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Shape Evolution and Sexual Dimorphism in the Mandible of the Dire Wolf, Canis Dirus, at Rancho La Brea Alexandria L
Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 2014 Shape evolution and sexual dimorphism in the mandible of the dire wolf, Canis Dirus, at Rancho la Brea Alexandria L. Brannick [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, and the Paleontology Commons Recommended Citation Brannick, Alexandria L., "Shape evolution and sexual dimorphism in the mandible of the dire wolf, Canis Dirus, at Rancho la Brea" (2014). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. Paper 804. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SHAPE EVOLUTION AND SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN THE MANDIBLE OF THE DIRE WOLF, CANIS DIRUS, AT RANCHO LA BREA A thesis submitted to the Graduate College of Marshall University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences by Alexandria L. Brannick Approved by Dr. F. Robin O’Keefe, Committee Chairperson Dr. Julie Meachen Dr. Paul Constantino Marshall University May 2014 ©2014 Alexandria L. Brannick ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my advisor, Dr. F. Robin O’Keefe, for all of his help with this project, the many scientific opportunities he has given me, and his guidance throughout my graduate education. I thank Dr. Julie Meachen for her help with collecting data from the Page Museum, her insight and advice, as well as her support. I learned so much from Dr. -
The Giant Alcelaphine Antelope, M. Priscus, Is One of Six Extinct Species
Palaeont. afr. , 32, 17-22 (1995) A NEW FIND OF MEGALOTRAGUS PRISCUS (ALCELAPHINI, BOVIDAE) FROM THE CENTRAL KAROO, SOUTH AFRICA by J.S. Brink!, H. de Bruiyn2, L.B. Rademeyer2 and W.A. van der Westhuizen2 lFlorisbad Quaternary Research Dept., National Museum, POBox 266, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa 2Dept. of Geology, University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa ABSTRACT We document the occurrence of the Florisian, or late Quaternary, form of the giant a1celaphine, Megalotragus priscus, from dongas on the Ongers River, near Britstown in the central Karoo. This is significant as it confirms the occurrence of the species in the Karoo and it suggests significantly wetter environments and productive grasslands in the central Karoo in pre-Holocene times. The present-day Karoo environment did not maintain populations of large ruminant grazers similar to M. priscus, and other specialized Florisian grazers, prior to the advent of agriculture and pasture management. Aridification in recent times is the likely cause of changes in grassland quality and the local dissappearance of these animals, if not their extinction. KEY WORDS: A1celaphine evolution, Florisian mammals, Late Pleistocene extinction INTRODUCTION modem bovid fauna is the product (Vrba 1976, 1979; The giant alcelaphine antelope, M. priscus, is one of Bigalke 1978; Gentry 1978; Gentry & Gentry 1978). six extinct species which define the Florisian Land One example of this increase in end~mism is the Mammal Age (Brink 1994; Hendey 1974). The evolution of M. priscus. An ancestral form, species is known from a variety of late Quaternary M. katwinkeli, is known from East Africa and possibly sites in the interior of southern Africa as well as from some southern African Plio-Pleistocene sites, but in the Cape Ecozone in pre-Holocene times (Brink 1987; the Middle and Late Pleistocene the genus Bender & Brink 1992; Klein 1980, 1984; Klein & Megalotragus is only found in southern African fossil Cruz-Uribe 1991). -
Late Quaternary Extinction of Ungulates in Sub-Saharan Africa: a Reductionist's Approach
Late Quaternary Extinction of Ungulates in Sub-Saharan Africa: a Reductionist's Approach Joris Peters Ins/itu/ für Palaeoanatomie, Domestikationsforschung und Geschichte der Tiermedizin, Universität München. Feldmochinger Strasse 7, D-80992 München, Germany AchilIes Gautier Laboratorium VDor Pa/eonlo/agie, Seclie Kwartairpaleo1ltologie en Archeozoölogie, Universiteit Gent, Krijgs/aon 2811S8, B-9000 Gent, Belgium James S. Brink National Museum, P. 0. Box 266. Bloemfontein 9300. Republic of South Africa Wim Haenen Instituut voor Gezandheidsecologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Capucijnenvoer 35, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium (Received 24 January 1992, revised manuscrip/ accepted 6 November 1992) Comparative osteomorphology and sta ti st ical analysis cf