FAMILY Dasyatidae Jordan & Gilbert, 1879 - stingrays SUBFAMILY Dasyatinae Jordan & Gilbert, 1879 - stingrays [=Trygonini, Dasybatidae, Dasybatidae G, Brachiopteridae] Notes: Name and spelling in prevailing recent practice Trygonini Bonaparte, 1835:[2] [ref. 32242] (subfamily) Trygon [genus inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1; Richardson 1846:320 [ref. 3742] used Trygonisidae] Dasybatidae Jordan & Gilbert, 1879:386 [ref. 2465] (family) Dasyatis [as “Dasybatis Rafinesque”, name must be corrected Article 32.5.3; corrected to Dasyatidae by Jordan 1888:22 [ref. 2390]; emended to Dasyatididae by Steyskal 1980:170 [ref. 14191], confirmed by Nakaya in Masuda, Amaoka, Araga, Uyeno & Yoshino 1984:15 [ref. 6441] and by Kottelat 2013b:25 [ref. 32989]; Kamohara 1967:8, Lindberg 1971:56 [ref. 27211], Nelson 1976:44 [ref. 32838], Shiino 1976:16, Nelson 1984:63 [ref. 13596], Whitehead et al. (1984):197 [ref. 13675], Robins et al. 1991a:1, 4 [ref. 14237], Springer & Raasch 1995:103 [ref. 25656], Eschmeyer 1998:2451 [ref. 23416], Compagno 1999:39 [ref. 25589], Chu & Meng 2001:412, Allen, Midgley & Allen 2002:330 [ref. 25930], Paugy, Lévêque & Teugels 2003a:80 [ref. 29209], Nelson et al. 2004:56 [ref. 27807], Nelson 2006:79 [ref. 32486], Stiassny, Teugels & Hopkins 2007a:154 [ref. 30009], Kimura, Satapoomin & Matsuura 2009:12 [ref. 30425] and Last & Stevens 2009:429 used Dasyatidae as valid; family name sometimes seen as Dasyatiidae; senior objective synonym of Dasybatidae Gill, 1893] Dasybatidae Gill, 1893b:130 [ref. 26255] (family) Dasybatus Garman [genus inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1; junior objective synonym of Dasybatidae Jordan & Gilbert, 1879, invalid, Article 61.3.2] Brachiopteridae Jordan, 1923a:105 [ref. 2421] (family) Brachioptera

GENUS Bathytoshia Whitley, 1933 - stingrays [=Bathytoshia Whitley [G. P.], 1933:61] Notes: [ref. 4677]. Fem. Dasyatis thetidis Ogilby, 1899. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Second species doubtfully included. •Synonym of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Kottelat 2013:25 [ref. 32989]). •Valid as Bathytoshia Whitley, 1933 -- (Last et al. 2016:354 [ref. 34581] in Dasyatinae, Last et al. 2016:529 [ref. 35010]). Current status: Valid as Bathytoshia Whitley 1933. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae.

Species Bathytoshia brevicaudata (Hutton, 1875) - shorttail stingray, smooth stingray [=Trygon brevicaudata Hutton [F. W.], 1875:317, Dasyatis matsubarai Miyosi [Y.], 1939:96, Fig. 3, Trygon schreineri Gilchrist [J. D. F.], 1913:33, Fig.] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 16 (no. 95) (art. 41); ref. 18317] Dunedin Harbor, New Zealand. Current status: Valid as Bathytoshia brevicaudata (Hutton, 1875). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: southern Africa to New Zealand, off Japan and Peter the Great Bay (Russia). Habitat: brackish, marine. (matsubarai) [Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan v. 9 (no. 5); ref. 17204] Off Hyuga Nada, east coast of Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan, depth 40-60 meters. Current status: Synonym of Bathytoshia brevicaudata (Hutton, 1875). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: marine. (schreineri) [Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa v. 3 (pt 1); ref. 17875] Off the rocks at St. James in False Bay, South Africa. Current status: Synonym of Bathytoshia brevicaudata (Hutton, 1875). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Bathytoshia centroura (Mitchill, 1815) - roughtail stingray [=Raja centroura Mitchill [S. L.], 1815:479, Pastinaca acanthura Gronow [L. T.], in Gray, 1854:12, Trygon aldrovandi Risso [A.], 1827:160, Pastinaca aspera Cuvier [G.], 1816:136, Trygon brucco Bonaparte [C. L.], 1834:fasc. 6, punt. 34, Pl. 157, Raia gesneri Cuvier [G.], 1829:400, Dasybatus marinus Garman [S.], 1913:382, Pls. 33 (1-2), 44 (7), 53 (5), Trygon spinosissima Duméril [A. H. A.], 1865:598, Trygon thalassia Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.] (ex Columna), 1841:161, 197] Notes: [Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New-York v. 1 (art. 5) (for 1814); ref. 13292] Long Island coast, New York, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Bathytoshia centroura (Mitchill, 1815). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: brackish, marine. (acanthura) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Mediterranean Sea and American seas. Current status: Synonym of Bathytoshia centroura (Mitchill, 1815). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (aldrovandi) [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Bathytoshia centroura (Mitchill, 1815). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (aspera) [Le Règne Animal v. 2; ref. 993] Type catalog: Séret & McEachran 1986:32 [ref. 9312]. Current status: Synonym of Bathytoshia centroura (Mitchill, 1815). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. (brucco) [Iconografia della fauna italica; ref. 517] Italy, western Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Bathytoshia centroura (Mitchill, 1815). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (gesneri) [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] No locality. Current status: Synonym of Bathytoshia centroura (Mitchill, 1815). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (marinus) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 36; ref. 1545] Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Bathytoshia centroura (Mitchill, 1815). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (spinosissima) [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 1; ref. 1150] Unknown locality. Current status: Synonym of Bathytoshia centroura (Mitchill, 1815). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (thalassia) [Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen; ref. 3069] Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). Current status: Synonym of Bathytoshia centroura (Mitchill, 1815). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Bathytoshia lata (Garman, 1880) - brown stingray [=Trygon lata Garman [S.], 1880:170, Dasybatis agulhensis Barnard [K. H.], 1925:78, Dasyatis lubricus Smith [J. L. B.], 1957:429, Pl. 15, Dasyatis sciera Jenkins [O. P.], 1903:421, Pl. 1, Dasyatis thetidis Ogilby [J. D.], in Waite, 1899:46, Dasybatis ushiei Jordan [D. S.] & Hubbs [C. L.], 1925:114] Notes: [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 6 (no. 11); ref. 17881] Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Valid as Bathytoshia lata (Garman, 1880). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific including Hawaii Islands, eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Habitat: marine. (agulhensis) [Annals of the South African Museum v. 21 (pt 1); ref. 192] Agulhas Bank, South Africa, southeastern Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Bathytoshia lata (Garman, 1880). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (lubricus) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12) v. 10 (no. 114); ref. 12174] Algoa Bay, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, depth 40 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Bathytoshia lata (Garman, 1880). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (sciera) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2341] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Synonym of Bathytoshia lata (Garman, 1880). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: marine. (thetidis) [Memoirs of the Australian Museum, Sydney v. 4 (pt 1); ref. 4557] Newcastle Bight and off Wattamolla, New South Wales, Australia, depth 16-40 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Bathytoshia lata (Garman, 1880). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (ushiei) [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 10 (no. 2); ref. 2486] Mikawa Bay, branch of Gulf of Ise, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Bathytoshia lata (Garman, 1880). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific and Eastern Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

Species Bathytoshia multispinosa (Tokarev, in Linbergh & Legheza, 1959) - Japanese bathytoshia ray (author) [=Urolophoides multispinosus Tokarev [A. K.], in Lindbergh & Legheza, 1959:142 [135], Figs. 89-90] Notes: [Opredeliteli Faune SSSR No. 68; ref. 12034] 140 miles south of Cape Gamov, Sea of Japan, depth over 3000 meters. Current status: Valid as Bathytoshia multispinosa (Tokarev, 1959). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Sea of Japan. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810 - stingrays [=Dasyatis Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:16, Amphotistius (subgenus of Dasybatus) Garman [S.], 1913:375, 392, Brachioptera Gratzianov [V. J.], 1906:400, Dasybatus Klein [J. T.], 1775:991, Dasybatus Walbaum [J. J.] (ex Klein), 1792:581, Dasybatus Garman [S.] (ex Klein), 1885:221, Pastinacae (subgenus of Raja) Nardo [G. D.], 1827:25, Trygon Cuvier [G.] (ex Adanson), 1816:136, Trygonobatis (subgenus of Raja) Blainville [H. de], 1825:35, Trygonobatus (subgenus of Raia) Blainville [H. de], 1816:112 [= 120], Uroxis Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:48, 61] Notes: [ref. 3594]. Fem. Dasyatis ujo Rafinesque, 1810. Type by monotypy. Also in Rafinesque 1810:49 [ref. 3595], and if that technically was published before Rafinesque 1810:16 as above, then the type species of Dasyatis is here (W.N.E.) selected as Raja pastinaca Linnaeus (also includes Dasyatis attavilla Rafinesque); also this means Uroxis and Dasyatis both date to ref. 3595; I (W.N.E.) select Dasyatis over Uroxis. Dasibatis Agassiz, 1846:117 [ref. 64] is an unjustified emendation. The family spelling is incorrect as Dasyatididae on Steyskal as used by Kottelat 2013. •Valid as Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:70 [ref. 7167], Capapé 1977:75 [ref. 20631], Nakaya in Masuda et al. 1984:15 [ref. 6441], Compagno & Roberts 1984:4 [ref. 6167], Compagno & Roberts 1984:286 [ref. 8237], Compagno & Heemstra 1984:11 [ref. 8238], Compagno 1986:136 [ref. 5648], Cappetta 1987:163 [ref. 6348], Nishida & Nakaya 1988 [ref. 12554], Paxton et al. 1989:42 [ref. 12442], Nishida 1990:98 [ref. 19783], Nishida & Nakaya 1990:327 [ref. 20166], Séret in Lévêque et al. 1990:64 [ref. 21589], Kuang in Pan et al. 1991:22 [ref. 23876], Gomon et al. 1994:181 [ref. 22532], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:72 [ref. 24550], Last & Compagno 1999:1482 [ref. 24639], Compagno 1999:495 [ref. 25589], Rosenberger 2001:615 [ref. 25447], McEachran & Carvalho 2003:563 [ref. 26985], Compagno et al. 2005:70 [ref. 29145], Paxton et al. 2006:191 [ref. 28995], Carvalho et al. 2007:155 [ref. 30012], Scharpf 2007:2 [ref. 30398], Last & White 2008:275 [ref. 29693], Gomon 2008:138 [ref. 30616], Ogihara et al. 2009:63 [ref. 31112], Last & White 2013:1 [ref. 32949], Kottelat 2013:25 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. (Amphotistius) [ref. 1545]. Masc. Trygon sabina Lesueur, 1824. Type by original designation. •Valid as Amphotistius Garman, 1913 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:41 [ref. 12442], Rainboth 1996:52 [ref. 22772]). •Synonym of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:73 [ref. 24550], Last & White 2008:315 [ref. 29697], Kottelat 2013:25 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. (Brachioptera) [ref. 1869]. Fem. Brachioptera rhinoceros Gratzianov, 1906. Type by monotypy. Based on an embryo of Dasyatis pastinaca Linnaeus. •Synonym of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Kottelat 2013:25 [ref. 32989] with question). Current status: Synonym of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. (Dasybatus) [ref. 2618]. Masc. Not available, published in a work that does not conform to the principle of binominal nomenclature. Not Dasybatus Blainville, 1816. •In the synonymy of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Kottelat 2013:25 [ef. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. (Dasybatus) [ref. 4572]. Masc. Not available, published in a part of work rejected for nomenclatural purposes in Opinion 21 (1938).Based on Klein 1742:34 [ref. 30141], with reference to Willughby 1686:Tab. D5, fig. 3 [ref. 30164]. •In the synonymy of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810. Current status: Synonym of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. (Dasybatus) [ref. 1532]. Masc. Raja pastinaca Linnaeus, 1758. Type by monotypy. Based on Dasybatus Klein, 1775. Walbaum 1792 did not make available; names reproduced by Walbaum from Klein have been rejected by the ICZN. •Synonym of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810. Current status: Synonym of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. (Pastinacae) [ref. 3146]. Raja pastinaca Linnaeus, 1758. Not available, name given in plural only. Also in Nardo 1827:476 [ref. 19740] •In the synonymy of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810. Current status: Synonym of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. (Trygon) [ref. 993]. Fem. Raja pastinaca Linnaeus, 1758. Type by subsequent designation. Type apparently designated first by Bory de Saint-Vincent, v. 13, 1828:99 [ref. 3853] (see Whitley 1935:138 [ref. 6396]). •Synonym of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:70 [ref. 7167], Compagno & Roberts 1984:4 [ref. 6167], Cappetta 1987:163 [ref. 6348], Kottelat 2013:25 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. (Trygonobatis) [ref. 4991]. Fem. Raja pastinaca Linnaeus, 1758. Type by monotypy. As a section of Raja; apparently only one species mentioned by name. Perhaps best considered an unjustified emendation of, or new spelling for Trygonobatus Blainville, 1818. •In the synonymy of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Kottelat 2013:25 [ef. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. (Trygonobatus) [ref. 306]. Masc. Raja pastinaca Linnaeus, 1758. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Lesson, v. 16, 1830:374 [ref. 13391] (see Whitley 1935:137 [ref. 6396]); Lesson's spelling was Trigonobatus. •Synonym of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:70 [ref. 7167], Compagno & Roberts 1984:4 [ref. 6167], Kottelat 2013:25 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae (Uroxis) [ref. 3595]. Masc. Dasyatis ujo Rafinesque, 1810. Type by monotypy. If ref. 3595 was published before Rafinescue 1810 [ref. 3594] then the type species is Uroxis ujus by monotypy, if the reverse then the type is Dasyatis ujo. Treated as masculine (Art. 30.2.4). •Objective synonym of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:70 [ref. 7167], Compagno & Roberts 1984:4 [ref. 6167], Kottelat 2013:25 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae.

