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Myanmar Il Sud-Est Asiatico Che Apre Nuove Opportunità

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Myanmar Il Sud-Est Asiatico Che Apre Nuove Opportunità Febbraio 2017 — Pag. 1 Interna tionalia Febbraio 2017 Internationalia I quaderni di Internationalia / febbraio 2017 2017 I quaderni di Internationalia / febbraio #Myanmar Il Sud-est asiatico che apre nuove opportunità Infrastrutture e costruzioni Energia Agroindustria Nodi da sciogliere Dal gas al petrolio Valore aggiunto e sviluppi possibili e alle rinnovabili e spazi per l’Italia Country Presentation Myanmar, Roma 2 febbraio 2017 I quaderni di Internationalia — Pag. 2 Febbraio 2017 — Pag. 3 Indice Myanmar 4 Quadro generale Il Sud-est asiatico 8 L’Italia e il Myanmar (InfoMercatiEsteri) che vuole crescere 11 Intervista all’Ambasciatore Aliberti 14 Intervista a Fabio De Cillis (Ice) Una nuova legge sugli investimenti, una politica economica che privilegia l’attrazione di capitali 17 Promuovere micro-aziende e Pmi (Unido) stranieri, gli effetti positivi seguiti alla rimozione 18 Infrastrutture e costruzioni delle sanzioni statunitensi, in poche parole un 24 Energia nuovo clima economico. C’è tutto questo nel Myanmar, Paese per decenni rimasto ai margi- 29 Macchinari ni dello sviluppo del Sud-est asiatico e che ora intende imboccare con decisione la strada della crescita e del progresso. Il nuovo corso è stato certo favorito politicamente dalla svolta demo- cratica pacifica che ha portato alla generazione di un governo civile e ha trovato una guida nella figura premio Nobel per la pace di Aung San Suu Kyi. La strada che porta allo sviluppo non è semplice, è anzi irta di ostacoli, ma la conoscen- za di quanto sta avvenendo nel Paese, delle sue potenzialità e delle sue criticità può consentire al tessuto delle imprese italiane, anche quelle piccole e medie, di farsi spazio e ritagliarsi un significativo ruolo di collaborazione. Il Myanmar è al centro di una speciale iniziativa, in cui rientra anche questa pubblicazione. Un’i- niziativa organizzata alla Farnesina dal Ministe- ro degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione In- IL MYANMAR IN DATI ternazionale, in collaborazione con il Ministero Superficie: 676.578 km2 dello Sviluppo Economico, ICE - Agenzia per la Paesi confinanti: Bangladesh, India, Cina, Laos, Promozione all’Estero e l’Internazionalizzazione Thailandia delle Imprese italiane, e UNIDO ITPO Italy. Popolazione: circa 54 milioni di abitanti L’evento (il 2 febbraio a Roma) si propone quale Principali centri urbani: Yangon (5,2 milioni di abitanti), Mandalay, Naypyidaw presentazione delle opportunità di commercio e Capo dello Stato e del governo: Htin Kyaw investimento in Myanmar e si terrà alla presenza Consigliere dello Stato: Aung San Suu Kyi di rappresentanti di istituzioni italiane e di una delegazione del Paese asiatico. Direttore responsabile Progetto grafico Stampa Internationalia Srl Massimo Zaurrini Antonella Belgrano PressUp Srl via Val Senio 25 00141 - Roma tel. +39.06.8860492 / 92956629 Direttore editoriale In collaborazione con fax +39.06.92933897 Gianfranco Belgrano Editore il Ministero degli Affari Esteri [email protected] Internationalia Srl e della Cooperazione Internazio- www.internationalia.org Hanno collaborato Registro degli Operatori nale (DGSP) Ilenia Romana Cassetta, di Comunicazione Claudia Quadruccio, Maria iscrizione del 26/04/2013 Chiuso in redazione I quaderni di Internationalia Quaranta, Michele Vollaro numero 23474 il 24 gennaio 2017 Febbraio 2017 I quaderni di Internationalia — Pag. 4 Myanmar — QUADRO GENERALE Gli investimenti apriranno le porte verso il nuovo Myanmar Noto un tempo come Birmania, il Myanmar eletto al potere e quasi cinque anni ininterrotti ha conosciuto negli ultimi cinque anni un pro- di crescita economica sostenuta, di aumento cesso di cambiamento e di ristrutturazione del commercio estero e del flusso di investi- della propria vita politica, sociale ed economi- menti, il Myanmar sarà nei prossimi anni un ca che può vantare pochi paragoni. Nell’arco Paese sempre più integrato sia a livello regio- di un periodo di tempo relativamente breve, nale che globale. Solo per dare qualche dato, un Paese con un’economia chiusa e isolata si gli investimenti diretti esteri in Myanmar sono è trasformato in uno dei punti focali globali quadruplicati nell’arco di tre anni, passando per investimenti e commerci, tanto che sono dagli 1,9 miliardi di dollari dell’anno fisca- in molti ad essere convinti che il Myanmar le 2011/2012 agli 8,1 miliardi di dollari del riuscirà a colmare rapidamente le distanze an- 2014/2015, fino agli oltre 9 miliardi raggiunti cora esistenti con le altre dinamiche economie lo scorso marzo e relativi all’anno 2015/2016. del Sud-est asiatico. Con un nuovo governo Il Paese può contare su abbondanti risorse na- Febbraio 2017 — Pag. 5 turali, con l’industria estrattiva che continua a giocare un ruolo primario nell’economia, una vasta quantità di terra arabile e foreste e un’invidiabile posizione di cerniera tra la Cina e l’India. Certo le sfide per il Myanmar non mancano. Il Paese ha bisogno di ampliare e