postcranial limb bone measurements cf modern African wildebeest (Collnochaetes), eland (Taura/ragus) and Africa n buffala (Sy" cer"s) have heen applied to reassess the systematic affiliations between these bovids and related extinct Pleistocene forms. The fossil sam pies come from the sites of Elandsfontein (Cape Province) .nd Flarisb.d (Orange Free State) in South Afrie • . On the basis of differenees in skull morphology and size of the appendicular skeleton between fossil and modern blaek wildebeest (ConlJochaeus gnou). the subspecies name anliquus, proposed earlier to designate the Pleistoeene form, ean be retained. The same taxonomie level is accepted for the large Pleistocene e1and, whieh could be named Taurolragus oryx antiquus. The long horned or giant buffa1o, Pelorovis antiquus, can be inc1uded in the polymorphous Syncerus caffer stock and could therefore be called Syncerus caffer antiquus. The ecology of Pleistocene and modern Connochaetes, Taurolragus and Syncerus is discussed. A relationship between herbivore body size and c1imate, as Bergmann's Rule predicts, could not be demonstrated. -
The Early Hunting Dog from Dmanisi with Comments on the Social
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The early hunting dog from Dmanisi with comments on the social behaviour in Canidae and hominins Saverio Bartolini‑Lucenti1,2*, Joan Madurell‑Malapeira3,4, Bienvenido Martínez‑Navarro5,6,7*, Paul Palmqvist8, David Lordkipanidze9,10 & Lorenzo Rook1 The renowned site of Dmanisi in Georgia, southern Caucasus (ca. 1.8 Ma) yielded the earliest direct evidence of hominin presence out of Africa. In this paper, we report on the frst record of a large‑sized canid from this site, namely dentognathic remains, referable to a young adult individual that displays hypercarnivorous features (e.g., the reduction of the m1 metaconid and entoconid) that allow us to include these specimens in the hypodigm of the late Early Pleistocene species Canis (Xenocyon) lycaonoides. Much fossil evidence suggests that this species was a cooperative pack‑hunter that, unlike other large‑sized canids, was capable of social care toward kin and non‑kin members of its group. This rather derived hypercarnivorous canid, which has an East Asian origin, shows one of its earliest records at Dmanisi in the Caucasus, at the gates of Europe. Interestingly, its dispersal from Asia to Europe and Africa followed a parallel route to that of hominins, but in the opposite direction. Hominins and hunting dogs, both recorded in Dmanisi at the beginning of their dispersal across the Old World, are the only two Early Pleistocene mammal species with proved altruistic behaviour towards their group members, an issue discussed over more than one century in evolutionary biology. Wild dogs are medium- to large-sized canids that possess several hypercarnivorous craniodental features and complex social and predatory behaviours (i.e., social hierarchic groups and pack-hunting of large vertebrate prey typically as large as or larger than themselves). -
Dire Wolves Were the Last of an Ancient New World Canid Lineage Angela
Dire wolves were the last of an ancient New World canid lineage Angela R. Perri1,*§, Kieren J. Mitchell2,*§, Alice Mouton3,*, Sandra Álvarez-Carretero4,*, Ardern Hulme-Beaman5,6, James Haile 7, Alexandra Jamieson7, Julie Meachen8, Audrey T. Lin7,9,10, Blaine W. Schubert11, Carly Ameen12, Ekaterina E. Antipina13, Pere Bover14, Selina Brace15, Alberto Carmagnini4, Christian Carøe16, Jose A. Samaniego Castruita16, James C. Chatters17, Keith Dobney5, Mario dos Reis4, Allowen Evin18, Philippe Gaubert19, Shyam Gopalakrishnan16, Graham Gower2, Holly Heiniger2, Kristofer M. Helgen20, Josh Kapp21, Pavel A. Kosintsev22,23, Anna Linderholm7, 24, Andrew T. Ozga25, 26, 27, Samantha Presslee28, Alexander T. Salis2, Nedda F. Saremi21, Colin Shew3, Katherine Skerry26, Dmitry E. Taranenko29, Mary Thompson30, Mikhail V. Sablin31,Yaroslav V. Kuzmin32, 33, Matthew J. Collins34, 35, Mikkel-Holger S. Sinding16, 36, M. Thomas P. Gilbert16, 37, Anne C. Stone25 ,26, Beth Shapiro21, 38, Blaire Van Valkenburgh3, Robert K. Wayne3, Greger Larson7, and Alan Cooper39, Laurent A. F. Frantz4, 40§. 1Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK 2Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia 3Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK 5Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK 6School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, -
Iterative Evolution of Large-Bodied Hypercarnivory in Canids Benefits