Species Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith, 1828) - blue stingray [=Trygon chrysonota Smith [A.], 1828:2] Notes: [South African Commercial Advertiser v. 3 (no. 145); ref. 12603] Off Gamtoos River surf, Eastern Cape, South Africa, depth 53 meters. Current status: Valid as Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith, 1828). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Southeastern Atlantic and southwestern Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Dasyatis hastata (DeKay, 1842) - roughtail stingray [=Pastinaca hastata DeKay [J. E.], 1842:373, Pl. 65 (fig. 214)] Notes: [Zoology of New-York; ref. 1098] Rhode Island, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Dasyatis hastata (DeKay, 1842). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Atlantic. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Dasyatis hypostigma Santos & Carvalho, 2004 - groovebelly stingray [=Dasyatis hypostigma Santos [H. R. S.] & Carvalho [M. R. de], 2004:3, Figs. 1-11] Notes: [Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Nova Série. Zoologia No. 516; ref. 28040] Paranaguá, Paraná, Brazil, depth 70-80 meters. Current status: Valid as Dasyatis hypostigma Santos & Carvalho, 2004. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic. Habitat: marine. Species Dasyatis marmorata (Steindachner, 1892) - marbled stingray [=Trygon pastinaca var. marmorata Steindachner [F.], 1892:381 [25], Pl. 3 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 59 (1. Abth.); ref. 14517] Bay of Gorée, Senegal, western Africa. Current status: Valid as Dasyatis marmorata (Steindachner, 1892). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic to southern Africa. Habitat: marine

Species Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) - common stingray [=Raja pastinaca Linnaeus [C.], 1758:232, Pastinaca laevis Gronow [L. T.], in Gray, 1854:11, Pastinaca olivacea Swainson [W.], 1839:319, Dasyatis ujo Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:16, Trygon vulgaris Risso [A.], 1827:160] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Mediterranean Sea and Northeastern Atlantic [original: "in Europa"]; localities include Belgium, North Sea, Northeastern Atlantic; Provence and Marseille, France; Liguria, Rome and Sicily, Italy; Lesbos, Greece; Syria, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Valid as Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Western Baltic Sea, North Sea, Mediterranean Sea, eastern Atlantic: Norway to Guinea including Madeira; southwestern Indian Ocean: South Africa to Comores, Madagascar and Réunion. Habitat: brackish, marine. (laevis) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Atlantic coasts of Europe. Current status: Synonym of Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (olivacea) [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Current status: Synonym of Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (ujo) [Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia; ref. 3594] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (vulgaris) [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Var River estuary, France. Current status: Synonym of Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Dasyatis tortonesei Capapé, 1975 - Tortonese's stingray [=Dasyatis tortonesei Capapé [C.], 1975:116, Fig. 4] Notes: [Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Tunis v. 52 (nos 1-2); ref. 8951] Gulf of Tunis, Tunisia, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Valid as Dasyatis tortonesei Capapé, 1975. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea endemic. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Hemitrygon Muller & Henle, 1838 - stingrays [=Hemitrygon (subgenus of Trygon) Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.], 1838:90, Toshia Whitley [G. P.], 1933:60, Urolophoides Lindberg [G. U.], in Soldatov & Lindberg, 1930:24] Notes: [ref. 3066]. Fem. Trygon bennettii Müller & Henle, 1841. Type by subsequent monotypy. Appeared first without species, one species added by Müller & Henle 1841:160 [ref. 3069]. •Synonym of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Kottelat 2013:25 [ref. 32989]). •Valid as Hemitrygon Müller & Henle, 1838 -- (Last et al. 2016:355 [ref. 34581] in Dasyatinae, Last et al. 2016:529 [ref. 35010]). Current status: Valid as Hemitrygon Müller & Henle, 1838. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. (Toshia) [ref. 4677]. Fem. Dasyatis fluviorum Ogilby, 1908. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Kottelat 2013:25 [ref. 32989]). •Synonym of Hemitrygon Müller & Henle, 1838 based on placement of type species. Current status: Synonym of Hemitrygon Müller & Henle, 1838. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. (Urolophoides) [ref. 4164]. Masc. Urolophoides giganteus Lindberg, 1930. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Urolophoides Lindberg, 1930 -- (some authors). •Synonym of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Nishida & Nakaya 1990:327 [ref. 20166], Kottelat 2013:25 [ref. 32989], Parin et al. 2014:39 [ref. 33547]). •Synonym of Hemitrygon Müller & Henle, 1838 based on placement of type species. Current status: Synonym of Hemitrygon Müller & Henle, 1838. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae.

Species Hemitrygon akajei (Muller & Henle, 1841) - red stingray [=Trygon akajei Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.] (ex Bürger), 1841:165, [Pl. 54 (left)], Urolophoides giganteus Lindberg [G. U.], in Soldatov & Lindberg, 1930:26, Fig. 4] Notes: [Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen; ref. 3069] Southwestern coast of Japan. Current status: Valid as Hemitrygon akajei (Müller & Henle, 1841). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: China and Japan to Malasia. Habitat: marine. (giganteus) [Izvestiia Tikhookeanskogo nauchnogo instituta rybnogo khoziaistva [Bulletins of the Pacific Science Institute] v. 5; ref. 4164] Peter the Great Bay, Russia. Current status: Synonym of Hemitrygon akajei (Müller & Henle, 1841). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific (if valid). Habitat: marine.

Species Hemitrygon bennettii (Muller & Henle, 1841) - Bennett's stingray [=Trygon bennettii Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.], 1841:160, [Pl. 53]] Notes: [Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen; ref. 3069] China; Trinidad Island, West Indies. Current status: Valid as Hemitrygon bennettii (Müller & Henle, 1841). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Taiwan and China to Java. Habitat: marine.

Species Hemitrygon fluviorum (Ogilby, 1908) - estuary stingray [=Dasyatia fluviorum Ogilby [J. D.], 1908:6] Notes: [Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland v. 21; ref. 3286] Brisbane River, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Hemitrygon fluviorum (Ogilby, 1908). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Australia and New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Hemitrygon izuensis (Nishida & Nakaya, 1988) - Izu stingray [=Dasyatis izuensis Nishida [K.] & Nakaya [K.], 1988:227, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 35 (no. 3); ref. 12554] Shimoda Bay, Shizuoka Prefecture, Pacific coast of Japan, 34°40'N, 138°57'E, depth 10 meters. Current status: Valid as Hemitrygon izuensis (Nishida & Nakaya, 1988). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Japan. Habitat: marine.

