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Larger Than Elephants Framework Contract COM 2011 – Lot 1 Request for Services 2013/328436 - Version 1 Larger than elephants Inputs for the design of an EU strategic approach to Wildlife Conservation in Africa Volume 6 Additional sections : Elephants, Rhinos, Trade, Migratory birds, Madagascar December 2014 December 2014 Ce projet est financé par l’Union Européenne Mis en oeuvre par AGRER – Ce projet est financé par l’Union Européenne Consortium B&S Volume 6 STRATEGIC APPROACH TO WILDLIFE CONSERVATION IN AFRICA Northern White Rhinos in the Garamba National Park and World Heritage Site, Democratic Republic of Congo. The last sighting in the Park was in 2007, with the last sighting anywhere reported from the Domaine de Chasse in 2012. The sub- species is now almost certainly extinct in the wild, with only 5 surviving in captivity © Kes and Fraser Smith Inputs for the design of an EU strategic approach to wildlife conservation in Africa Page 1 Final report Volume 6 STRATEGIC APPROACH TO WILDLIFE CONSERVATION IN AFRICA TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 RATIONALE .................................................................................................................................................................... 6 1 SECTION 1. INTER-REGIONAL SECTION ON ELEPHANTS ....................................................................................... 8 1.1 STATUS: DISTRIBUTION AND NUMBERS ..................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 THREATS AND TRENDS ............................................................................................................................................ 13 1.2.1 Illegal killing .......................................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.2.2 Illegal trade ........................................................................................................................................................................... 15 1.2.3 Factors associated with poaching and the ivory trade ......................................................................................................... 16 1.3 CONSERVATION PLANNING AND COORDINATION......................................................................................................... 17 1.4 ACTION BEING TAKEN .............................................................................................................................................. 19 1.4.1 Awareness raising ................................................................................................................................................................ 20 1.4.2 Funds dedicated to Elephant Conservation ......................................................................................................................... 20 1.4.3 Monitoring ............................................................................................................................................................................ 22 1.4.4 Law enforcement.................................................................................................................................................................. 23 1.4.5 Forensic investigation to determine the provenance of seized ivory ................................................................................... 26 1.4.6 Human-elephant conflict ...................................................................................................................................................... 28 1.5 ACTIONS RECOMMENDED FOR EU SUPPORT ............................................................................................................. 28 1.5.1 Urgent and short term measures ......................................................................................................................................... 28 1.5.2 Medium and long term measures ........................................................................................................................................ 32 2 SECTION 2. INTER-REGIONAL SECTION ON RHINOS ............................................................................................. 36 2.1 DISTRIBUTION AND STATUS ...................................................................................................................................... 38 2.2 THREATS AND TRENDS ............................................................................................................................................ 40 2.2.1 Illegal killing .......................................................................................................................................................................... 40 2.2.2 Illegal trade ........................................................................................................................................................................... 41 2.2.3 Other threats ........................................................................................................................................................................ 41 2.3 CONSERVATION PLANNING AND COORDINATION......................................................................................................... 43 2.4 ACTION BEING TAKEN .............................................................................................................................................. 44 2.4.1 Awareness raising ................................................................................................................................................................ 44 2.4.2 Funds dedicated to Rhino Conservation .............................................................................................................................. 45 2.4.3 Monitoring and the biological management of metapopulations.......................................................................................... 45 2.4.4 Law enforcement.................................................................................................................................................................. 45 2.4.5 Forensic investigation to determine the provenance of seized rhino horn .......................................................................... 49 2.4.6 Consumptive utilisation ........................................................................................................................................................ 50 2.4.7 Rhino Impact Bonds ............................................................................................................................................................. 53 2.5 ACTIONS RECOMMENDED FOR EU SUPPORT ............................................................................................................. 54 2.5.1 Urgent and short term measures ......................................................................................................................................... 54 2.5.2 Medium and long term measures ........................................................................................................................................ 55 3 SECTION 3. WILDLIFE TRADE .................................................................................................................................... 57 3.1 FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................................................................ 61 3.2 INTERNATIONAL TRADE REGULATORS AND MONITORS ................................................................................................ 61 3.2.1 ICCWC ................................................................................................................................................................................. 61 3.2.2 CITES ................................................................................................................................................................................... 62 3.2.3 INTERPOL ........................................................................................................................................................................... 63 3.2.4 UNODC ................................................................................................................................................................................ 65 3.2.5 World Bank ........................................................................................................................................................................... 67 3.2.6 WCO .................................................................................................................................................................................... 67 3.2.7 TRAFFIC .............................................................................................................................................................................. 68 3.3 INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE TO RECENT TRENDS ........................................................................................................ 68 3.3.1 Major reports ........................................................................................................................................................................ 69 Inputs for the design of an EU strategic approach to wildlife conservation in Africa Page 2 Final report Volume 6 STRATEGIC APPROACH TO WILDLIFE CONSERVATION IN AFRICA 3.3.2 Policy
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