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01193-9 OPEN Iterative evolution of large-bodied hypercarnivory in canids benefits species but not clades ✉ Mairin A. Balisi 1,2,3,4 & Blaire Van Valkenburgh 2 1234567890():,; Ecological specialization has costs and benefits at various scales: traits benefitting an indi- vidual may disadvantage its population, species or clade. In particular, large body size and hypercarnivory (diet over 70% meat) have evolved repeatedly in mammals; yet large hypercarnivores are thought to be trapped in a macroevolutionary “ratchet”, marching uni- laterally toward decline. Here, we weigh the impact of this specialization on extinction risk using the rich fossil record of North American canids (dogs). In two of three canid subfamilies over the past 40 million years, diversification of large-bodied hypercarnivores appears constrained at the clade level, biasing specialized lineages to extinction. However, despite shorter species durations, extinction rates of large hypercarnivores have been mostly similar to those of all other canids. Extinction was size- and carnivory-selective only at the end of the Pleistocene epoch 11,000 years ago, suggesting that large hypercarnivores were not dis- advantaged at the species level before anthropogenic influence. 1 La Brea Tar Pits and Museum, Los Angeles, CA 90036, USA. 2 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. 3 Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA. 4 Department of Life ✉ and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA. email: [email protected] COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY | (2020) 3:461 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01193-9 | www.nature.com/commsbio 1 ARTICLE COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY | https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01193-9 odern mammal communities are depauperate in apex temperature estimated by oxygen isotopes as a possible extrinsic predators. -
Palaeontological Impact Assessment: Desktop Study
PALAEONTOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: DESKTOP STUDY PROPOSED GROOTPOORT PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY NEAR LUCKHOFF, FREE STATE PROVINCE John E. Almond PhD (Cantab.) Natura Viva cc, PO Box 12410 Mill Street, Cape Town 8010, RSA [email protected] June 2016 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Pele Green Energy (Pty) Ltd Is proposing to develop a photovoltaic (PV) solar energy facility of up to 100 MW photovoltaic generation capacity as well as associated infrastructure on the Farm Grootpoort 168, Registration Division Fauresmith (Letsemeng Local Municipality), Free State. The total footprint of the project, including supporting infrastructure on site, will be approximately 250 hectares. The study area is situated on the northern side of the Gariep River some 15.5 km southwest of the small town of Luckhoff. It is underlain by (1) potentially fossiliferous basinal sediments of the marine to lacustrine Tierberg Formation (Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup) of Middle Permian age that are locally intruded by (2) unfossiliferous Early Jurassic igneous rocks of the Karoo Dolerite suite. The Tierberg mudrocks are very poorly exposed due to the pervasive cover by Late Caenozoic superficial sediments (calcrete, soils, surface gravels, alluvium etc). The Ecca mudrocks in this region of the Karoo are frequently weathered and extensively calcretised near- surface. Well-exposed bedding planes that might reveal fossil material are rarely seen. The numerous large concretions of rusty-brown iron carbonate and silicified mudstone encountered at some horizons within the Tierberg succession are usually unfossiliferous; complex stromatolite-like features seen within them are not of biological origin. Baking by dolerite intrusion has probably further compromised fossil preservation within the Ecca mudrocks. -
1 TABLE S1 Global List of Extinct and Extant Megafaunal Genera By
