DOCSLIB.ORG

Remedial Action Plan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Remedial Action Plan Michigan Department of Natural Resources Remedial Action Plan for SAGINAW RIVER AND SAGINAW BAY Area of Concern September 1988 Michigan Department of Natural Resources Surface Water Quality Division Great Lakes and Environmental 'Assessment Section P.O. Box 30028 Lansing, Michigan 48909 PREFACE This Saginaw RiverIBay Remedial Action Plan (RAP) was prepared by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) from a first draft compiled for MDNR by the East Central Michigan Planning and Development Region, the National Wildlife Federation, and graduate students from the University of Michigan. The Remedial Action Section was prepared by MDNR and a regional public organization known as the Saginaw Basin Natural Resources Steering Committee. Public and technical comment was received throughout the RAP development and review process as described in Section VI. The RAP summarizes existing water quality data on the Saginaw Bay drainage basin and outlines initial perceptions of the remedial actions that should be taken to further address the eutrophication and toxic material problems in the Saginaw River and Saginaw Bay. The remedial actions presented here will be further refined in future versions of the RAP, which it is anticipated, will be periodically updated and revised as more data are acquired, remedial measures are implemented, and environmental conditions improve. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS An extensive list of people and agencies contributed a great deal of time and effort to develop this plan. The complete list is too extensive to present here, but the following four organizations deserve special recognition: -- The East Central Michigan Planning and Development Region who compiled the September 1, 1987, first draft of this plan and prepared Sections I1 and VI of that draft; -- The National Wildlife Federation who prepared Sections I11 and IV of the first draft; -- The Saginaw Basin Natural Resources Steering Committee who helped prepare Section VII of this plan; and - - The Saginaw River/Bay RAP Technical Work Group who reviewed working drafts of the RAP for technical merit. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ............................................................ i Acknowledgements ................................................... iii Table of Contents .................................................. v List of Tables ..................................................... xiii List of Figures .................................................... xxi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................. xxxi SECTION I .. INTRODUCTION.......................................... SECTION I1 .. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING A . LOCATION AND SIZE ........................................ B . HYDROLOGY ................................................ 1 . Circulation ......................................... 2 . Water Levels ........................................ 3 . Flow ................................................ 4. Precipitation ....................................... TOPOGRAPHY AND SOILS ..................................... D . LAND USE ................................................. 1 . Agriculture ......................................... 2 . UrbanIIndustrial .................................... 3 . Extractive .......................................... 4 . Waste Disposal ...................................... 5 . Wildlife Habitat and Recreational Lands ............. E . WATER USE ................................................ 1 . Fish and Wildlife Habitat ........................... 2 . Water Supply ........................................ 3 . Commercial Fishing .................................. 4 . Sport Fishing ....................................... 5 . Contact Recreation .................................. 6. Noncontact Recreation ............................... 7 . Commercial Navigation ............................... 8 . Waste Disposal ...................................... SECTION I11 .. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION A . WATER QUALITY STANDARDS .................................. 1 . Surface Water ....................................... a . Michigan ....................................... b . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ........... c . Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1978 .... 2 . Drinking Water ...................................... 3 . Groundwater ......................................... B . IMPAIRED USES ............................................ C . PHYSICAL WATER QUALITY ................................... 1 . Temperature ......................................... 2 . Dissolved Oxygen .................................... a . Saginaw River and Tributaries .................. b . Saginaw Bay Tributaries ........................ c . Saginaw Bay .................................... 3 . Biochemical Oxygen Demand ........................... 4 . Taste and Odor ...................................... a . Definition ..................................... b . Saginaw-Midland Water Intake ................... c . Bay City Water Intake .......................... d . Pinconning Water Intake ........................ 5 . Saginaw Bay Turbidity ............................... 6. Suspended Solids .................................... 7 . Total Solids ........................................ D . CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY ................................... 1 . Data Introduction ................................... 2 . Phosphorus .......................................... a . Saginaw Bay .................................... b . Rivers ......................................... 