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Graft Rejection and Hyperacute Graft-Versus-Host Disease in Stem European Journal of Haematology ISSN 0902-4441 CASE REPORT Graft rejection and hyperacute graft-versus-host disease in stem cell transplantation from non-inherited maternal antigen complementary HLA-mismatched siblings Hirokazu Okumura1, Masaki Yamaguchi2, Takeharu Kotani2, Naomi Sugimori1, Chiharu Sugimori1, Jun Ozaki1, Yukio Kondo1, Hirohito Yamazaki1, Tatsuya Chuhjo3, Akiyoshi Takami1, Mikio Ueda3, Shigeki Ohtake4, Shinji Nakao1 1Department of Cellular Transplantation Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital; 3Department of Internal Medicine, NTT West Japan Kanazawa Hospital; 4Department of Laboratory Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan Abstract Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched stem cell transplantation from non-inherited maternal antigen (NIMA)-complementary donors is known to produce stable engraftment without inducing severe graft-ver- sus-host disease (GVHD). We treated two patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and one patient with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) with HLA-mismatched stem cell transplantation (SCT) from NIMA-com- plementary donors (NIMA-mismatched SCT). The presence of donor and recipient-derived blood cells in the peripheral blood of recipient (donor microchimerism) and donor was documented respectively by ampli- fying NIMA-derived DNA in two of the three patients. Graft rejection occurred in the SAA patient who was conditioned with a fludarabine-based regimen. Grade III and grade IV acute GVHD developed in patients with AML on day 8 and day 11 respectively, and became a direct cause of death in one patient. The find- ings suggest that intensive conditioning and immunosuppression after stem cell transplantation are needed in NIMA-mismatched SCT even if donor and recipient microchimerisms is detectable in the donor and recipient before SCT. Key words graft-versus-host disease; rejection; graft failure; non-inherited maternal antigen; fetomaternal microchimerism Correspondence Hirokazu Okumura, Department of Cellular Transplantation Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan. Tel: +81-76-265-2273; Fax: +81-76-234-4252; e-mail: [email protected]. kanazawa-u.ac.jp Accepted for publication 14 November 2006 doi:10.1111/j.1600-0609.2006.00797.x In allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) from fetomaternal microchimerism suggests that immunologi- human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched donors, cal tolerance of hematopoietic cells takes place both in severe acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and graft mother and child. Van Rood et al. (3) reported that the rejections occur at a higher rate than SCT from HLA- incidence of chronic GVHD was significantly lower in matched donors (1, 2). Recently, allogeneic SCT from mother-to-child SCTs than in father-to-child SCTs. Their non-inherited maternal antigen (NIMA)-complementary findings also suggest that HLA-haploidentical NIMA donors has received attentions as one of the methods that complementary siblings can be alternate donor candi- potentially overcome the barrier of HLA incompatibility. dates when there is no HLA-matched donor. Shimazaki It is well known that a small number of maternal blood et al. (4) reported five patients treated with allogeneic cells exist in the newborn’s blood, and in turn, blood cells SCT from two or three loci-mismatched familiy donors derived from children can be detected in the mother’s who had a small number of recipient-derived cells in their blood long after labor. This phenomenon is referred blood before SCT. Engraftment occurred in all patients, to as fetomaternal microchimerism. The existence of and although acute GVHD developed in all five, their ª 2007 The Authors Journal compilation 78 (157–160) ª 2007 Blackwell Munksgaard 157 Severe GVHD and graft failure in NIMA-mismatched SCT Okumura et al. severity was grade I or II except for one patient who derived cells in both the peripheral blood and bone developed grade III acute GVHD. Ichinohe et al. (5) marrow, thus leading to the diagnosis of secondary reported that in HLA-haploidentical SCTs, NIMA mis- graft failure. She received an infusion of 1.65 · 106/kg of matches in the graft-versus-host (GVH) direction, was peripheral blood CD34+ cells collected from the marrow associated with a lower risk of severe acute GVHD donor without conditioning due to the deteriorating clin- compared with IPA mismatches. ical condition, but no hematological recovery occurred. Based on these backgrounds, we treated two acute my- She underwent a cord blood cell transplantation (CBT) eloid leukemia (AML) patients and one severe aplastic following conditioning with fludarabine 125 mg/m2; mel- anemia (SAA) patient with SCT from NIMA-mis- phalan, 160 mg/m2 and total body irradiation at 4 Gy matched sibling donors. Graft rejection and severe acute on day 89 after the first transplantation. She achieved a GVHD occurred despite the