Supplemental Material: Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.. 2006. 37:215-50 doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132415 Late Quaternary Extinctions: State of the Debate Koch and Barnosky TABLE S1 Global list of extinct and extant megafaunal genera by continent. STATUS TAXON TIME AFRICA Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Acinonyx Panthera Hyaenidae Crocuta Hyaena Ursidae Ursusa Primates Gorilla Proboscidea Elephantidae C Elephas <100 Loxodonta Perissodactyla Equidae S Equus <100 E Hipparion <100 Rhinocerotidae Ceratotherium Diceros E Stephanorhinus <100 Artiodactyla Bovidae Addax Ammotragus Antidorcas Alcelaphus Aepyceros C Bos 11.5-0 Capra Cephalopus Connochaetes Damaliscus Gazella S Hippotragus <100 Kobus E Rhynotragus/Megalotragus 11.5-0 Oryx E Pelorovis 11.5-0 E Parmulariusa <100 Redunca Sigmoceros Syncerus Taurotragus Tragelaphus Camelidae C Camelus <100 1 Supplemental Material: Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.. 2006. 37:215-50 doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132415 Late Quaternary Extinctions: State of the Debate Koch and Barnosky Cervidae E Megaceroides <100 Giraffidae S Giraffa <100 Okapia Hippopotamidae Hexaprotodon Hippopotamus Suidae Hylochoerus Phacochoerus Potamochoerus Susa Tubulidenta Orycteropus AUSTRALIA Reptilia Varanidae E Megalania 50-15.5 Meiolanidae E Meiolania 50-15.5 E Ninjemys <100 Crocodylidae E Palimnarchus 50-15.5 E Quinkana 50-15.5 Boiidae? E Wonambi 100-50 Aves E Genyornis 50-15.5 Mammalia Marsupialia Diprotodontidae E Diprotodon 50-15.5 E Euowenia <100 E Euryzygoma <100 E Nototherium <100 E Zygomaturus 100-50 Macropodidae S Macropus 100-50 E Procoptodon <100 E Protemnodon 50-15.5 E Simosthenurus 50-15.5 E Sthenurus 100-50 Palorchestidae E Palorchestes 50-15.5 Thylacoleonidae E Thylacoleo 50-15.5 Vombatidae S Lasiorhinus <100 E Phascolomys <100 E Phascolonus 50-15.5 E Ramsayia <100 2 Supplemental Material: Annu. -
Notations and Terms
ENNEX Solar Energy Facility: Archaeological Impact Assessment Report 11 ADDENDUM: PALAEONTOLOGICAL SPECIALIST STUDY AGES (PTY) LTD - 58- PALAEONTOLOGICAL SPECIALIST STUDY: COMBINED DESKTOP AND FIELD-BASED ASSESSMENTS Proposed solar power generation facilities on the remaining extent of the farm Vetlaagte No. 4, De Aar, Northern Cape Province John E. Almond PhD (Cantab.) Natura Viva cc, PO Box 12410 Mill Street, Cape Town 8010, RSA [email protected] May 2012 1. SUMMARY It is proposed to develop seven small (30-75 MW) photovoltaic solar power generation facilities with associated infrastructure within an area of c. 935 ha on the Farm Vetlaagte, located 7 km east of De Aar, Pixley ka Seme District Municipality, Northern Cape. The potentially fossiliferous sediments of the Late Palaeozoic Karoo Supergroup (Ecca and Lower Beaufort Groups) that underlie the study area are almost entirely mantled in a thick layer of superficial deposits of probable Pleistocene to Recent age. These include various soils, gravels and – at least in some areas - a well-developed calcrete hardpan. The upper Ecca Group bedrocks in the northern portion of the study area contain locally abundant fossil wood (of palaeontological interest for dating and palaeoenvironmental studies), as well as low diversity non-marine trace fossil assemblages typical of the Waterford Formation, rather than the Tierberg Formation as mapped. No vertebrate fossils and only scattered woody plant impressions of the Permian Glossopteris Flora were observed within the Lower Beaufort Group rocks that are very poorly exposed in the southern portion of the Vetlaagte study area. Trace fossils, silicified wood and rare vertebrate remains (therapsids, parareptiles) of the Middle Permian Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone have recently been recorded from this succession in the De Aar region (Almond 2010b). -
Paleoanthropology Society Meeting Abstracts, Minneapolis, Mn, 12-13 April 2011
PALEOANTHROPOLOGY SOCIETY MEETING ABSTRACTS, MINNEAPOLIS, MN, 12-13 APRIL 2011 The Role of Paleosol Carbon Isotopes in Reconstructing the Aramis Ardipithecus ramidus habitat: Woodland or Grassland? Stanley H. Ambrose, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA Giday WoldeGabriel, Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA Tim White, Human Evolution Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, USA Gen Suwa, The University Museum, University of Tokyo, JAPAN Paleosols (fossil soils) were sampled across a 9km west to east curvilinear transect of the Aramis Member of the Sagantole Formation in the Middle Awash Valley. Paleosol carbon isotope ratios are interpreted as reflecting floral habitats with 30% to 70%4 C grass biomass, representing woodlands to wooded grasslands (WoldeGabriel et al. Science 326: 65e1–5, 2009). Pedogenic carbonate carbon and oxygen isotope ratios increase from west to east, reflecting grassier, drier habitats on the east, where Ardipithecus ramidus fossils are absent. These data are consistent with diverse lines of