Species Hemitrygon laevigata (Chu, 1960) - Yantai stingray [=Dasyatis laevigatus Chu [Y.-T.], 1960:170, Figs. 160-162] Notes: [Cartilaginous fishes of China; ref. 21272] Shanghai fish market, Dongfushan, and Huaniao, China. Current status: Valid as Hemitrygon laevigata (Chu, 1960). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Japan to Taiwan. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Hemitrygon laosensis (Roberts & Karnasuta, 1987) - Mekong freshwater stingray [=Dasyatis laosensis Roberts [T. R.] & Karnasuta [J.], 1987:162, Fig. 1] Notes: [Environmental Biology of Fishes v. 20 (no. 3); ref. 9122] Mekong River, Chiang Kham District, Chieng Rai Province, Thailand. Current status: Valid as Hemitrygon laosensis (Roberts & Karnasuta, 1987). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hemitrygon longicauda (Last & White, 2013) - Merauke stingray [=Dasyatis longicauda Last [P. R.] & White [W. T.], 2013:3, Figs. 1-6] Notes: [Zootaxa 3722 (no. 1); ref. 32949] Beach at Merauke, West Papua, Indonesia, 8°31'S, 140°22'E, depth less than 0.5 meters. Current status: Valid as Hemitrygon longicauda (Last & White, 2013). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: West Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

Species Hemitrygon navarrae (Steindachner, 1892) - blackish stingray [=Trygon navarrae Steindachner [F.], 1892:381 [25] [132], Pl. 5] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 59 (1. Abth.); ref. 14517] Shanghai, China. Current status: Valid as Hemitrygon navarrae (Steindachner, 1892). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine. Species Hemitrygon parvonigra (Last & White, 2008) - dwarf black stingray [=Dasyatis parvonigra Last [P. R.] & White [W. T.], 2008:276, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 022; ref. 29693] North of Cape Lambert, Western Australia, 19°06'S, 117°09'E, depth 178-183 meters. Current status: Valid as Hemitrygon parvonigra (Last & White, 2008). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: East Indian Ocean and western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Hemitrygon sinensis (Steindachner, 1892) - Chinese stingray [=Trygon sinensis Steindachner [F.], 1892:382 [26] [133], Pl. 6] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 59 (1. Abth.); ref. 14517] Shanghai, China. Current status: Valid as Hemitrygon sinensis (Steindachner, 1892). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: China to South Korea. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Hypanus Rafinesque, 1818 - stingrays [=Hypanus Rafinesque [C. S.], 1818:272] Notes: [ref. 5087]. Masc. Raja say Lesueur, 1817. •Synonym Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Kottelat 2013:25 [ref. 32989]). •Valid as Hypanus Rafinesque, 1818 -- (Last et al. 2016:355 [ref. 34581] in Dasyatinae, Last et al. 2016:529 [ref. 35010]). Current status: Valid as Hypanus Rafinesque, 1818. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae.

Species Hypanus americanus (Hildebrand & Schroeder, 1928) - Southern stingray [=Dasyatis americana Hildebrand [S. F.] & Schroeder [W. C.], 1928:64, Fig. 35] Notes: [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 43 (1927, pt 1); ref. 2163] Crisfield, Maryland, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Hypanus americanus (Hildebrand & Schroeder, 1928). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic and Western Atlantic: eastern U.S.A. to the southeast of Brazil. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Hypanus dipterurus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880) - diamond stingray [=Dasybatis dipterurus Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.], 1880:31, Trygon brevis Garman [S.], 1880:171, Dasyatis hawaiensis Jenkins [O. P.], 1903:420, Pl. 1] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 3 (no. 106); ref. 2466] San Diego Bay, California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Hypanus dipterurus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands; eastern Pacific: Galápagos Archipelago and California (U.S.A.) to Peru. Habitat: marine. (brevis) [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 6 (no. 11); ref. 17881] Payta, Peru and other localities. Current status: Synonym of Hypanus dipterurus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: marine. (hawaiensis) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2341] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Synonym of Hypanus dipterurus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Hypanus guttatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) - longnose stingray [=Raja guttata Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:361, Trygon gymnura Müller [J.], in Ermann, 1835:25, Pl. 13, Trygon jabebara Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.], 1841:160, Raja tuberculatus Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1800:104, 106, Pl. 4 (fig. 1)] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] America australibus [Brazil]. Current status: Valid as Hypanus guttatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic, from Gulf of Mexico to Brazil. Habitat: marine. (gymnura) [Reise um die Erde durch Nord-Asien und die beiden Oceane; ref. 20262] Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Hypanus guttatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: marine. (jabebara) [Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen; ref. 3069] Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Hypanus guttatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: marine. (tuberculatus) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 2; ref. 2709] Cayenne, French Guiana. Current status: Synonym of Hypanus guttatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Hypanus longus (Garman, 1880) - longtail stingray [=Trygon longa Garman [S.], 1880:170] Notes: [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 6 (no. 11); ref. 17881] Acapulco, Mexico; Panama. Current status: Valid as Hypanus longus (Garman, 1880). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific including Galapagos Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Hypanus marianae (Gomes et al., 2000) - Brazilian large-eyed stingray [=Dasyatis marianae Gomes [U. L.], Rosa [R. S.] & Gadig [O. B. F.], 2000:510, Figs. 1-3, Dasyatis macrophthalma Gomes [U. L.], Rosa [R. S.] & Gadig [O. B. F.], 2000:510] Notes: [Copeia 2000 (no. 2); ref. 24451] Western South Atlantic, off Recife, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypanus marianae (Gomes, Rosa & Gadig, 2000). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic. Habitat: brackish, marine. (macrophthalma) [Copeia 2000 (no. 2); ref. 24451] Current status: Synonym of Hypanus marianae (Gomes, Rosa & Gadig, 2000). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Hypanus rudis (Gunther, 1870) - smalltooth stingray [=Trygon rudis Günther [A.], 1870:479] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Old Calabar River, Nigeria. Current status: Valid as Hypanus rudis (Günther, 1870). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Gulf of Guinea. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Hypanus sabinus (Lesueur, 1824) - Atlantic stingray [=Trygon sabina Lesueur [C. A.], 1824:109] Notes: [Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia v. 4 (pt 1); ref. 17520] Florida, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Hypanus sabinus (Lesueur, 1824). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Hypanus say (Lesueur, 1817) - bluntnose stingray [=Raja say Lesueur [C. A.], 1817:42] Notes: [Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia v. 1 (pt 1, no. 3) (1 July); ref. 17511] Egg Harbor, New Jersey, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Hypanus say (Lesueur, 1817). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic, from Massachusetts (U.S.A.) to Brazil. Habitat: brackish, marine.

GENUS Megatrygon Last et al., 2016 - stingrays [=Megatrygon Last [P. R.], Naylor [G. J. P.] & Manjaji-Matsumoto [B. M.], 2016:356] Notes: [ref. 34581]. Fem. Trygon microps Annandale 1908. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Megatrygon Last, Naylor & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2016 -- (Last et al. 2016:528 [ref. 35010]). Current status: Valid as Megatrygon Last, Naylor & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2016. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae.

Species Megatrygon microps (Annandale, 1908) - smalleye stingray [=Trygon microps Annandale [N.], 1908:393, Pl. 27] Notes: [Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) v. 2 (pt 4); ref. 14301] Bay of Bengal, off Chittagong coast, depth 17 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Megatrygon microps (Annandale, 1908). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: South Africa to India to northern Australia. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Pteroplatytrygon Fowler, 1910 - pelagic stingrays [=Pteroplatytrygon (subgenus of Dasyatis) Fowler [H. W.], 1910:474] Notes: [ref. 1379]. Fem. Trygon violacea Bonaparte, 1832. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:70 [ref. 7167], Compagno & Roberts 1984:4 [ref. 6167]). •Valid as Pteroplatytrygon Fowler, 1910 -- (Last & Compagno 1999:1482 [ref. 24639], Compagno 1999:496 [ref. 25589], McEachran & Carvalho 2003:563 [ref. 26985], Gomon 2008:141 [ref. 30616]). Current status: Valid as Pteroplatytrygon Fowler, 1910. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae.

Species Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) - pelagic stingray [=Trygon violacea Bonaparte [C. L.], 1832:fasc. 1, punt. 6, Pl. 155, Dasyatis atratus Ishiyama [R.] & Okada [K.], 1955:211, Figs. 1-2, Dasyatis guileri Last [P. R.] 1979:172, Fig. 1, Trygon purpurea Smith [A.], in Müller & Henle, 1841:160, [Pl. 52]] Notes: [Iconografia della fauna italica; ref. 515] Italy, western Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Valid as Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Cosmopolitan in tropical and warm temperate seas (including Mediterranean Sea, Mascarenes, Hawaiian Islands). Habitat: marine. (atratus) [Journal of the Shimonoseki College of Fisheries v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 12277] North of Mariana Islands. Current status: Synonym of Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: marine. (guileri) [Papers and Proceedings Royal Society of Tasmania v. 113; ref. 8813] Nutgrove Beach, Derwent River Estuary, Tasmania, Australia, 42°55'S, 147°21'E. Current status: Synonym of Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: marine. (purpurea) [Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen; ref. 3069] No locality [South Africa]. Current status: Synonym of Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: marine. GENUS Taeniurops Garman, 1913 - fantail rays [=Taeniurops (subgenus of Taeniura) Garman [S.], 1913:399, Trygon Geoffroy St. Hilaire [E.], 1817:Pl. 25] Notes: [ref. 1545]. Masc. Taeniura meyeni Müller & Henle, 1841. Type by subsequent designation. Type apparently designated first by Fowler 1941:397 [ref. 6536]. •Valid as Taeniurops Garman, 1913 -- (Ebert et al. 2013:364 [ref. 33045]). Current status: Valid as Taeniurops (Müller & Henle, 1837). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. (Trygon) [ref. 4184]. Fem. Trygon grabatus Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1817. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Trygon Cuvier, 1816. •Synonym of Taeniurops Garman, 1913. Current status: Synonym of Taeniurops Garman, 1913. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae.

Species Taeniurops grabatus (Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1817) - round fantail stingray [=Trygon grabatus Geoffroy St. Hilaire [E.], 1817:no page number, Pl. 25 (figs. 1-2)] Notes: [Poissons du Nil v. 1 (part 1); ref. 4184] Alexandria, Egypt, eastern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Valid as Taeniurops grabatus (Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1817). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea, eastern Atlantic: Madeira and Canary Islands to Angola and Red Sea (doubtful). Habitat: marine.

Species Taeniurops meyeni (Muller & Henle, 1841) - blotched fantail ray [=Taeniura meyeni Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.], 1841:172, [Pl. 55], Taeniura melanospilos Bleeker [P.], 1853:513, Taeniura mortoni Macleay [W.], 1883:212] Notes: [Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen; ref. 3069] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Taeniurops meyeni (Müller & Henle, 1841). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, South Africa and Mascarenes east to Marquesas Islands, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to Queensland (Australia), Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island and New Caledonia, Galápagos Islands. Habitat: marine. (melanospilos) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 4; ref. 336] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Taeniurops meyeni (Müller & Henle, 1841). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: marine. (mortoni) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 8 (pt 2); ref. 14342] Lower Burdekin River, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Taeniurops meyeni (Müller & Henle, 1841). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Telatrygon Last et al., 2016 - stingrays [=Telatrygon Last [P. R.], Naylor [G. J. P.] & Manjaji-Matsumoto [B. M.], 2016:357] Notes: [ref. 34581]. Fem. Trygon zugei Müller & Henle, 1841. Type by original designation. •Valid as Telatrygon Last, Naylor & Manjaji-Matsumoto 2016 -- (Last et al. 2016:394 [ref. 34638], Last et al. 2016:528 [ref. 35010]). Current status: Valid as Telatrygon Last, Naylor & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2016. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae.

