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The Irish Ancestral Research Association 2120 Commonwealth Ave The Irish Ancestral Research Association 2120 Commonwealth Ave. Auburndale, MA 02466-1909 Fall 2015 Volume 32, Number 3 Researching Working Lives of Women Decorators at the Boston & Sandwich Glass Company Workers at the Kerr Thread Mill, Fall River, MA Lewis W. Hine Photo, www.loc.gov Nurses of Base Hospital 68, AEF at Unit Flag Dedication, 12 Sept 1918 President’s Message Susan Steele #1025 Hello from your new Co-President! I’ve con- nected with many of you through past roles of Co-Recording Secretary, Director of Mass. Memories and the Foresters Project and fur- The Irish Ancestral Research Association 2120 Commonwealth Avenue ther back… co-editor of the Newsletter. As I Auburndale, MA 02466-1909 contemplate those various roles my first www.tiara.ie thoughts are how enriched my life has be- Officers come since I started volunteering at TIARA. Susan Steele I’ve honed some old skills, acquired a num- Greg Atkinson Co-Presidents Kathy Sullivan Vice President ber of new skills and met some wonderful Joanne Delaney folks along the way. I encourage those of Co-Recording Secretaries Molly Walker you who haven’t volunteered in the past to Pam Holland Corresponding Secretary Gary Sutherland Finance Director jump in and reap the benefits! Those who have volunteered in the past… we look for- Committee Chairs ward to welcoming you back. Pat Deal Membership Pat Landry Webmaster Susan Steele Foresters The first folks I would like to welcome are the Joan Callahan Library new Executive Board Officers: my Co- Eva Murphy Volunteers President, Greg Atkinson; Vice President, Dues: Calendar year membership is (U.S.) $25 per individual Kathy Sullivan, Co-Recording Secretaries, & $35 per family. Newsletters sent as a PDF file via email. An Joanne Delaney & Molly Walker; Corre- additional $5/yr is charged to mail paper copies of the news- letters. Canadian and overseas memberships are charged an sponding Secretary, Pam Holland; and Fi- additional (US) $10/yr for paper copies of the newsletter. nancial Director, Gary Sutherland. We have already met once this summer and will be Meetings: TIARA meets monthly except July & August meeting again as this newsletter goes to at locations throughout the New England area. press. As we talk about the coming THE TIARA NEWSLETTER year, Committee Chairs will report in with The TIARA newsletter is published quarterly and distributed to members in good standing. plans and possible needs for volunteers. Editor Virginia Wright Watch this space and the TIARA website for Assistant Editors Richard Wright updates. We will also make announcements Marie Ahearn at meetings. Here are some volunteer oppor- Submit all correspondence to the above address or email to tunities that are already on our schedule: [email protected]. Sept. 12-13 The South Shore Irish Fes- Copyright All material in this publication is protected by tival, Marshfield, MA copyright. Permission must be obtained for use of any mate- (Continued on page 59) rial and credit given, including Title, Author, Volume, and Issue number. ________________________________________________ _________________________________________ In This Issue In This Issue (Continued) President's Message Page 42 Dathi’s Bookshelf Page 56 Mothers Daughters, Wives, Sisters Page 43 Library Update Page 58 From Shoe Worker to Army Nurse Page 46 Learn the Language of Your People Page 58 The Kelleher Sisters of Sandwich Page 49 Upcoming TIARA Meetings Page 58 Domestics Page 51 Newsletter Opportunities Page 59 The 1918 Influenza Pandemic - a Life-Changing Event Page 52 42 Mothers, Daughters, Wives, Sisters: Machine Operators, Doffers, Weavers and Shoe Workers Susan Steele #1025 We’ve all spent some time thinking about the lives of our women ancestors at home – how they coped with births, deaths, migration and other significant events. You have per- haps spent less time thinking about female ancestors working outside the home. In addi- tion to their domestic roles, our female an- cestors were also nurses, factory and mill workers. An 1892 description of women breadwinners in the city of Brockton, Massa- chusetts adds to the list. “They are teachers, saleswomen, stenographers, office girls, dressmakers, stitchers, pasters, heel makers, box makers, operators in telegraphy and tele- Older Woman at a Fall River, MA, Mill phone, candy makers and servants.” These (Lewis Hine Photo, www.loc.gov) workers included both married and single thread mills. Annie Dillon, Elizabeth Healey women and often were the sole financial and Ellen Moriarty worked at the Skinner support or an important contributing sup- Silk Mills. All of these women were helping to port for their families. support families when they joined the MCOF. These women’s jobs ranged from cloth in- Many of