geological, paleontological, anatomical, and dental isotopic evidence for the character and distribution of floral habitats associated with Ardipithecus 4.4 Ma (White et al. Science 326: 87–93, 2009). Cerling et al. (Science 328: 1105-d, 2010) presented a new model for interpreting soil carbon isotopes from Aramis. They concluded that Ardipithecus occupied mainly wooded to open grasslands with less than 25% trees and shrubs and narrow strips of riparian woodlands. Geological and pale- ontological evidence for fluviatile deposition and riparian habitats is absent at Aramis. Their isotopic model contradicts all previously published paleosol carbon isotope-based reconstructions of tropical fossil sites, including all previous publications by six coauthors of Cerling et al. -
Paleoecology of Fossil Species of Canids (Canidae, Carnivora, Mammalia)
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH BOHEMIA, FACULTY OF SCIENCES Paleoecology of fossil species of canids (Canidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) Master thesis Bc. Isabela Ok řinová Supervisor: RNDr. V ěra Pavelková, Ph.D. Consultant: prof. RNDr. Jan Zrzavý, CSc. České Bud ějovice 2013 Ok řinová, I., 2013: Paleoecology of fossil species of canids (Carnivora, Mammalia). Master thesis, in English, 53 p., Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Bud ějovice, Czech Republic. Annotation: There were reconstructed phylogeny of recent and fossil species of subfamily Caninae in this study. Resulting phylogeny was used for examining possible causes of cooperative behaviour in Caninae. The study tried tu explain evolution of social behavior in canids. Declaration: I hereby declare that I have worked on my master thesis independently and used only the sources listed in the bibliography. I hereby declare that, in accordance with Article 47b of Act No. 111/1998 in the valid wording, I agree with the publication of my master thesis in electronic form in publicly accessible part of the STAG database operated by the University of South Bohemia accessible through its web pages. Further, I agree to the electronic publication of the comments of my supervisor and thesis opponents and the record of the proceedings and results of the thesis defence in accordance with aforementioned Act No. 111/1998. I also agree to the comparison of the text of my thesis with the Theses.cz thesis database operated by the National Registry of University Theses and a plagiarism detection system. In České Bud ějovice, 13. December 2013 Bc. Isabela Ok řinová Acknowledgements: First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Věra Pavelková for her great support, patience and many valuable comments and advice. -
Macromammalian Faunas, Biochronology and Palaeoecology
Macromammalian faunas, biochronology and palaeoecology of the early Pleistocene Main Quarry hominin-bearing deposits of the Drimolen Palaeocave System, South Africa Justin W. Adams1,*, Douglass S. Rovinsky1,*, Andy I.R. Herries2,3 and Colin G. Menter3 1 Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 2 The Australian Archaeomagnetism Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and History, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia 3 Centre for Anthropological Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa * These authors contributed equally to this work. ABSTRACT The Drimolen Palaeocave System Main Quarry deposits (DMQ) are some of the most prolific hominin and primate-bearing deposits in the Fossil Hominids of South Africa UNESCO World Heritage Site. Discovered in the 1990s, excavations into the DMQ have yielded a demographically diverse sample of Paranthropus robustus (including DNH 7, the most complete cranium of the species recovered to date), early Homo, Papio hamadryas robinsoni and Cercopithecoides williamsi. Alongside the hominin and primate sample is a diverse macromammalian assemblage, but prior publications have only provided a provisional species list and an analysis of the carnivores recovered prior to 2008. Here we present the first description and analysis of the non-primate macromammalian faunas from the DMQ, including all 826 taxonomically identifiable specimens catalogued from over two decades of excavation. We also provide a biochronological interpretation of the DMQ deposits and an initial discussion of local palaeoecology based on taxon representation.The current DMQ assemblage consists of Submitted 6 March 2016 Accepted 25 March 2016 the remains of minimally 147 individuals from 9 Orders and 14 Families of mammals.