Species Telatrygon acutirostra (Nishida & Nakaya, 1988) - sharpnose stingray [=Dasyatis acutirostra Nishida [K.] & Nakaya [K.], 1988:115, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 35 (no. 2); ref. 12618] East China Sea, 30°09'-31°30'N, 124°13'-127°53'E, depth 53-142 meters. Current status: Valid as Telatrygon acutirostra (Nishida & Nakaya, 1988). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: China and southern Japan. Habitat: marine.

Species Telatrygon biasa Last et al., 2016 - Indonesian sharpnose ray [=Telatrygon biasa Last [P. R.], White [W. T.] & Naylor [G.], 2016:394, Figs. 15-19] Notes: [Zootaxa 4147 (no. 4); ref. 34638] Muara Kintap, Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia, 03°54.25'S, 115°15.53'E. Current status: Valid as Telatrygon biasa Last, White & Naylor, 2016. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Indonesia and Malaysian Borneo. Habitat: marine.

Species Telatrygon crozieri (Blyth, 1860) - Crozier's ray (author) [=Trygon crozieri Blyth [E.], 1860:45] Notes: [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 29 (no. 1); ref. 16970] Arakan coast, India. Current status: Valid as Telatrygon crozieri (Blyth, 1860). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Northern Indian Ocean: India to Myanmar. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Telatrygon zugei (Muller & Henle, 1841) - pale-edged stingray [=Trygon zugei Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.] (ex Bürger), 1841:165, [Pl. 54 (right)], Dasyatis cheni Teng [H.-T.], 1962:237, Fig. 65] Notes: [Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen; ref. 3069] Macao. Current status: Valid as Telatrygon zugei (Müller & Henle, 1841). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Vietnam to Japan, possibly Philippines and Thailand. Habitat: brackish, marine. (cheni) [Classification and distribution of the Chondrichthyes of Taiwan; ref. 12623] Keelung, northern Taiwan. Current status: Synonym of Telatrygon zugei (Müller & Henle, 1841). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

************************************************************************************************ SUBFAMILY Neotrygoninae Last et al., 2016 - ribbontail rays, maskrays Notes: Neotrygoninae Last, Naylor & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2016: 358

GENUS Neotrygon Castelnau, 1873 - whiptail rays, maskrays [=Neotrygon Castelnau [F. L.], 1873:122] Notes: [ref. 758]. Fem. Raya trigonoides Castelnau, 1873. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Neotrygon Castelnau, 1873 -- (Last & White 2008:315 [ref. 29697], Kimura 2009:14 [ref. 30426], Last et al. 2010:38 [ref. 30793], Borsa et al. 2013:221 [ref. 32770], Lim et al. 2015:12 [ref. 34441] in Neotrygonidae, Dyldin 2015:74 [ref. 34524], Last et al. 2016:533 [ref. 34245], Last et al. 2016:358 [ref. 34581], Last et al. 2016:528 [ref. 35010]). Current status: Valid as Neotrygon Castelnau, 1873. Dasyatidae: Neotrygoninae.

Species Neotrygon annotata (Last, 1987) - plain maskray [=Dasyatis annotatus Last [P. R.], 1987:57, Fig. 1] Notes: [Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria v. 48 (no. 1); ref. 17690] Northwest Shelf, Western Australia. Current status: Valid as Neotrygon annotata (Last, 1987). Dasyatidae: Neotrygoninae. Distribution: Southeastern Indian Ocean: Australia, southern New Guinea and eastern Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

Species Neotrygon australiae Last et al., 2016 - Australian bluespotted maskray [=Neotrygon australiae Last [P. R.], White [W. T.] & Serét [B.], 2016:542, Figs. 5B, 6b, 7b, 9] Notes: [Zootaxa 4083 (no. 4); ref. 34245] Southwest of Weipa, Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, Australia, 12°53.96'S, 141°12.71'E, depth 36-38 meters. Current status: Valid as Neotrygon australiae Last, White & Serét, 2016. Dasyatidae: Neotrygoninae. Distribution: Australia, Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

Species Neotrygon caeruleopunctata Last et al., 2016 - bluespotted maskray [=Neotrygon caeruleopunctata Last [P. R.], White [W. T.] & Serét [B.], 2016:546, Figs. 5c, 6c, 7c, 10] Notes: [Zootaxa 4083 (no. 4); ref. 34245] Kedonganan fish market, Bali, Indonesia, 8°45'S, 115°10'E. Current status: Valid as Neotrygon caeruleopunctata Last, White & Serét, 2016. Dasyatidae: Neotrygoninae. Distribution: Bali and central Java, Indonesia and possibly westward to Africa. Habitat: marine.

Species Neotrygon kuhlii (Muller & Henle, 1841) - Kuhl's stingray [=Trygon kuhlii Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.], 1841:164, [Pl. 51 (right)]] Notes: [Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen; ref. 3069] Vanicoro [Solomon Islands]. Current status: Valid as Neotrygon kuhlii (Müller & Henle, 1841). Dasyatidae: Neotrygoninae. Distribution: Southwest Pacific [ref. 34245]. Formally Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, South Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius (Mascarenes) east to Philippines and Mariana Islands, north to Hokkaido (Japan), south to Western Australia, New South Wales (Australia) and New Caledonia; Solomon Islands [ref. 35010]. Habitat: marine. Species Neotrygon leylandi (Last, 1987) - painted maskray [=Dasyatis leylandi Last [P. R.], 1987:59, Fig. 2] Notes: [Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria v. 48 (no. 1); ref. 17690] North of Forestier Island, Western Australia, 19°28'S, 118°24'E, depth 54 meters. Current status: Valid as Neotrygon leylandi (Last, 1987). Dasyatidae: Neotrygoninae. Distribution: Western Australia, Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Neotrygon ningalooensis Last et al., 2010 - Ningaloo maskray [=Neotrygon ningalooensis Last [P. R.], White [W. T.] & Puckridge [M.], 2010:39, Figs. 1, 2A, 3-6, 7A] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 16 (no. 2); ref. 30793] Five Fingers Reef, Coral Bay, Western Australia, 23°10'S, 113°45'E, Australia, depth 3 meters. Current status: Valid as Neotrygon ningalooensis Last, White & Puckridge, 2010. Dasyatidae: Neotrygoninae. Distribution: Western Australia and northern Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Neotrygon orientalis Last et al., 2016 - Oriental bluespotted maskray [=Neotrygon orientale Last [P. R.], White [W. T.] & Serét [B.], 2016:553, Figs. 5D, 6d, 7d, 12] Notes: [Zootaxa 4083 (no. 4); ref. 34245] Muara Kintap, South Kalimantan, Indonesia, 3°54.26'S, 115°15.53'E. Current status: Valid as Neotrygon orientalis Last, White & Serét, 2016. Dasyatidae: Neotrygoninae. Distribution: Indonesia, Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines and Taiwan. Habitat: marine. Species Neotrygon picta Last & White, 2008 - speckled maskray [=Neotrygon picta Last [P. R.] & White [W. T.], 2008:316, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 022; ref. 29697] East of Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia, 23°15'S, 151°15'E, depth 27 meters. Current status: Valid as Neotrygon picta Last & White, 2008. Dasyatidae: Neotrygoninae. Distribution: Northern and northeastern Australia, including Timor and Arafura seas. Habitat: marine.

Species Neotrygon trigonoides (Castelnau, 1873) - Coral Sea maskray [=Raya trigonoides Castelnau [F. L.], 1873:121] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, Melbourne v. 2; ref. 758] New Caledonia. Current status: Valid as Neotrygon trigonoides (Castelnau, 1873). Dasyatidae: Neotrygoninae. Distribution: Australia, New Caledonia and Vanuatu. Habitat: marine.

Species Neotrygon varidens (Garman, 1885) - Mahogany maskray [=Dasybatus varidens Garman [S.], 1885:40] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 8 (no. 482); ref. 14445] Hong Kong. Current status: Valid as Neotrygon varidens (Garman, 1885). Dasyatidae: Neotrygoninae. Distribution: Northwest Pacific Ocean. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Taeniura Muller & Henle, 1837 - ribbontail rays [=Taeniura Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.], 1837:117, Discobatis Miklouho-Maclay [N. de] & Macleay [W.], 1886:676, Discotrygon Fowler [H. W.], 1910:468] Notes: [ref. 3067]. Fem. Trygon ornatus Gray, 1830. Type by monotypy. Also in Müller & Henle 1938:90 [ref. 3066] and as new in Müller & Henle 1841:171 [ref. 3069]. •Valid as Taeniura Müller & Henle, 1837 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:73 [ref. 7167], Nakaya in Masuda et al. 1984:16 [ref. 6441], Compagno 1986:140 [ref. 5648], Paxton et al. 1989:43 [ref. 12442], Nishida 1990:98 [ref. 19783], Last & Compagno 1999:1482 [ref. 24639], Compagno 1999:497 [ref. 25589], Compagno et al. 2005:75 [ref. 29145], Paxton et al. 2006:195 [ref. 28995], Kimura 2009:14 [ref. 30426], Lim et al. 2015:12 [ref. 34441] in Neotrygonidae, Last et al. 2016:359 [ref. 34581], Last et al. 2016:387 [ref. 34638], Last et al. 2016:526 [ref. 35010]). Current status: Valid as Taeniura Müller & Henle, 1837. Dasyatidae: Neotrygoninae. (Discobatis) [ref. 2996]. Fem. Discobatis marginipinnis Miklouho-Maclay & Macleay, 1886. Type by monotypy. Not preoccupied by Discobatus Garman, 1881 in fishes; Discotrygon Fowler, 1910 is an unneeded replacement. •Synonym of Taeniura Müller & Henle, 1837. Current status: Synonym of Taeniura Müller & Henle, 1837. Dasyatidae: Neotrygoninae. (Discotrygon) [ref. 1379]. Fem. Discobatis marginipinnis Miklouho-Maclay & Macleay, 1886. Type by being a replacement name. Unneeded replacement for Discobatis Miklouho-Maclay & Macleay, 1886, not preoccupied by Discobatus Garman, 1881 in fishes. •Synonym of Taeniura Müller & Henle, 1837. Current status: Synonym of Taeniura Müller & Henle, 1837. Dasyatidae: Neotrygoninae.