3 . Nitrogen ............................................ a . Saginaw Bay .................................... b . Rivers ......................................... 4 . Silica .............................................. 5 . Chloride ............................................ 6. Metals .............................................. a . Introduction ................................... b . Saginaw Bay .................................... c . Tributaries .................................... i . Arsenic .............................. ii . Cadmium .............................. iii . Chromium ............................. iv . Copper ............................... v . Iron ................................. vi . Lead ................................. vii . Mercury .............................. viii . Nickel ............................... ix . Selenium ............................. x . Silver ............................... xi . Zinc ................................. 7 . Organic Contaminants ................................ a . Saginaw Bay .................................... b . Tributaries .................................... i . Phenols .............................. ii . Polychlorinated Biphenyls ............ iii . Polybrominated Biphenyls ............. E . SEDIMENT QUALITY ......................................... 1 . Contaminant Levels in River Sediments ............... a . Shiawassee River ............................... i . South Branch ......................... ii . Corunna/Owosso Area .................. b . Cass River ..................................... c . Flint River .................................... d . Tittabawassee River ............................ e . Pine River ..................................... f . Saginaw River .................................. 2 . Saginaw Bay Sediments ............................... a . Deposition Rates ............................... b . PCBs ........................................... c . Metals ......................................... F . BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES ................................... 1 . Phytoplankton and Chlorophyll ....................... a . Phytoplankton .................................. b . Chlorophyll -a .................................. c . Trophic Status ................................. 2 . Zooplankton ......................................... a . Rotifers ....................................... b . Crustacean Zooplankton......................... c . Rotiferan and Crustacean Zooplankton Comparisons .................................. 3 . Macrozoobenthos ..................................... a . Saginaw River .................................. b . Saginaw Bay .................................... i . Navigation Channel ................... ii . Saginaw Bay Proper ................... c . Changes in Trophic Status ...................... d . Vertical Distribution of Benthic Macro- invertebrates................................ G . BIOTA CONTAMINATION AND IMPACTS .......................... 1 . Contaminant Levels in Biota ......................... a . Phytoplankton .................................. b . Macrozoobenthos ................................ i . Pine River ........................... ii . Saginaw River ........................ c . Macrophytes .................................... d . Fish ........................................... i . Consumption Advisories ............... ii . Shiawassee River ..................... iii . Cass River ........................... iv . Tittabawassee River .................. v . Chippewa River ....................... vi . Pine River ........................... vii . Saginaw River ........................ viii . Saginaw Bay .......................... e . Birds .......................................... i . Herring Gulls ........................ ii . Common Terns ......................... iii . Double-crested Cormorants ............ iv . Black-crowned Night Herons ........... v . Ducks ................................ 2 . Contaminant Impacts
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Physical Limnology of Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron
    PHYSICAL LIMNOLOGY OF SAGINAW BAY, LAKE HURON ALFRED M. BEETON U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory Ann Arbor, Michigan STANFORD H. SMITH U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory Ann Arbor, Michigan and FRANK H. HOOPER Institute for Fisheries Research Michigan Department of Conservation Ann Arbor, Michigan GREAT LAKES FISHERY COMMISSION 1451 GREEN ROAD ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN SEPTEMBER, 1967 PHYSICAL LIMNOLOGY OF SAGINAW BAY, LAKE HURON1 Alfred M. Beeton, 2 Stanford H. Smith, and Frank F. Hooper3 ABSTRACT Water temperature and the distribution of various chemicals measured during surveys from June 7 to October 30, 1956, reflect a highly variable and rapidly changing circulation in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron. The circula- tion is influenced strongly by local winds and by the stronger circulation of Lake Huron which frequently causes injections of lake water to the inner extremity of the bay. The circulation patterns determined at six times during 1956 reflect the general characteristics of a marine estuary of the northern hemisphere. The prevailing circulation was counterclockwise; the higher concentrations of solutes from the Saginaw River tended to flow and enter Lake Huron along the south shore; water from Lake Huron entered the northeast section of the bay and had a dominant influence on the water along the north shore of the bay. The concentrations of major ions varied little with depth, but a decrease from the inner bay toward Lake Huron reflected the dilution of Saginaw River water as it moved out of the bay. Concentrations in the outer bay were not much greater than in Lake Huronproper.
