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An Affordance Perspective Khet Khet Oo T Exploring the Role of ICTs in Addressing Societal Challenges in Developing Countries: An Affordance Perspective Khet Khet Oo Tha A dissertation in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Information Systems and Technology Management UNSW Business School April 2020 I Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname/Family Name : Oo Tha Given Name/s : Khet Khet Abbreviation for degree as give in the University calendar : PhD Faculty : UNSW Business School School : School of Information Systems and Technology Management Exploring the Role of ICTs in Addressing Societal Challenges in Developing Thesis Title : Countries: An Affordance Perspective Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASE TYPE) This research aims to contribute rich, empirically informed insights into the emerging phenomenon of ‘ICTs and societal challenges’ in the developing country context. Despite the growing body of research on the use of ICTs in addressing societal challenges, our understanding of this phenomenon is limited regarding the active role played by both individuals and the technology itself. This research examines two case studies which offer different ways to advance understanding of the use of ICTs in resolving crucial yet under-researched societal problems in Myanmar that are explored at micro and macro levels of analysis. It uses multiple methods of data collection: documentation, website/social media analysis, interviews, focus groups and participant observation. It applies a ‘technology affordance’ approach as a theoretical lens that provides a relational concept, facilitating different users’ understanding of the available opportunities to use technology. The first study examines the emerging use of social media during a recent flood disaster in Myanmar at the micro (community) level. It focuses on how individuals (e.g., victims, volunteers and government officials) harness the power of social media for disaster response. We identify different affordances of social media and examine how these affordances enable local communities to respond to disaster situations and achieve relevant social outcomes, using the case of the 2015 Myanmar flood. The second study explores how mobile technology can increase financial access and bring socio-economic benefits to the country. We look into the current issues of financial exclusion and examine the potential of mobile money at the macro (ecosystem) level using the case of Wave Money, the first Fintech company to offer financial services in Myanmar. The findings demonstrate that realisation of a technology affordance differs between different user groups due to the various intentions of technology use in specific contexts. However, actualisation of a technology affordance contributes to the ultimate outcome, such as facilitating disaster response and increasing financial inclusion. This research provides an increased understanding of how to harness the power of emerging technologies in contributing to the solutions for a variety of social problems in developing countries from a sociotechnical perspective, enriching the IS research avenue. Declaration relating to disposition of project thesis/dissertation I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all property rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstracts International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). …………………………………………………………… ……………………………………..……………… ………………………………………… Signature Witness Signature Date The University recognises that there may be exceptional circumstances requiring restrictions on copying or conditions on use. Requests for restriction for a period of up to 2 years must be made in writing. Requests for a longer period of restriction may be considered in exceptional circumstances and require the approval of the Dean of Graduate Research. FOR OFFICE USE ONLY Date of completion of requirements for Award: II ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ‘I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.’ Signed …………………………………………….............. Date …………………………………………….............. III COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ‘I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents a non-exclusive licence to archive and to make available (including to members of the public) my thesis or dissertation in whole or part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known. I acknowledge that I retain all intellectual property rights which subsist in my thesis or dissertation, such as copyright and patent rights, subject to applicable law. I also retain the right to use all or part of my thesis or dissertation in future works (such as articles or books).’ ‘For any substantial portions of copyright material used in this thesis, written permission for use has been obtained, or the copyright material is removed from the final public version of the thesis.’ Signed ……………………………………………........................... Date …………………………………………….............................. AUTHENTICITY STATEMENT ‘I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis.’ Signed ……………………………………………........................... Date …………………………………………….............................. IV INCLUSION OF PUBLICATIONS STATEMENT UNSW is supportive of candidates publishing their research results during their candidature as detailed in the UNSW Thesis Examination Procedure. Publications can be used in their thesis in lieu of a Chapter if: The candidate contributed greater than 50% of the content in the publication and is the “primary author”, ie. the candidate was responsible primarily for the planning, execution and preparation of the work for publication The candidate has approval to include the publication in their thesis in lieu of a Chapter from their supervisor and Postgraduate Coordinator. The publication is not subject to any obligations or contractual agreements with a third party that would constrain its inclusion in the thesis Please indicate whether this thesis contains published material or not: This thesis contains no publications, either published or submitted for publication ☒ (if this box is checked, you may delete all the material on page 2) Some of the work described in this thesis has been published and it has been documented in the relevant Chapters with acknowledgement ☐ (if this box is checked, you may delete all the material on page 2) This thesis has publications (either published or submitted for publication) ☐ incorporated into it in lieu of a chapter and the details are presented below CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION I declare that: I have complied with the UNSW Thesis Examination Procedure where I have used a publication in lieu of a Chapter, the listed publication(s) below meet(s) the requirements to be included in the thesis. Candidate’s Name Signature Date (dd/mm/yy) V Acknowledgements First and foremost, I owe my deepest gratitude to my PhD supervisor Professor Shan-Ling Pan, a respectable and resourceful scholar, who has provided me with invaluable advice and intellectual guidance throughout the thesis years. Thank you Professor Pan for giving me a chance to pursue my research interest and to achieve my lifelong dream. I also wish to express my heartfelt appreciation to Dr. Sandeep Mysore Seshadrinath, my co-supervisor for his constant support and insightful comments on reviewing my report and papers for the improvement in every stage of my research work. Thank you Dr. Sandeep to keep me moving forward and accomplishing this journey. A special acknowledgement should also be expressed to Associate Professor Chung-Li Tseng, our postgraduate research coordinator, who has always supported me in the matters of personal and academic development during my candidature. I would extend my thanks to all my professors, academic and administrative staffs, and my fellow students for creating our program friendly and supportive environment that made my study progressive and enjoyable at the school of information system and technology management (SISTM), UNSW Business School. I would like to thank all the interviewees for giving their time and sharing their insights and experiences related to my research. This dissertation would not have been possible without their contributions of local knowledge. I am also grateful to the two external examiners for their constructive comments and crucial remarks on my research that shaped my final dissertation. Last but not least,
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