Species Taeniura lessoni Last et al., 2016 - Oceania fantail ray [=Taeniura lessoni Last [P. R.], White [W. T.] & Naylor [G.], 2016:387, Figs. 8-12] Notes: [Zootaxa 4147 (no. 4); ref. 34638] Landoro Passage off Uepi Island, Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands, approximately 8°25.6'S, 157°55.7'E, depth 2-3 meters. Current status: Valid as Taeniura lessoni Last, White & Naylor, 2016. Dasyatidae: Neotrygoninae. Distribution: Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Fiji. Habitat: marine. Species Taeniura lymma (Forsskal, 1775) - bluespotted ribbontail ray [=Raja lymma Forsskål [P. S.], 1775:17, viii, Trygon halgani Lesson [R. P.], 1829:(100), Poissons Pl. 3, Discobatis marginipinnis Miklouho-Maclay [N. de] & Macleay [W.], 1886:676, Pl. 46 (figs. 7-15), Trygon ornatus Gray [J. E.], 1830:no page number, Pl. 99] Notes: [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] Al-Luhayya, Yemen, Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Taeniura lymma (Forsskål, 1775). Dasyatidae: Neotrygoninae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East and South Africa east to Philippines and Fiji, north to southern Japan, south to Western Australia, New South Wales (Australia), New Caledonia and Solomon Islands. Habitat: marine. (halgani) [Voyage autour du monde Zool. v. 2 (pt 1); ref. 2776] Offack Bay, Waigeo Island; Port Praslin, New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea. Current status: Synonym of Taeniura lymma (Forsskål, 1775). Dasyatidae: Neotrygoninae. Habitat: marine. (marginipinnis) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 10 (pt 4); ref. 2996] Sorry Island or Wild Island, Nares Harbor, northwest coast of Admiralty Islands. Current status: Synonym of Taeniura lymma (Forsskål, 1775). Dasyatidae: Neotrygoninae. Habitat: marine. (ornatus) [Illustrations of Indian zoology; ref. 1878] Possibly Singapore. Current status: Synonym of Taeniura lymma (Forsskål, 1775). Dasyatidae: Neotrygoninae. Habitat: marine.

************************************************************************************************ SUBFAMILY Urogymninae Gray, 1851 - whiptail rays [=Urogymni, Anacanthini, Pastinacae] Notes: Urogymni Gray, 1851:ix, 114 [ref. 4939] (tribe) Urogymnus Anacanthini Bonaparte, 1835:[2] [ref. 32242] (subfamily) Anacanthus Ehrenberg [genus inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1; invalid, Article 39]

Pastinacae Müller & Henle, 1838–41:XIX, 158 [ref. 3069] (Gruppe ≈ tribe) ? Pastinaca Swainson [no

stem of valid type genus, not available]

GENUS Brevitrygon Last et al., 2016 - whiptail rays [=Brevitrygon Last [P. R.], Naylor [G. J. P.] & Manjaji-Matsumoto [B. M.], 2016:359] Notes: [ref. 34581]. Fem. Dasyatis javaensis Last & White, 2013. Type by original designation. •Valid as Brevitrygon Last, Naylor & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2016 -- (Last et al. 2016:524 [ref. 35010]). Current status: Valid as Brevitrygon Last, Naylor & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2016. Dasyatidae: Urogymninae.

Species Brevitrygon heterura (Bleeker, 1852) - Javan whiptail ray (author) [=Trygon heterurus Bleeker [P.], 1852:67] Notes: [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 24 (art. 12); ref. 333] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Brevitrygon heterura (Bleeker, 1852). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Brevitrygon imbricata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) - scaly whipray [=Raja imbricata Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:366, 553, Raja obtusa Ehrenberg [C. G.], in Klunzinger, 1871:680] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Tranquebar [Tharangambadi], India. Current status: Valid as Brevitrygon imbricata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Northern Indian Ocean. Habitat: brackish, marine. (obtusa) [Verhandlungen der K.-K. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien v. 21; ref. 2622] Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Brevitrygon imbricata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae.

Species Brevitrygon javaensis (Last & White, 2013) - Cilacep whipray [=Himantura javaensis Last [P. R.] & White [W. T.], 2013:11, Figs. 8-11] Notes: [Zootaxa 3722 (no. 1); ref. 32949] Cilacep landing site, Central Java, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Brevitrygon javaensis (Last & White, 2013). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Java, Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

Species Brevitrygon walga (Muller & Henle, 1841) - dwarf whipray [=Trygon walga Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.], 1841:159, [Pl. 51 (left)], Trygon nuda Günther [A.], 1870:476, Dasybatis uylenburgi Giltay [L.], 1933:13, Figs. 3-6] Notes: [Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen; ref. 3069] Red Sea; Ganges Delta. Current status: Valid as Brevitrygon walga (Müller & Henle, 1841). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Red Sea to India. Habitat: marine. (nuda) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Indian seas. Current status: Synonym of Brevitrygon walga (Müller & Henle, 1841). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Habitat: marine. (uylenburgi) [Mémoires du Musée royal d'histoire naturelle de Belgique v. 5 (pt 3); ref. 16489] Poeloe Endoe, East Indies. Current status: Synonym of Brevitrygon walga (Müller & Henle, 1841). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Fluvitrygon Last et al., 2016 - whiprays [=Fluvitrygon Last [P. R.], Naylor [G. J. P.] & Manjaji-Matsumoto [B. M.], 2016:360] Notes: [ref. 34581]. Fem. Himantura signifer Compagno & Roberts, 1982. Type by original designation. •Valid as Fluvitrygon Last, Naylor & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2016 -- (Last et al. 2016:524 [ref. 35010]). Current status: Valid as Fluvitrygon Last, Naylor & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2016. Dasyatidae: Urogymninae.

Species Fluvitrygon kittipongi (Vidthayanon & Roberts, 2006) - roughback whipray [=Himantura kittipongi Vidthayanon [C.] & Roberts [T. R.], 2006:124, Figs. 2-6] Notes: [Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society v. 53 (no. 1); ref. 28695] Menam Maekhlong near Kanchanaburi, Kittipongs Jarutanin, Thailand. Current status: Valid as Fluvitrygon kittipongi (Vidthayanon & Roberts, 2006). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: West Pacific: Thailand, Peninsula Malaysia and Borneo. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Fluvitrygon oxyrhynchus (Sauvage, 1878) - marbled whipray [=Trygon (Himantura) oxyrhynchus Sauvage [H.-E.], 1878:91 [6], Dasybatus (Himanturus) krempfi Chabanaud [P.], 1923:47, Fig. 2] Notes: [Bulletin de la Société philomathique de Paris (7th Série) v. 2; ref. 19968] Saigon, southern Vietnam. Current status: Valid as Fluvitrygon oxyrhynchus (Sauvage, 1878). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: West Pacific: Cambodia, Thailand and Borneo. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (krempfi) [Bulletin, Sea (sér. 1) v. 29 (no. 1); ref. 17980] Pnompenh, Cambodia. Current status: Synonym of Fluvitrygon oxyrhynchus (Sauvage, 1878). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Fluvitrygon signifer (Compagno & Roberts, 1982) - white-edge freshwater whipray [=Himantura signifer Compagno [L. J. V.] & Roberts [T. R.], 1982:333, Figs. 1A, 4, 7A, 8, 9A-C, 10] Notes: [Environmental Biology of Fishes v. 7 (no. 4); ref. 8489] Mouth of Sugnai Ketunggau near mainstream of Kapuas River, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Fluvitrygon signifer (Compagno & Roberts, 1982). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and Borneo. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

GENUS Fontitrygon Last et al., 2016 - stingrays [=Fontitrygon Last [P. R.], Naylor [G. J. P.] & Manjaji-Matsumoto [B. M.], 2016:360] Notes: [ref. 34581]. Fem. Trygon margarita Günther, 1870. Type by original designation. •Valid as Fontitrygon Last, Naylor & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2016 -- (Last et al. 2016:528 [ref. 35010]). Current status: Valid as Fontitrygon Last, Naylor & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2016. Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Species Fontitrygon colarensis (Santos et al., 2004) - Colares stingray [=Dasyatis colarensis Santos [H. R. S.], Gomes [U. L.] & Charvet-Almeida [P.], 2004:4, Figs. 1-6] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 492; ref. 27848] Marajó Bay, close to Colares Island, district of Colares, Pará State, Brazil, 00°54'39"S, 48°17'21"W, depth about 6 meters. Current status: Valid as Fontitrygon colarensis (Santos, Gomes & Charvet-Almeida, 2004). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: northern Brazil. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Fontitrygon garouaensis (Stauch & Blanc, 1962) - Niger stingray [=Potamotrygon garouaensis Stauch [A.] & Blanc [M.], 1962:166, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 34 (no. 2); ref. 6517] Bénoué River à Malape, Garoua, northern Cameroon. Current status: Valid as Fontitrygon garouaensis (Stauch & Blanc, 1962). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Tropical Western Africa: Nigeria and Cameroon. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Fontitrygon geijskesi (Boeseman, 1948) - sharpsnout stingray [=Dasyatis geijskesi Boeseman [M.], 1948:38, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) v. 30 (no. 2); ref. 12999] Coppenam Point, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Fontitrygon geijskesi (Boeseman, 1948). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Western central Atlantic: Suriname to northern Brazil. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Fontitrygon margarita (Gunther, 1870) - daisy stingray [=Trygon margarita Günther [A.], 1870:479] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] West Africa. Current status: Valid as Fontitrygon margarita (Günther, 1870). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Fontitrygon margaritella (Compagno & Roberts, 1984) - pearl stingray [=Dasyatis margaritella Compagno [L. J. V.] & Roberts [T. R.], 1984:290, Figs. 2b, 3] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 43 (no. 18); ref. 8237] Mbode, Cameroon Republic. Current status: Valid as Fontitrygon margaritella (Compagno & Roberts, 1984). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Fontitrygon ukpam (Smith, 1863) - pincushion ray [=Hemitrygon ukpam Smith [J. A.], 1863:69] Notes: [Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh. v. 2 (1859); ref. 18724] Old Calabar River, West Africa. Current status: Valid as Fontitrygon ukpam (Smith, 1863). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Gabon, Nigeria and Congo. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Himantura Müller & Henle, 1837 - whiprays [=Himantura Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.], 1837:400, Anacanthus Cuvier [G.] (ex Ehrenberg), 1829:400, Pastinaca Swainson [W.], 1838:172] Notes: [ref. 13421]. Fem. Raja sephen uarnak Forsskål, 1775. Type by subsequent designation. Also appeared in (and may date to) Müller & Henle 1837:117. Type designated by Jordan & Evermann 1896:82 [ref. 2443]; also by Garman 1913:375 [ref. 1545] who unjustifiably emended spelling to Himanturus, as a subgenus of Dasybatus. •Valid as Himantura Müller & Henle, 1837 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:72 [ref. 7167], Compagno & Roberts 1982:323 [ref. 8489], Nakaya in Masuda et al. 1984:16 [ref. 6441], Compagno & Heemstra 1984:4 [ref. 8238], Compagno 1986:138 [ref. 5648], Paxton et al. 1989:42 [ref. 12442], Roberts 1989:22 [ref. 6439], Nishida 1990:98 [ref. 19783], Ishihara et al. 1993:23 [ref. 22461], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:71 [ref. 24550], Last & Compagno 1999:1480 [ref. 24639], Compagno 1999:496 [ref. 25589], Rosenberger 2001:615 [ref. 25447], McEachran & Carvalho 2003:563 [ref. 26985], Compagno et al. 2005:71 [ref. 29145], Last et al. 2006:19 [ref. 28719], Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last 2006:290 [ref. 28776], Paxton et al. 2006:193 [ref. 28995], Last & Manjaji-Matsumo 2008:283 [ref. 29694], Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last 2008:293 [ref. 29695], Last et al. 2008:303 [ref. 29696], Kimura 2009:12 [ref. 30426], Last et al. 2012:20 [ref. 31993], Borsa et al. 2013{1 [ref. 32736], Last & White 2013:1 [ref. 32949], Kottelat 2013:26 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Himantura Müller & Henle, 1837. Dasyatidae: Urogymninae (Anacanthus) [ref. 995]. Masc. Raja uarnak?. Appeared only as "Les Anacanthes" with mention of "Raia orbicularis B.Schn." (species apparently never described); Jordan (1917:131 [ref. 2407]) gives type as Raja uarnak Forsskål. Subsequent Latinization not researched. •In the synonymy of Himantura Müller & Henle, 1837. Current status: Synonym of Himantura Müller & Henle, 1837. Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. (Pastinaca) [ref. 4302]. Fem. Pastinaca olivacea Swainson, 1839 (= Raja pastinaca Linnaeus, 1758). Type by subsequent designation. Species added in 1839:192, 319 [ref. 4303]. Could be considered a replacement name for Himantura based on footnote, p. 172. Type apparently first designated by Jordan & Evermann 1896:24 [ref. 2443] if not regarded as a replacement name. Misspelled Pastenagus by Roulin 1829:465 [ref. 26350] and as Pastenaca in German translation. •Synonym of Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:70 [ref. 7167], Compagno & Roberts 1984:4 [ref. 6167], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:73 [ref. 24550]). •Regarded as a replacement name, and a synonym of Himantura Müller & Henle, 1837 – (Kottelat 2013:26 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Himantura Müller & Henle, 1837. Dasyatidae: Urogymninae