    [Show full text]
  • School Facing Difficult Times
    Cass City Reading all the rage Lady Hawks band students at Campbell this week advance into “amazing” Page 14 district semis Page 6 Page 7 Complete coverage of the Cass City community and surrounding areas since 1899 VOLUME 105, NUMBER 50 CASS CITY, MICHIGAN - WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 29, 2012 75 CENTS ~ 14 PAGES Board extends Hartel’s contract School facing difficult times by Tom Montgomery The board agreed to begin a series Editor of finance meetings over the next several weeks to discuss cost-cutting The good news is that Cass City options. The first of those special Public Schools officials expect to be meetings — all open to the public — sitting on a fund balance of more will be held Monday, March 5, at 7 than $744,000 when they approve p.m. in the high school library. their next budget in late June. The bad news? In spite of having MEAP SCORES implemented a myriad of cost-cut- ting measures over the past few Turning to the latest Michigan years, the Cass City Board of Educational Assessment Program Education is facing the prospect of (MEAP) scores, the board reviewed slashing hundreds of thousands of the latest marks posted by Cass City dollars more in spending in order to students. As expected, the numbers approve a balanced spending plan are dramatically lower due to new for 2012-13. “cut scores” implement by the Mike Klosowski, chief financial Michigan Department of Education officer for the Cass City Public in an effort to raise the bar for stu- Schools, outlined his latest financial dent achievement.
    [Show full text]
  • Phase 1 of the Study Examined the Big Picture Or Potential Routes to Connect Each Community
    Tri-County Regional Path Study Phase 2 Bay, Midland and Saginaw Counties January, 2009 With professional assistance from: 230 S. Washington Ave., P.O. Box 1689, Saginaw, Michigan, 48607 (989) 754-4717 www.spicergroup.com Robert R. Eggers, AICP Tanya M. Moore, RLA, ASLA 117122SG200848607 Tri-County Regional Path Core Committee Members Phase 2 Adam Ball, Saginaw County Road Commission Jim Lillo, Bay County Road Commission Keith Baker, City of Midland Joseph Malan, Friends of the Pere Marquette Rail Trail Tom Begin, Consumers Energy Jeff Martin, Dow Chemical Heidi Bolger, The Rehmann Group Terry Moultane, City of Bay City Dave Engelhardt, Bay County Jay Reithel, MDOT Bay Region Michelle Goist, Saginaw County Parks John Schmude, Saginaw County Parks Kim Haller, Midland County Parks Dave Waite, Friends of the Pere Marquette Rail Trail Stephanie Harden, City of Saginaw Cathy Washabaugh, Bay Area Riverwalk/Rail Trail, Bay Dan Hoffman, Saginaw Area GIS Authority Area Community Foundation Mike Kelly, Saginaw Bay WIN/Conservation Fund Brian Wendling, Saginaw County Road Commission Craig Kendziorski, Friends of the Pere Marquette Railtrail Dirk Westbury, Bay County Transportation Planning The Phase 2 Tri-County Regional Path Study was funded by the following entities and events: Dow Chemical Company Foundation Saginaw Community Foundation Midland Area Community Foundation Bay Area Community Foundation Friends of the Saginaw Valley Rail Trail Friends of the Pere Marquette Rail Trail Bay Area Community Foundation Riverwalk/Rail Trail Committee Proceeds
    [Show full text]
  • The Bridge That Made Zilwaukee Famous
    SEE PAGE 5B SEE PAGE 1B SEE PAGE 3A Dental check up Boating season every 6 months... running full Fun day at Really? speed ahead the mud bogs $1.00 Featured Section SUNDAY EDITION INSIDE LIFESTYLES: HEALTHY TEETH, HEALTHY BODY Weekend VOL. 21 NO. XXVIII SUNDAY, JULY 13, 2014 2012 & 2013 NEWSPAPER OF THE YEAR tctimes.com ONLINE COMMENTS The bridge that made Zilwaukee famous Pride is a matter of hon- ‘‘esty, integrity and honor. It has nothing to do with per- sonal sexual choices.” Mark my words, the downtown ‘‘ crosswalks are a lawyer’s dream. Some- one, hopefully not a child, is going to get injured or killed soon.” Was stuck for over 10 minutes at Ellen and ‘‘ LeRoy. Do something. The restaurant is making tons of money and the citizens are paying the price. Where is the logic here?” Landmark bridge gets first major makeover this year By Tim Jagielo TRI-COUNTY TIMES | TIM JAGIELO If you don’t like a cer- [email protected]; 810-433-6795 With its safety called into ques- tain float, close your eyes Zilwaukee — Towering over North Westervelt tion, the Zilwaukee Bridge was ‘‘when it goes by. It was a finished in 1987, after a three- wonderful parade.” Road is the bridge that made Zilwaukee famous. From underneath it looks like a typical Michigan overpass, year delay. Since then, millions I am so excited by the albeit enormous, transporting thousands of vehicles of travelers have trusted the bridge as they crossed over construction of the Cor- daily over the Saginaw River. ‘‘nerstone building.