ripristina- re la propria rete infrastrutturale energetica e del trasporto, per poter sfruttare al meglio sia la vicinanza con i giganti cinese e indiano che la vocazione di produttore manifatturiero votato all’esportazione. Sul fronte del com- mercio e degli investimenti, gli impressionanti progressi compiuti negli ultimi anni dovranno essere seguiti da nuovi sforzi per migliorare il quadro normativo e la facilità di fare impresa e da nuove aperture in settori (a cominciare Aung San Suu Kyi da quello strategico delle banche) al momento li (in particolare nel settore dell’oil & gas), ancora chiusi. Eppure analisti, economisti ed finanziati principalmente da capitali esteri esperti di ogni angolo del pianeta sembrano (soprattutto cinesi, giapponesi e thailandesi). non avere alcun dubbio sul fatto che l’econo- Sebbene una parte significativa della popo- mia del Myanmar sia destinata a una crescita lazione viva ancora al di sotto della soglia di di lunga durata e che il Paese stesso conoscerà povertà, anche la crescita dei consumi privati sul medio-lungo termine uno sviluppo fino a sta rappresentando un fattore di espansione qualche anno anche solo inimmaginabile. dell’economia. Il Paese inoltre è ricco di risorse naturali come petrolio, gas naturale, carbone, Il quadro economico attuale legname, zinco, rame, calcare e pietre preziose. Il Myanmar, secondo Paese Asean per esten- I settori che attualmente potrebbero beneficia- sione territoriale, fa registrare un pil costante- re di investimenti esteri sono: turismo e hotel, mente in crescita negli ultimi anni a tassi supe- industria (pesante e prodotti farmaceutici), te- riori all’8%. Secondo gli ultimi dati del Fondo lecomunicazioni, agricoltura, pesca, miniere e monetario internazionale si tratta dell’incre- oil & gas. Nei settori di tradizionale presenza mento più alto che in qualsiasi altra economia dell’industria italiana spiccano gli ambiziosi del Sud-est asiatico. La crescita è stata trainata piani di riammodernamento infrastrutturale soprattutto da grandi progetti infrastruttura- (soprattutto di trasporto ed energetico) e quel- Geografia Situato tra le montagne dell’Himalaya a nord e il mare delle Andamane a sud, il Myanmar gode di una geografia diversa e intrigante. Stretto tra la Cina a est e l’India a ovest, il Paese confina anche con Thailandia, Laos e Bangladesh. Con una superficie di 676.578 chilometri quadrati è il 40° più grande Paese al mondo e il secondo più grande del Sud-est asiatico, dopo l’Indonesia. I suoi circa 54 milioni di abitanti sono sparsi in 14 regioni e fanno del Myan- mar il 12° Paese più popoloso dell’Asia e il quinto del Sud-est asiatico. Le tre città principali sono Yangon, Mandalay e la capitale amministrativa Naypyidaw. Secondo le ultime statistiche il 30% della popolazione vive in aree urbane e il tasso di urbanizzazione del Paese è al 2,9% per anno. In Myanmar si parlano oltre 100 lingue ed esistono 135 gruppi etnici differenti. I bur- man, o bamar, sono il principale gruppo etnico e contano per il 68% della popolazione. Dietro figurano gli shan (9%), i karen (7%), poi rakhine, cinesi, mongoli, kachin, indiani e kayah. Il Myanmar gode di un clima subtropicale con tre stagioni. Gennaio è il mese più fresco (18-23°) e più asciutto, aprile il più caldo e luglio il più umido. La stagione dei monsoni e delle piogge finisce nel tardo ottobre. I quaderni di Internationalia — Pag. 6 alberghiero (5%). E se il settore energetico as- sorbe la metà degli investimenti (soprattutto da parte dei due potenti vicini Cina e India), non si può non notare come ad attirare ca- pitali esteri abbia contribuito anche il settore manifatturiero. Un risultato frutto di due ele- menti concorrenti: la creazione di zone econo- miche speciali (Zes) e il basso costo del lavo- ro. Con la nuova legge sulle zone economiche speciali, introdotta nel 2014 e che abroga la precedente normativa del 2011, sono state in- dividuate tre Zes: il porto di Thilawa (a 20 km a sud-est di Yangon), il porto di Dawei, nella regione del Thanintharyi, e il porto di Kyaukpyu, nello Stato occidentale del Rakhi- ne. La realizzazione di altre Zes è in agenda. li per la costruzione di nuove unità abitative. Paesi come il Giappone, la Cina e l’India, ma Il ministero delle Costruzioni stima che a Yan- gon quasi 2 milioni di cittadini su un totale di quasi 5 milioni vivono in condizioni precarie Sanzioni e investimenti Ue o sono senza fissa dimora. Nel 1996 l’Unione Europea impose le prime Tra le riforme più significative occorre innan- sanzioni economiche, a causa della violazio- zitutto menzionare la legge sugli investimenti ne dei diritti umani, seguite da quelle degli diretti esteri. Nel novembre 2012 è stata ema- Stati Uniti a maggio 1997. Come diretta con- nata una nuova legge sugli investimenti, com- seguenza degli impianti sanzionatori adottati pletata con due decreti attuativi del 31 gennaio dai Paesi occidentali i governi militari birmani 2013. Ciò ha rappresentato una nuova, fonda- si avvicinarono alla Cina, a cui venne data mentale tappa nel processo di trasformazione praticamente carta bianca nello sfruttamen- e sviluppo.
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