Species Himantura australis Last et al., 2016 - Australian whipray [=Himantura australis Last [P. R.], White [W. T.] & Naylor [G.], 2016:378, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Zootaxa 4147 (no. 4); ref. 34638] West of Oriomo River, Daru, Western Province, Papua New Guinea, 9°04.43'S, 143°08.53'E. Current status: Valid as Himantura australis Last, White & Naylor, 2016. Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Papua New Guinea, northern Australia, Western Australia and Queensland. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Himantura fava (Annandale, 1909) - honeycomb whipray [=Trygon favus Annandale [N.], 1909:25, Pls. 1 (fig. 3), 3 (fig. 10)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Indian Museum v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 126] Bay of Bengal, off Orissa coast, India. Current status: Valid as Himantura fava (Annandale, 1909). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae Distribution: India, Indonesia and Gulf of Thailand. Habitat: marine.

Species Himantura leoparda Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2008 - leopard whipray [=Himantura leoparda Manjaji-Matsumoto [B. M.] & Last [P. R.], 2008:294, Figs. 1-4, 5A] Notes: [CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 022; ref. 29695] Northwest of Weipa, Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, Australia, 12°08'S, 139°58'E, depth 46 meters. Current status: Valid as Himantura leoparda Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2008. Dasyatidae: Urogymninae Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Himantura marginata (Blyth, 1860) - blackedge whipray [=Trygon marginatus Blyth [E.], 1860:38] Notes: [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 29 (no. 1); ref. 16970] Calcutta fish market, India. Current status: Valid as Himantura marginata (Blyth, 1860). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae Distribution: Indian Ocean, possibly western Pacific. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Himantura uarnak (Gmelin, 1789) - coachwhip ray [=Raja uarnak Gmelin [J. F.] (ex Forsskål), 1789:1509, Trygon ellioti Blyth [E.], 1860:41, Raja forskohlii Billberg [G. J.] 1833:51, Raja uarnata Walbaum [J. J.], 1792:713, Trygon maculata Kuhl [H.] & van Hasselt [J. C.], in Bleeker, 1852:70, Raja ommescherit Forsskål [P. S.], 1775:ix, Trygon punctata Günther [A.], 1870:474, Raia scherit Bonnaterre [J. P.], 1788:6, Raja schoukie Forsskål [P. S.], 1775:ix, Himantura tutul Borsa [Ph.], Durand [J.-D.], Shen [K.-N.], Alyza [I. A.], Solihin [D. D.] & Berrebi [P.], 2013:89, Fig. 5, Raja sephen var. uarnak Forsskål [P. S.], 1775:18, viii, Trygon variegatus McClelland [J.], 1841:60, Pl. 2 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Caroli a Linné ... Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 3); ref. 18139] [No locality stated] Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Himantura uarnak (Gmelin, 1789). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa and Eastern Cape Province (South Africa), Seychelles, Madagascar and Mauritius (Mascarenes) east to Caroline Islands (Micronesia), north to Philippines, south to Western Australia and New South Wales (Australia); Mediterranean Sea (Red Sea immigrant). Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (ellioti) [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 29 (no. 1); ref. 16970] Calcutta fish market, India. Current status: Synonym of Himantura uarnek (Gmelin, 1789). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae Habitat: marine. (forskohlii) [Linnéska Samfundets Handlingar v. 1 (for 1832); ref. 34146] Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Himantura uarnak (Gmelin 1789). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Habitat: marine. (uarnata) [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] Current status: Synonym of Himantura uarnak (Gmelin, 1789). Dasyatidae. (maculata) [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 24 (art. 12); ref. 333] Current status: Synonym of Himantura uarnak (Gmelin, 1789). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae (ommescherit) [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Himantura uarnak (Gmelin, 1789). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae Habitat: marine. (punctata) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] ? East Indian Archipelago. Current status: Synonym of Himantura uarnak (Gmelin, 1789). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (scherit) [Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature... Ichthyologie; ref. 4940] Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Himantura uarnak (Gmelin, 1789). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (schoukie) [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea; Suaken, Sudan, 19°07'N 37°20'E. Current status: Synonym of Himantura uarnak (Gmelin, 1789). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae Habitat: marine. (tutul) [Comptes Rendus Biologies v. 336; ref. 32736] Mikoani fish landing, Pemba Island, Tanzania. Current status: Synonym of Himantura uarnak (Gmelin 1789). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: East Africa to Malay Archipelago (if valid). Habitat: brackish, marine. (uarnak) [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Himantura uarnak (Gmelin, 1789). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific, including Red Sea; Mediterranean Sea (Red Sea immigrant); Japan south to northern Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine. (variegatus) [Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 1; ref. 17619] Salt lake near Calcutta, India. Current status: Synonym of Himantura uarnak (Gmelin, 1789). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae Habitat: marine.

Species Himantura undulata (Bleeker, 1852) - leopard whipray [=Trygon undulata Bleeker [P.], 1852:70] Notes: [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 24 (art. 12); ref. 333] Jakarta and Samaran, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Himantura undulata (Bleeker, 1852). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Japan south to Australia; throughout the East Indies. Habitat: marine. GENUS Maculabatis Last et al., 2016 - whiprays [=Maculabatis Last [P. R.], Naylor [G. J. P.] & Manjaji-Matsumoto [B. M.], 2016:361] Notes: [ref. 34581]. Fem. Trygon gerrardi Gray, 1851. Type by original designation. •Valid as Maculabatis Last, Naylor & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2016 -- (Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last 2016:335 [ref. 34624], Last et al. 2016:66 [ref. 34669], Last et al. 2016:525 [ref. 35010]). Current status: Valid as Maculabatis Last, Naylor & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2016. Dasyatidae: Urogymninae.

Species Maculabatis ambigua Last et al., 2016 - Baraka's whipray [=Maculabatis ambigua Last [P. R.], Bogorodsky [S. V.] & Alpermann [T. J.], 2016:67, Figs. 1-6] Notes: [Zootaxa 4154 (no. 1); ref. 34669] Red Sea off Jizan, Saudi Arabia, 16°51'N, 42°25'E, depth 20-22 meters. Current status: Valid as Maculabatis ambigua Last, Bogorodsky & Alpermann, 2016. Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Red Sea to Zanzibar. Habitat: marine.

Species Maculabatis arabica Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2016 - Pakistan whipray [=Maculabatis arabica Manjaji-Matsumoto [B. M.] & Last [P. R.], 2016:337, Figs. 1-6] Notes: [Zootaxa 4144 (no. 3); ref. 34624] 3-4 km west of Turshian Creek, Sind, Pakistan, Arabian Sea, 2405'N, 6736'E, depth 15-29 meters. Current status: Valid as Maculabatis arabica Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2016. Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Pakistan and India. Habitat: marine. Species Maculabatis astra (Last et al., 2008) - blackspotted whipray [=Himantura astra Last [P. R.], Manjaji-Matsumoto [B. M.] & Pogonoski [J. J.], 2008:304, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 022; ref. 29696] Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, Australia, 13°02'S, 138°51'E, depth 55 meters. Current status: Valid as Maculabatis astra (Last, Manjaji-Matsumoto & Pogonoski, 2008). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Northern Australia and New Guinea. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Maculabatis bineeshi Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2016 - shorttail whipray [=Maculabatis bineeshi Manjaji-Matsumoto [B. M.] & Last [P. R.], 2016:334, Figs. 7-13] Notes: [Zootaxa 4144 (no. 3); ref. 34624] 6-8 km south of Hajambro Creek, Sind, Pakistan, Arabian Sea. Current status: Valid as Maculabatis bineeshi Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2016. Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: India and Pakistan. Habitat: marine.

Species Maculabatis gerrardi (Gray, 1851) - whitespotted whipray [=Trygon gerrardi Gray [J. E.], 1851:116, Trygon alcockii Annandale [N.], 1909:27, Fig. 3] Notes: [List of the specimens of fish in the collection of the British Museum.; ref. 4939] India. Current status: Valid as Maculabatis gerrardi (Gray, 1851). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Northern Indian Ocean: Oman to Indonesia and Taiwan. Habitat: marine. (alcockii) [Memoirs of the Indian Museum v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 126] Puri, Orissa coast, India. Current status: Synonym of Maculabatis gerrardi (Gray, 1851). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Habitat: marine.

Species Maculabatis macrura (Bleeker, 1852) - Jakarta whipray (author) [=Trygon macrurus Bleeker [P.], 1852:74] Notes: [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 24 (art. 12); ref. 333] Jakarta and Semarang, Java, Indonesia; Padang, western Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Maculabatis macrura (Bleeker, 1852). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Indonesia to Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

Species Maculabatis pastinacoides (Bleeker, 1852) - round whipray [=Trygon pastinacoides Bleeker [P.], 1852:75, Trygon pareh Bleeker [P.], 1852:71] Notes: [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 24 (art. 12); ref. 333] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Maculabatis pastinacoides (Bleeker, 1852). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Borneo, Sumatra and Java. Habitat: brackish, marine. (pareh) [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 24 (art. 12); ref. 333] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Maculabatis pastinacoides (Bleeker, 1852). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Habitat: marine.