    [Show full text]
  • The Meaning of Place Names in Michigan's Thumb
    The Meaning of Place Names in Michigan’s Thumb By Mark R. Putnam Page 1 of 42 Introduction Page 2 of 42 Contents Introduction ................................................................................. 2 Tuscola County Townships ........................................................... 6 Akron ........................................................................................ 6 Almer ........................................................................................ 6 Arbella ...................................................................................... 7 Dayton ...................................................................................... 7 Columbia .................................................................................. 8 Denmark ................................................................................... 8 Elkland ...................................................................................... 8 Ellington ................................................................................... 9 Elmwood .................................................................................. 9 Fremont.................................................................................. 10 Gilford .................................................................................... 10 Indianfields ............................................................................. 11 Juniata .................................................................................... 11 Kingston ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • DEQ RRD BULLETIN Tittabawassee/Saginaw River
    MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY John Engler, Governor • Russell J. Harding, Director INTERNET: www.michigan.gov/deq DEQ ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE DIVISION INFORMATION BULLETIN TITTABAWASSEE/SAGINAW RIVER FLOOD PLAIN Environmental Assessment Initiative Midland, Saginaw counties February 2002 INTRODUCTION PHASE I ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Flood Plain Soil This is the first in a series of bulletins to inform area communities about progress, future plans, meeting Historical flow data indicates that during the spring dates, and other activities regarding the and fall months it is common for the flow of water Tittabawassee/Saginaw River Flood Plain Dioxin within the Tittabawassee River to increase to a Environmental Assessment Initiative. What follows level that causes the river to expand onto its flood is an overview of the Department of Environmental plain. During these high flow periods it is possible Quality (DEQ) efforts to identify flood plain areas that sediments, and dioxins that have come to be where dioxin and dioxin-related compounds located in the sediments, are transported from the (hereinafter referred to collectively as “dioxin”) river bottom, or other unidentified source areas, could pose public health or environmental concern. and deposited onto the flood plain. Please refer to the accompanying document entitled “Dioxins Fact Sheet” for a more detailed From December 2000 through July 2001, DEQ account of public health and environmental issues Environmental Response Division (ERD) staff associated with dioxin compounds. A map collected soil samples from the Tittabawassee identifying the environmental assessment area is River flood plain at three locations: 1) at property also included. near the headwaters of the Saginaw River, 2) at property located near the end of Arthur Street in As always, DEQ staff is available to help clarify Saginaw Township, and 3) along the northern issues or address concerns you may have on any perimeter of the Shiawassee National Wildlife aspect of the environmental assessment initiative.