fact that donor and recipi- complete reconstitution of hematopoiesis after CBT and ent-derived microchimerisms were shown in donor and remains well 33 months after CBT. recipient. Case 3 Case report In January 2002, a 32-yr-old man was diagnosed to have AML with a normal karyotype. He achieved a complete Case 1 remission following standard chemotherapy. A year later, A 27-yr-old man was diagnosed as having chronic he relapsed with acute lymphocytic leukemia with the myloid leukemia (CML) in myeloid crisis. He underwent Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+ALL). He was treated an HLA-matched unrelated bone marrow transplanta- with chemotherapy consisting of daunorubicin, vincris- tion in September 1999. However, he relapsed with CML tine, l-asparaginase, and prednisolone, followed by the in blastic crisis in October 2000. He received allogeneic administration of imatinib mesylate, but did not achieve peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation a complete remission. There was no HLA-matched fam- from a NIMA-complementary dizygotic sibling in ily member. The microchimerism by NIMAs possessed November 2002. A fever of 38°C occurred on day 3 after by the patient was documented in the blood of one bro- transplantation and erythema developed in upper and ther. He received allogeneic SCT from this NIMA-com- lower extremities on day 8. A diagnosis of acute GVHD, plementary brother. He became febrile from day 2 and which met the criteria of hyperacute GVHD (6, 7) was erythema appeared diffusely on the generalized skin. He made through skin biopsy findings. The patient’s GVHD was diagnosed to have hyperacute GVHD. His skin responded to the treatment and both erythema and icte- GVHD deteriorated thus leading to a diagnosis of grade rus disappeared on day 26. The complete donor chimer- III acute GVHD. Bohrus methylprednisolone therapy ism was confirmed on day 17 by microsatellite marker could not improve the symptoms of acute GVHD. As a analysis. Imatinib mesylate was administered on day 21 result, the patient died of thrombotic microangiopathy and he was in molecular remission on day 58. However, associated with acute GVHD on day 47. CML recurred as subcutaneous nodules on day 153 and the patient died of CML on day 203. Results and discussion This study is observational. The incidence of grade II to Case 2 IV acute GVHD and graft failure in patients who were A 15-yr-old woman was diagnosed as having SAA in transplanted from HLA-haploidentical NIMA-comple- 2000. She did not respond to all kinds of therapy inclu- mentary siblings has been reported to be 40–50% and 0– ding ATG and anabolic steroids, and required frequent 18% respectively (3, 5). Based on the results of these transfusions. An HLA-matched donor was absent either studies, HLA-haploidentical siblings whose NIMA is in relatives or in the bone marrow banks. Allogeneic complementary to that of a patient are thought to be a bone marrow transplantation from the NIMA-comple- possible donor candidate when HLA-matched donors are mentary sister was performed in September 2003. Micro- unavailable. However, our experience of hyperacute chimerism was revealed in both the patient and donor GVHD and graft rejection in the present report raises a (8). Her neutrophil count rose to 750/lL on day 25, concern about the efficacy of HLA-mismatched SCT but it became 0/lL following high fever associated from NIMA-complementary siblings. with hyperferritinemia (24 490 ng/dL). Virus-associated Tables 1 and 2 summarize the patient characteristics hemophagocytic syndrome was suspected and foscarnet and outcome of SCT for the three patients. Although the was administered without any effect. A chimerism analy- HLA disparity was one locus in the GVH direction sis performed on day 34 revealed the absence of donor- in case 1, acute GVHD appeared on day 8 before ª 2007 The Authors 158 Journal compilation 78 (157–160) ª 2007 Blackwell Munksgaard Journal compilation ª Okumura 2007 The Authors et al. Table 1 Patient Characteristics 78 HLA (A, B, DR) Microchimerism (157–160) GVHD CD34+ cells Case Age Sex Diagnosis Status at SCT Preconditioning regimen prophylaxis (·108/kg) Recipient Donor patient Donor 2 ª 1 27 M CML BC, relapse Flu 150 mg/m + BU 8 mg/kg + CSA 12.5 2/-, 51/38, 4/8 2/33, 51/44, 4/8 ND ND 2007 Blackwell Munksgaard after UR-BMT ATG 40 mg/kg 2 15 F AA Refractory to Flu 150 mg/m2 + CY 120 mg/kg + CSA + sMTX 1.4 11/-, 55/67, 4/- 11/24, 52/67, 4/15 + + immunosuppressive ATG 25 mg/kg + TBI 2Gy therapy 3 32 M Ph + ALL Resistant TBI 12 Gy + CY 120 mg/kg FK506 + sMTX 3.1 2/-, 52/51, 9/8 2/11, 51/60, 8/14 - + CML ¼ chronic myeloid leukemia; AA ¼ aplastic anemia; Ph + ALL ¼ Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia; BC ¼ blastic crisis; UR-BMT ¼ unrelated bone marrow transplantation; Flu ¼ fludarabine; BU ¼ busulfan; ATG ¼ antithymocyte globulin; TBI ¼ total body irradiation; CY ¼ cyclophosphamide; CSA ¼ cyclosporine; FK506 ¼ tacrolimus; sMTX ¼ short term methotrexate; NIMA ¼ non-inherited maternal antigens; ND ¼ not done.
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