Species Maculabatis randalli (Last et al., 2012) - Arabian banded whipray [=Himantura randalli Last [P. R.], Manjaji-Matsumoto [B. M.] & Moore [A. B. M.], 2012:21, Figs. 1-6] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 3327; ref. 31993] Sharq fish market, Kuwait City, Kuwait, 29°23'N, 47°58'E, Persion Gulf. Current status: Valid as Maculabatis randalli (Last, Manjaji-Matsumoto & Moore, 2012). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Persian Gulf. Habitat: marine.

Species Maculabatis toshi (Whitley, 1939) - brown whipray [=Himantura toshi Whitley [G. P.], 1939:258] Notes: [Australian Zoologist v. 9 (pt 3); ref. 4695] Clarence River Estuary, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Valid as Maculabatis toshi (Whitley, 1939). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: southern New Guinea and Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine.

GENUS Pateobatis Last et al., 2016 - whiprays [=Pateobatis Last [P. R.], Naylor [G. J. P.] & Manjaji-Matsumoto [B. M.], 2016:362] Notes: [ref. 34581]. Fem. Trygon uarnacoides Bleeker, 1852. Type by original designation. •Valid as Pateobatis Last, Naylor & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2016 -- (Last et al. 2016:525, 526 [ref. 35010]). Current status: Valid as Pateobatis Last, Naylor & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2016. Dasyatidae: Urogymninae.

Species Pateobatis bleekeri (Blyth, 1860) - Bleeker's whipray (author) [=Trygon bleekeri Blyth [E.], 1860:41] Notes: [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 29 (no. 1); ref. 16970] Calcutta fish market, India. Current status: Valid as Pateobatis bleekeri (Blyth, 1860). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: India to Myanmar. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Pateobatis fai (Jordan & Seale, 1906) - pink whipray [=Himantura fai Jordan [D. S.] & Seale [A.], 1906:184, Fig. 2, Trygon liocephalus Klunzinger [C. B.], 1871:678] Notes: [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 25 (for 1905); ref. 2497] Apia, Upolu Island, Samoa. Current status: Valid as Pateobatis fai (Jordan & Seale, 1906). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: South Africa to Marquesas, including Australia. Habitat: marine. (liocephalus) [Verhandlungen der K.-K. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien v. 21; ref. 2622] Al-Qusair, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt, Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Pateobatis fai (Jordan & Seale, 1906). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Habitat: marine.

Species Pateobatis hortlei (Last et al., 2006) - Hortle's whipray [=Himantura hortlei Last [P. R.], Manjaji-Matsumoto [B. M.] & Kailola [P. J.], 2006:22, Figs. 1-7] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1239; ref. 28719] Minajerwi River estuary, Irian Jaya, 4°56'S, 137°03'E, depth 7 meters. Current status: Valid as Pateobatis hortlei (Last, Manjaji-Matsumoto & Kailola, 2006). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Southern Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea and northern Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Pateobatis jenkinsii (Annandale, 1909) - Jenkins' whipray [=Trygon jenkinsii Annandale [N.], 1909:28, Figs 4, 4a, Himantura draco Compagno [L. J. V.] & Heemstra [P. C.], 1984:6, Figs. 1-8] Notes: [Memoirs of the Indian Museum v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 126] Off Ganjam coast, Orissa State, India, depth 23-27 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Pateobatis jenkinsii (Annandale, 1909). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Red Sea and Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea, south Africa, India, to Philippines, Australia, New Guinea. Habitat: marine. (draco) [The J.L.B Smith Institute of Ichthyology Special Publication No. 33; ref. 8238] Vicinity of Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, probably less than 50 meters. Current status: Synonym of Pateobatis jenkinsii (Annandale, 1909). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Habitat: marine.

Species Pateobatis uarnacoides (Bleeker, 1852) - whitenose whipray [=Trygon uarnacoides Bleeker [P.], 1852:72] Notes: [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 24 (art. 12); ref. 333] Jakarta and Semarang, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Pateobatis uarnacoides (Bleeker, 1852). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Java to Vietnam. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Urogymnus Müller & Henle, 1837 - porcupine rays [=Urogymnus Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.], 1837:434, Gymnura Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.], 1837:117, Rhachinotus Cantor [T. E.], 1849:1404 [422]] Notes: [ref. 13421]. Masc. Raja asperrima Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Gymnura Müller & Henle, 1837, preoccupied by Gymnura van Hasselt, 1823 in fishes. •Valid as Urogymnus Müller & Henle, 1837 -- (Compagno 1986:141 [ref. 5648], Paxton et al. 1989:43 [ref. 12442], Séret in Lévêque et al. 1990:74 [ref. 21589], Last & Compagno 1999:1481 [ref. 24639], Compagno 1999:497 [ref. 25589], Compagno et al. 2005:75 [ref. 29145], Paxton et al. 2006:196 [ref. 28995], Kimura 2009:14 [ref. 30426], Carvalho & Lovejoy 2011:18 [ref. 31182] of uncertain validity). Current status: Valid as Urogymnus Müller & Henle, 1837. Dasyatidae: Urogymninae (Gymnura) [ref. 3067]. Fem. Raja asperrima Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Type by monotypy. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Gymnura van Hasselt, 1823 in fishes, replaced by Urogymnus Müller & Henle, 1837. •Synonym of Urogymnus Müller & Henle, 1837 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:43 [ref. 12442]). Current status: Synonym of Urogymnus Müller & Henle, 1837. Dasyatidae: Urogymninae (Rhachinotus) [ref. 715]. Masc. Raja africana Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Anacanthus Ehrenberg, in van der Hoeven, 1833, apparently preoccupied by Anacanthus Ehrenberg, in Cuvier, 1829, Gray, 1831 in fishes, and Serville, 1832 in Coleoptera. On page 422 of separate. •Synonym of Urogymnus Müller & Henle, 1837. Current status: Synonym of Urogymnus Müller & Henle, 1837. Dasyatidae: Urogymninae

Species Urogymnus acantobothrium Last et al., 2016 - Mumburarr whipray [=Urogymnus acanthobothrium Last [P. R.], White [W. T.] & Kyne [P. M.], 2016:163, Figs. 1-7] Notes: [Zootaxa 4147 (no. 2); ref. 34634] West Arm of Cambridge Gulf, Western Australia, Australia, 15°33′S, 127°59′E, depth 2.2 m. Current status: Valid as Urogymnus acanthobothrium Last, White & Kyne, 2016. Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Papua New Guinea and northern Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Urogymnus asperrimus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) - porcupine ray [=Raja asperrima Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:367, Raja africana Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:367, Urogymnus rhombeus Klunzinger [C. B.], 1871:683, Urogymnus asperrimus solanderi Whitley [G. P.], 1939:255, Fig. 17] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Mumbai, India. Current status: Valid as Urogymnus asperrimus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East and South Africa east to Mariana Islands and Fiji, south to Western Australia, Chesterfield Islands and New Caledonia; eastern Atlantic. Habitat: brackish, marine. (africana) [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Guinea, West Africa (?). Current status: Synonym of Urogymnus asperrimus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (rhombeus) [Verhandlungen der K.-K. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien v. 21; ref. 2622] Al-Qusair, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt, Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Urogymnus asperrimus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae Habitat: brackish, marine. (solanderi) [Australian Zoologist v. 9 (pt 3); ref. 4695] Erub [= Darnley] Island, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Urogymnus asperrimus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae Habitat: brackish, marine

Species Urogymnus dalyensis (Last & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2008) - freshwater whipray [=Himantura dalyensis Last [P. R.] & Manjaji-Matsumoto [B. M.], 2008:284, Figs. 1, 2A, 3-4] Notes: [CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 022; ref. 29694] Pentecost River (Bindola Creek junction), Western Australia, 15°42'S, 127°51'E. Current status: Valid as Urogymnus dalyensis (Last & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2008). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Northern Australia and New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Urogymnus granulatus (Macleay, 1883) - Macleay's coachwhip ray [=Trygon granulata Macleay [W.], 1883:598, Trygon ponapensis Günther [A.], 1910:493, Pl. 180] Notes: [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 7 (pt 4); ref. 17586] Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Urogymnus granulatus (Macleay, 1883). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific, Red Sea to Oceania. Habitat: brackish, marine. (ponapensis) [Journal des Museum Godeffroy v. 6 (no. 17); ref. 14460] Kabary, Ponape, Caroline Islands, western Pacific. Current status: Synonym of Urogymnus granulatus (Macleay, 1883). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Urogymnus lobistoma (Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2006) - tubemouth whipray [=Himantura lobistoma Manjaji-Matsumoto [B. M.] & Last [P. R.], 2006:291, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Ichthyological Research v. 53 (no. 3); ref. 28776] Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia, 3°10'N, 113°01'E. Current status: Valid as Urogymnus lobistoma (Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2006). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Indo-Malay Archipelago: Borneo and eastern Sumatra. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Urogymnus polylepis (Bleeker, 1852) - giant freshwater stingray [=Trygon polylepis Bleeker [P.], 1852:73] Notes: [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 24 (art. 12); ref. 333] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Urogymnus polylepis (Bleeker, 1852). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: India, Thailand, Java, Borneo and Sumatra. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. ************************************************************************************************ SUBFAMILY Hypolophinae Stromer, 1910 - stingrays [=Pastinachinae] Notes: Hypolophinae Stromer, 1910:493 [ref. 33048] (subfamily) Hypolophus Pastinachinae Roberts, 2007:285 [ref. 29413] (subfamily) Pastinachus

GENUS Makararaja Roberts, 2007 - freshwater stingrays [=Makararaja Roberts [T. R.], 2007:286] Notes: [ref. 29413]. Fem. Makararaja chindwinensis Roberts, 2007. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Roberts 2007:279 [ref. 29791] creates a new subfamily Pastinachinae for Pastinachus and Makararaja. •Possible a synonym of Pastinachus Rüppell, 1828 -- (Last & Manjaji-Matsumoto 2010:115 [ref. 30854]). •Synonym of Pastinachus Rüppell, 1829 -- (Kottelat 2013:27 [ref. 32989]). •Valid as Makararaja Roberts, 2007 -- (Weigmann 2016:139 [ref. 34211], Last et al. 2016:363 [ref. 34581] in Hypolophinae, Last et al. 2016:527 [ref. 35010]). Current status: Valid as Makararaja Roberts, 2007. Dasyatidae: Hypolophinae.