    [Show full text]
  • Saginaw River/Bay Fish & Wildlife Habitat BUI Removal Documentation
    UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REGION 5 77 WEST JACKSON BOULEVARD CHICAGO, IL 60604-3590 6 MAY 2014 REPLY TO THE ATTENTION OF Mr. Roger Eberhardt Acting Deputy Director, Office of the Great Lakes Michigan Department of Environmental Quality 525 West Allegan P.O. Box 30473 Lansing, Michigan 48909-7773 Dear Roger: Thank you for your February 6, 2014, request to remove the "Loss of Fish and Wildlife Habitat" Beneficial Use Impairment (BUI) from the Saginaw River/Bay Area of Concern (AOC) in Michigan, As you know, we share your desire to restore all of the Great Lakes AOCs and to formally delist them. Based upon a review of your submittal and the supporting data, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency hereby approves your BUI removal request for the Saginaw River/Bay AOC, EPA will notify the International Joint Commission of this significant positive environmental change at this AOC. We congratulate you and your staff, as well as the many federal, state, and local partners who have worked so hard and been instrumental in achieving this important environmental improvement. Removal of this BUI will benefit not only the people who live and work in the Saginaw River/Bay AOC, but all the residents of Michigan and the Great Lakes basin as well. We look forward to the continuation of this important and productive relationship with your agency and the local coordinating committee as we work together to fully restore all of Michigan's AOCs. If you have any further questions, please contact me at (312) 353-4891, or your staff may contact John Perrecone, at (312) 353-1149.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
    U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Alpena FWCO - Detroit River Substation Fisheries Evaluation of the Frankenmuth Rock Ramp in Frankenmuth, MI Final Report - October 2019 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Alpena FWCO – Detroit River Substation 9311 Groh Road Grosse Ile, MI 48138 Paige Wigren, Justin Chiotti, Joe Leonardi, and James Boase Suggested Citation: Wigren, P.L., J.A. Chiotti, J.M. Leonardi, and J.C. Boase. 2019. Alpena FWCO – Detroit River Substation Fisheries Evaluation of the Frankenmuth Rock Ramp in Frankenmuth, MI. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alpena Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office – Waterford Substation, Waterford, MI, 22 pp. On the cover: Staff from the Alpena Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office – Detroit River Substation holding the only northern pike that was recaptured upstream of the rock ramp; a tagged walleye; a small flathead catfish; a net full of tagged fish ready to be released downstream; four tagged white suckers recaptured upstream and boat crew conducting an electrofishing transect. 3 Summary Since the construction of the rock ramp, 17 fish species not previously detected upstream have been captured. These species include eight freshwater drum, eleven walleye, two gizzard shad, eight flathead catfish and two round goby. Over the past three years 2,604 fish have been tagged downstream of the rock ramp. Twenty-nine of these fish were recaptured upstream during boat electrofishing assessments or by anglers. Based on the mean monthly discharge of the Cass River during April and May, the data suggests that white and redhorse suckers can move past the rock ramp during normal discharge years.
    [Show full text]
  • Trail Guide Huron & Tuscola Counties Michigan, Usa Emergency Contacts
    TRAIL GUIDE HURON & TUSCOLA COUNTIES MICHIGAN, USA EMERGENCY CONTACTS U.S. COAST GUARD: VHF Radio—CHANNEL 16 or Phone (989) 479-3286 or (989) 479-3285 COUNTY EMERGENCY : 911 WEATHER INFORMATION: VHF RADIO –WX Scan through stations to hear weather report. Reports heard are for the area you are in. VHF CHANNEL 16 IS MONITORED BY THE COAST GUARD 24/7. If you have an emergency on the water, the Coast Guard should be contacted before calling 911. The Lake Huron coast throughout the Thumb offers a variety of conditions for paddlers. The eastern shoreline has rocky areas and as you traverse north you will notice the changes. Paddlers should be prepared for these varied conditions. Once you round the point at Port Austin the shores become more sandy. There are some of the best beach areas of Michigan along this side of the trail as you move into Saginaw Bay. WELCOME TO THE TIP OF THE THUMB HERITAGE WATER TRAIL Signage has been placed along the trail marking identified access and egress points, which correspond to the GPS coordinates on your map and in your tour guide. The Tip of the Thumb Heritage Water Trail Organization wants you to experience the beauty, variety, and chal- lenges of paddling and exploring the 103 mile trail along the Huron and Tuscola Counties shoreline of Michigan’s Lake Huron. Visit the towns and villages along the trail. You will find an extensive variety of events, shops, and dining experiences to keep you coming back to this piece of the North close to home.
