concentration in maternal to detect due to the unique presence of Y-chromosome plasma increasing throughout pregnancy with a 0.1% in- in the women. (Miech, 2010) crease each week from 10 to 20 weeks’ gestation, followed 67 Matti Miller by a 1% increase each week from the 21st week until term. following a medical abortion was confirmed in an in vivo (Taglauer et al.) Clinical tests have tried to capitalize on model. Since the embryonic circulatory system is estab- this DNA to identify the baby’s sex, determine whether lished in the first trimester of pregnancy, there is a greater the child and mother have Rh incompatibility, and identify chance for the transfer of a larger number of progenitor chromosomal disorders. (LeslieDec, et al. 2017) T cells during the first-trimester termination of pregnan- Many early investigations of fetomaternal cell traffick- cy. Therefore, women who had an elective abortion in ing sought to develop methods whereby noninvasive their first or second trimester have a greater tendency prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders could be achieved. towards fetal microchimerism. (Miech, 2010) (Gammill & Nelson 2010) Noninvasive testing would Male microchimerism in women without sons and the ameliorate the risk of fetal miscarriage associated with correlation of microchimerism to prior pregnancy history current invasive procedures such as amniocentesis. This was researched. Y-chromosome-specific quantitative PCR non-invasive prenatal test is a blood test, and between was used to test peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 25 and 42.5 milliliters are collected. (Bianchi, Williams, 120 women. Women were categorized into four groups Pelletier, Klinger, & Shuber 1996) The main conditions for based on their pregnancy histories. Group A was nulli- which prenatal diagnosis is considered are monogenic dis- gravid and displayed 10% male microchimerism, Group B eases, when the causation of the disease results from one had induced abortions and displayed 57%, Group C had gene, and therefore, is easier to detect and obtains con- spontaneous abortions and displayed 22%, and Group clusive results. Fetal DNA circulates in a high background D had only daughters and displayed 8%. Male micro- of maternal DNA and is isolated and amplified using poly- chimerism prevalence was the greatest by a significant merase chain reaction technology. However, even after amount in those with induced abortions. Other possible that, maternally inherited fetal alleles are very difficult to sources of male microchimerism, such as those obtained identify from maternal plasma, therefore, scientists have in Groups A and D, include unrecognized spontaneous focused on the detection of paternally inherited fetal al- abortion or a vanished male twin. (Yan et al., 2005) leles that are not present in the maternal genome. The diagnosis of autosomal dominant diseases transmitted by Autoimmune Effects on The Mother the father could be made noninvasively. Also, by detecting It has been theorized that the persistence and abundance the paternally inherited fetal alleles, one can exclude the of fetal microchimerism are dependent on numerous fac- fetal inheritance of autosomal recessive diseases. The dis- tors, including the immunogenetic relationships between covery of free cellular fetal DNA in maternal plasma has mother and fetus, and perhaps between and preexisting offered new approaches for noninvasive
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