Species Makararaja chindwinensis Roberts, 2007 - Chindwin stingray (author) [=Makararaja chindwinensis Roberts [T. R.], 2007:286, Figs. 3-8] Notes: [Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society v. 54 (no. 2) (for 2006); ref. 29413] Chindwin River, about 20 kilometers sownstream from Khanti, tributary of the Irrawaddy River, northern Myanmar. Current status: Valid as Makararaja chindwinensis Roberts, 2007. Dasyatidae: Hypolophinae. Distribution: Chindwin River, tributary of the Irrawaddy River, northern Myanmar. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Pastinachus Ruppell, 1829 - cowtail stingrays [=Pastinachus (subgenus of Trigon) Rüppell [W. P. E. S.], 1829:51, Hypolophus Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.], 1837:117] Notes: [ref. 3843]. Masc. Raja sephen Forsskål, 1775. Type by subsequent designation. Original not examined. Type designated by Garman 1913:375 [ref. 1545]. •Appears to be a senior synonym of currently-recognized genus Hypolophus Müller & Henle, 1837 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:43 [ref. 12442], Last & Compagno 1999:1482 [ref. 24639]). •Valid as Pastinachus Rüppell, 1829 -- (Compagno 1999:496 [ref. 25589], Rosenberger 2001:615 [ref. 25447], Last et al. 2005:2 [ref. 28346], Compagno et al. 2005:74 [ref. 29145], Roberts 2007:285 [ref. 29413], Last & Manjaji-Matsumoto 2010:116 [ref. 30854], Last et al. 2010:121 [ref. 30855], Kottelat 2013:27 [ref. 32989], Lim et al. 2015:13 [ref. 34441] in Pastinachidae, Last et al. 2016:364 [ref. 34581] in Hypolophinae, Last et al. 2016:527 [ref. 35010]). Current status: Valid as Pastinachus Rüppell, 1829. Dasyatidae: Hypolophinae. (Hypolophus) [ref. 3067]. Masc. Raja sephen Forsskål, 1775. Type by subsequent designation (also subsequent monotypy). Also in Müller & Henle 1837:400 [ref. 13421] without species. Species added by Müller & Henle 1841:170 [ref. 3069] but earlier Bonaparte 1838:202 (p. 6 of separate) included one species and designated type (see p. 2 of separate). Spelled Hyplophus by Jordan 1923:104 [ref. 2421]. •Valid as Hypolophus Müller & Henle, 1837 -- (Compagno 1986:140 [ref. 5648]). •Valid, but Pastinachus Rüppell, 1829 may be a senior synonym -- (Paxton et al. 1989:43 [ref. 12442]). •Synonym of Pastinachus Rüppell, 1829 - (Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:viii [ref. 21953], Last et al. 2005:2 [ref. 28346], Last & Manjaji-Matsumoto 2010:115 [ref. 30854] with question, Kottelat 2013:27 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Pastinachus Rüppell, 1829. Dasyatidae: Hypolophinae. Species Pastinachus ater (Macleay, 1883) - broad cowtail stingray [=Taeniura atra Macleay [W.], 1883:598] Notes: [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 7 (pt 4); ref. 17586] Port Moresby District, Papua New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Pastinachus ater (Macleay, 1883). Dasyatidae: Hypolophinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Pastinachus gracilicaudus Last & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2010 - narrow-tail stingray [=Pastinachus gracilicaudus Last [P. R.] & Manjaji-Matsumoto [B. M.], 2010:116, Figs. 1-3, 5a, 6a, 7a, 8] Notes: [CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 032; ref. 30854] Kota Kinabalu fish market, Sabah, Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Pastinachus gracilicaudus Last & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2010. Dasyatidae: Hypolophinae Distribution: Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia; probably more widespread. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Pastinachus sephen (Forsskål, 1775) - cowtail stingray [=Raja sephen Forsskål [P. S.], 1775:17, viii, Raja arabica Billberg [G. J.], 1833:51, Raia fluviatilis Hamilton [F.], 1822:1, Trigon forskalii Rüppell [W. P. E. S.], 1829:53, Pl. 13 (fig. 2), Dasybatus (Pastinachus) gruveli Chabanaud [P.], 1923:45, Raia sancur Hamilton [F.], 1822:2, 361] Notes: [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and Luhaiya, Yemen, Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Pastinachus sephen (Forsskål, 1775). Dasyatidae: Hypolophinae Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa and South Africa east to Mariana and Marshall Islands and New Britain, south to Western Australia, New South Wales (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (arabica) [Linnéska Samfundets Handlingar v. 1 (for 1832); ref. 34146] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and Luhaiya, Yemen, Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Pastinachus sephen (Forsskål, 1775). Dasyatidae: Hypolophinae. Habitat: marine. (fluviatilis) [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Ganges River, India. Current status: Synonym of Pastinachus sephen (Forsskål, 1775). Dasyatidae: Hypolophinae Distribution: Indian Ocean. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (forskalii) [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Pastinachus sephen (Forsskål, 1775). Dasyatidae: Hypolophinae Habitat: brackish, marine. (gruveli) [Bulletin, Sea (sér. 1) v. 29 (no. 1); ref. 17980] Gulf of Thailand. Current status: Synonym of Pastinachus sephen (Forsskål, 1775). Dasyatidae: Hypolophinae Habitat: brackish, marine. (sancur) [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Ganges River estuaries, India. Current status: Synonym of Pastinachus sephen (Forsskål, 1775). Dasyatidae: Hypolophinae Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine

Species Pastinachus solocirostris Last et al., 2005 - roughnose stingray [=Pastinachus solocirostris Last [P. R.], Manjaji [B. M.] & Yearsley [G. K.], 2005:3, Figs. 1-6] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1040; ref. 28346] Mukah Fish Market, Mukay, Sarawak (Malaysia), Borneo, South China Sea. Current status: Valid as Pastinachus solocirostris Last, Manjaji & Yearsley, 2005. Dasyatidae: Hypolophinae Distribution: Indo-Malay Archipelago. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Pastinachus stellurostris Last et al., 2010 - starrynose stingray [=Pastinachus stellurostris Last [P. R.], Fahmi [no initial] & Naylor [G. J. P.], 2010:131, Figs. 1-6, 7a, 8-9] Notes: [CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 032; ref. 30855] Sungai Pinyuh fish market, caught near Pemangkat, West Kalimantan, Indonesia, ca. 1°10'N, 108°58'E. Current status: Valid as Pastinachus stellurostris Last, Fahmi & Naylor, 2010. Dasyatidae: Hypolophinae Distribution: West Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia, vicinity of Kapuas River esturary, and Thailand. Habitat: brackish. ************************************************************************************************ Unavailable names:

Dasyatis maculatus Miyosi [Y.], 1939:94, Fig. 2 [Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan v. 9 (no. 5); ref. 17204] Off Hyuga Nada, east coast of Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan, depth 40-60 meters. Holotype (unique): MGHSJ (whereabouts unknown). Dasyatidae. Habitat: marine.

Dasyatis microphthalmus Chen [J. T. F.], 1948:8, Fig. 6 [Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum (Taipei) v. 1 (no. 3); ref. 13046] Keelung market, northern Taiwan. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Type catalog: Ho & Shao 2011:20 [ref. 31432]. •Valid as Himantura microphthalma (Chen, 1948) -- (Compagno 1999:496 [ref. 25589], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:583 [ref. 25122], Ho & Shao 2011:20 [ref. 31432] as microphthalmus). •Probably not in Himantura ; possibly close to Dasyatis acutirostra Nishida & Nakaya 1988 -- (Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last 2006:295 [ref. 28776]). •Valid as Dasyatis microphthalma Chen, 1948 -- (Ebert et al. 2013:360 [ref. 33045] with question, Weigmann 2016:132 [ref. 34211]). •Possibly valid as Telatrygon microphthalma (Chen, 1948). Current status: Uncertain as Telatrygon microphthalma (Chen, 1948). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Taiwan or East China Sea area. Habitat: marine.

Dasyatis scabrata Fowler [H. W.], 1942:66 [The Fish Culturist v. 21 (nos 9-10); ref. 20994] Matanzas, Cuba. Available, but apparently an unintentional new name, believed to have been taken from a museum label (see Fowler 1969:183 [ref. 6832]). •Treated as available in Bigelow & Schroeder 1953:352 [ref. 6568]. Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: marine.

Trygon osteosticta Müller [J.], in Ermann, 1835:25, Pl. 14 (figs. 1-2) [Reise um die Erde durch Nord-Asien und die beiden Oceane; ref. 20262] Syntypes: MNHN 0000-2620 (1). Type catalog: Bertin 1939:86 [ref. 20739], Paepke & Schmidt 1988:178 [ref. 21041]. •Probable synonym of Hypanus guttatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Current status: Uncertain as Hypanus guttatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Habitat: marine.

Dasyatis microphthalmus Chen [J. T. F.], 1948:8, Fig. 6 [Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum (Taipei) v. 1 (no. 3); ref. 13046] Keelung market, northern Taiwan. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Type catalog: Ho & Shao 2011:20 [ref. 31432]. •Valid as Himantura microphthalma (Chen, 1948) -- (Compagno 1999:496 [ref. 25589], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:583 [ref. 25122], Ho & Shao 2011:20 [ref. 31432] as microphthalmus). •Probably not in Himantura ; possibly close to Dasyatis acutirostra Nishida & Nakaya, 1988 -- (Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last 2006:295 [ref. 28776]). •Valid as Dasyatis microphthalma Chen, 1948 -- (Ebert et al. 2013:360 [ref. 33045] with question, Weigmann 2016:132 [ref. 34211]). •Possibly valid as Telatrygon microphthalma (Chen, 1948). Current status: Uncertain as Telatrygon microphthalma (Chen, 1948). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Taiwan or East China Sea area. Habitat: marine.

Neotrygon vali Borsa [P.], 2017:5, Fig. 13 [bioRxiv; ref. 35149] Honiara, Guadalcanal Island, Solomon Islands. Holotype (unique): CSIRO H.7723-01. Description fulfills conditions of ICZN and is therefore available (Ron Fricke email 4/2017). •Uncertain in Neotrygon Castelnau, 1873. Current status: Uncertain as Neotrygon vali Borsa, 2017. Dasyatidae: Neotrygoninae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Solomon Islands (if valid). Habitat: marine. Taeniura brocki Schultz [L. P.], in Schultz et al., 1953:18, Pl. 4 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Off Eman Island in lagoon, Bikini Atoll, western Pacific. Holotype (unique): USNM 140978. Dasyatidae. Habitat: marine.

Trygon russellii Gray [J. E.], 1834:no page number, Pl. 100 [Illustrations of Indian zoology; ref. 1878] India. Published about 1 Oct. 1834. Printed on plate [but not investigated by us] is: Published 1829 by Parbury Allen & Co., Leadenhall Str., London. •Questionably the same as (juvenile of) Himantura leoparda Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last 2008 -- (Manjaji- Matsumoto & Last 2008:300 [ref. 29695]) Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Habitat: marine.

Urogymnus asperrimus var. krusadiensis Chacko [P. I.], 1944:81 [Current Science v. 13 (no. 3); ref. 20941] Krusadai Island, Gulf of Manaar, India. Syntypes: ZSI (1). Dasyatidae. Habitat: marine.

Urogymnus laevior Annandale [N.], 1909:37 [Memoirs of the Indian Museum v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 126] Near shore of Malpe, southern Canara on Malabar coast, Karnataka State, India. Holotype (unique): FCRM (stuffed skin). Dasyatidae. Habitat: marine.