these women were members of the spector, sorter and thread winder to silk Massachusetts Catholic Order of Foresters spinner and warper. (MCOF). The Foresters life insurance policy provided a one thousand dollar death bene- Forester records only give an occupation at fit. This benefit was of great significance to the time of a member’s initiation. So I fol- extended families that often depended on the lowed these women in the census and in city salary of these women. These records offer a directories – some like Catherine Raferty good starting point – especially for research- worked well into their 60s. Some left their ing numbers of women who worked in the industry jobs when they married. Others re- same industry. The Forester records exam- turned upon the death of a husband and ined for this article cover the time period some had working lives cut short by illness. from the mid 1890s through 1935 and con- The Forester records do give us cause of centrate on two Massachusetts cities: Holy- death but can’t tell us specifics about work- oke and Brockton. place conditions. I found other sources that did describe the workplace. By 1880, Holyoke, Massachusetts was a city with a large industrial workforce. About half One source was Wistariahurst Museum Re- of Holyoke’s work force was employed in pa- search Archive in Holyoke. Wistariahurst per or textile mills. Six out of every ten work- was the home of the Skinner family who ers were female; a significant number of owned a large mill. Archives in the carriage workers were children under 15. Beginning house contain records of the Skinner family, in the mid 1890s, a large number of the as well as a textile and a Holyoke history col- Catholic women workers belonged to two lection. I found photos, city directories and Forester courts (chapters). Some court mem- perhaps the most pertinent source – oral his- bers such as Catherine and Nora Raferty tories. The oral histories included women worked in both the textile and paper mills. who had begun working at the Skinner Mills Catherine spent at least ten years in the Farr in the early 1900s. Alpaca Mill. Katherine Keefe worked in the 43 Dorothy Hamel’s oral history gives informa- break. There was much less lint. Some tion about pay scale and work hours from women talked about bosses who were fair 1916 – 1928. Dorothy, whose parents were and camaraderie with fellow workers. Many Irish immigrants, started work at age 16 in women talked about contributing wages to the Skinner Mills. She worked as a quiller extended families. At least one woman talked supplying yarn onto the ends of the winding about being able to use some of her wages units or quills. Quilling was a piecework job. for travel with friends. A beginning quiller would make around $4.20 a week. Dorothy worked until she Other women talked about grueling condi- married in 1921 and began a family. When tions: overheated air full of lint and unrelent- Dorothy attempted to go back to work in ing noise. Most women were on their feet all 1928, she was assigned piecework from day – the breaks were few & far between. 7:00a.m. until 5:00 p.m. with an hour off for Foresters Catherine Raferty and Julia Dwyer lunch. She was now making between nine would have experienced the bad air and loud and fourteen dollars a week. Dorothy was noise at the Farr Alpaca Mill. Hearing about only able to work for three weeks before fam- these conditions makes it easy to believe that ily responsibilities intervened. Julia Dwyer’s workplace was a factor in her death. Julia worked at the Farr Alpaca mill The subject of another oral history was Anna for at least ten years and died in 1923 at age Burns Sullivan who began working at age 33 of Pulmonary Tuberculosis – this was fourteen to support her mother and four most likely a work related illness. She younger siblings after her father died. Anna worked as a spooler and would have experi- began working in the carding room of Holy- enced the “lint snow” that Ellen Burns Sulli- oke’s largest cotton mill, American Thread. van described. Throughout the 1920s and Her job was to remove large wooden bobbins 1930s, Holyoke had a death rate from tuber- spun full of yarn and replace them with culosis that was 20 – 25 percent higher than empty ones. In an interview in the 1970s, the state as a whole. When Anna Burns Sul- Anna looked back on her time at American livan was in her early 30s she became a un- Thread, “I don’t think many kids went for ion organizer and worked tirelessly to change this work. You came out looking like Santa working conditions for women and men in Claus. Your hair was covered with cotton, Holyoke and beyond. your clothes with cotton, you ate cotton. It was, you know, all cotton… they didn’t have Brockton was another city dominated by in- such things as vents in those days.
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