    [Show full text]
  • Us Epa Fact Sheet
    953249 EPA Proposes Cleanup Plan for Middleground Island Tittabawassee River, Saginaw River & Bay Site Midland, Saginaw and Bay City, Michigan February 2020 Share your opinion EPA invites your comments on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), working with the Michigan proposed cleanup plan for soil on Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy, has proposed a plan Middleground Island. to clean up dioxin-contaminated soil on Middleground Island in the Saginaw River. The public comment period is Feb. 12 through March 30, 2020. There EPA’s proposed plan calls for removing contaminated soil in people’s are several ways to comment: yards. At residential properties where soil tests show levels greater than 250 parts of dioxin in a trillion parts of soil – a measure known as “parts per • Fill out and mail the trillion,” or “ppt” – workers will dig up and remove contaminated soil, enclosed comment form. replace it with clean soil and restore grasses and plants. EPA’s proposed • Orally or in writing at the cleanup will ensure that people living on Middleground Island are safe public meeting. when they contact soil in their yard. Not every property will need a cleanup. • Email your comments to [email protected]. Your comments are needed EPA will select a final cleanup plan after reviewing comments received EPA may modify the proposed during the public comment period. This fact sheet gives you background cleanup plan or select another option information, describes cleanup options, and explains EPA’s based on new information or public recommendations. You can find more details in a document called the comments, so your opinion is Middleground Island Engineering Evaluation/Cost Analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Lake St. Clair Fisheries Research Station, 1966 - 2003
    DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES History of the Lake St. Clair Fisheries Research Station, 1966 - 2003 Mike Thomas, Research Biologist (retired) and Todd Wills, Area Station Manager Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] The Lake St. Clair Great Lakes Station was constructed on a confined dredge disposal site at the mouth of the Clinton River and opened for business in 1974. In this photo, the Great Lakes Station (red roof) is visible in the background behind the lighter colored Macomb County Sheriff Marine Division Office. Lake St. Clair Fisheries Research Station Website: http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-153-10364_52259_10951_11304---,00.html FISHERIES DIVISION LSCFRS History - 1 History of the Lake St. Clair Fisheries Research Station, 1966-2003 Preface: the other “old” guys at the station. It is my From 1992 to 2016, it was my privilege to hope that this “report” will be updated serve as a fisheries research biologist at the periodically by Station crew members who Lake St. Clair Fisheries Research Station have an interest in making sure that the (LSCFRS). During my time at the station, I past isn’t forgotten. – Mike Thomas learned that there was a rich history of fisheries research and assessment work The Beginning - 1966-1971: that was largely undocumented by the By 1960, Great Lakes fish populations and standard reports or scientific journal the fisheries they supported had been publications. This history, often referred to decimated by degraded habitat, invasive as “institutional memory”, existed mainly in species, and commercial overfishing. The the memories of station employees, in invasive alewife was overabundant and vessel logs, in old 35mm slides and prints, massive die-offs ruined Michigan beaches.
    [Show full text]
  • The Logging of the Cass River Michigan's Thumb
    The Logging of the Cass River Michigan’s Thumb By Mark R. Putnam Choppers falling a tree of cork pine . The work was done near Fostoria where the forests were majestic and divine. Page 1 of 114 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER ONE: THE SAGINAW TREATY—1819 ............................................................................... 5 CHAPTER TWO: ROAD BUILDING & SURVEYING—1820-1835 ....................................................... 9 CHAPTER THREE: WILLIAM’S MILL—1836-1846 ........................................................................... 23 CHAPTER FOUR: THE EARLY DAYS OF SPECULATION—1835-1837 ............................................. 30 CHAPTER FIVE: THE FINANCIAL BUST—1837 ................................................................................ 39 CHAPTER SIX: THE PERRY’S MILL & THE FLOATWOOD DAM—1835-1840 ................................. 43 CHAPTER SEVEN: THE RICHARDSON, HUBINGER, EMERSON, & NORTH MILLS—1840-1849 .... 60 CHAPTER EIGHT: WASHINGTON & MICHIGAN PROMOTE TIMBERLAND SALES—1850's .......... 77 CHAPTER NINE: NAVIGATION COMPANIES—1850's-60's ............................................................ 83 CHAPTER TEN: THE DRIVE TO THE PINERY—1850's ..................................................................... 86 CHAPTER ELEVEN: WATEROUS & HEART MILLS—1853 ............................................................... 87 CHAPTER TWELVE: THE SPECUALTOR &
    [Show full text]