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Picralima Nitida) Seeds Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment. August, 2015; Vol. 11: 24-36 Copyright© Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. Print ISSN: 1596-2490, Electronic ISSN: 2545-5818 www.azojete.com.ng MOISTURE-DEPENDENT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ÀBÈÈRÈ (PICRALIMA NITIDA) SEEDS Aremu, A. K*. and Duduyemi, A. S. (Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria) *Corresponding author’s email and phone no: [email protected], +2348023843272 Abstract Some relevant engineering properties of Àbèèrè (Picralima nitida) seeds are needed for the design of its processing equipments. The geometric, gravimetric and frictional properties of Àbèèrè seed in the moisture content ranges of 7.98% - 47.77% (wb) were investigated. The average length, width, thickness, arithmetic and geometric mean diameters, sphericity, surface area, volume, true and bulk densities and angles of repose increased from 28.76 – 30.75mm, 16.18 – 19.62mm, 5.75 – 7.15mm, 16.90 – 19.17mm, 13.81 – 16.11mm,0.48 – 0.53, 600.94 – 817.83mm2, 443.00 – 717.92mm3, 2.49×10-3 – 2.60×10-3g/mm3, 1.14×10-3 – 1.50×10- 3g/mm3and 27.97o – 30.26o respectively as the moisture content increased from 7.98% to 47.77%. However, values for porosity decreased from 0.54 – 0.42. The static coefficient of friction of Àbèèrè increased linearly over the three material surfaces – plywood, stainless steel and glass – with increasing moisture content from 0.445 – 0.468, 0.286 – 0.384 and 0.357 – 0.389 respectively. The steel surface had the lowest static coefficient of friction whereas the plywood gave the highest value at all moisture content levels. The regression models developed for all the physical properties of the seeds had high coefficient of determination, R2. Key words: Àbèèrè, physical properties, moisture content, angle of repose, coefficient of friction, porosity. 1. Introduction Picralima nitida, family Apocynaceae, (Common name: Akuamma plant; Igbo: Osi-Igwe; Yoruba: Àbèèrè) grows as either a shrub or small tree up to 22 m tall, with a trunk diameter of up to 16 inches. The tree of this plant grows for about 3 to 4 years before it starts bearing fruits. Its flowers feature a white, creamy or pale yellow corolla. Its fruit is yellow and smooth. Its numerous local medicinal uses include for fever, leprosy sores, stomach, and liver problems and as an anthelmintic, especially against internal worms (Schmelzer and Wageningen, 2008). It has Berries which have an ellipsoid form, with large size and green in color. When the fruits (berries) mature on the tree, they often fall on the ground and the green pigment on the fruit turns to yellow which will initiate the germination of the seeds in the fruit. Although the berries drop to the ground after maturity, some berries can also ripen on the tree. These berries are also used in traditional medicines for treating typhoid and fight against muscular pain (Oyebadejo et al., 2014). Inside the berries are seeds (Figure 1). The seed is an object of commerce in the local market, and it is collected from the wild thus its availability has been severely threatened. Dry seeds of the plant, Picralima nitida K. Schum, are highly valued in African traditional medicine in the treatment of various human diseases, including diabetes mellitus and obesity (Adeneye and Adeyemi, 2009a; 2009b). The phytochemical analysis of the “Àbèèrè” seed revealed the presence of saponins, steroids, tannins, volatile oils, phenols and copious amount of alkaloids (Falodun et al., 2006). Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment. August, 2015; Vol. 11: 24-36 The proximate composition of the Picralima nitida seed revealed that the seed contains crude fat content (5.02%), crude protein content (10.20%), ash content (0.88%), crude fibre (5.64%) and moisture content (3.73%) respectively. The seed is a rich source of carbohydrate which was 74.53%. The physicochemical properties of the oil of Picralima nitida seed revealed that the oil is brownish in colour and liquid at room temperature. The free fatty acid content was 1.41%. The iodine value which indicates the degree of unsaturation was found to be 136.40 while the refractive index was 1.45. The saponification value was 198.25mg KOH/g. The peroxide value and Unsaponifiable matter were 4.59meqO2/kg Oil and 1.90%, respectively (Adebowale et al., 2012). Figure 1: Fresh Àbèèrè Seeds Despite the widespread abundance and traditional use of Picralima nitida seeds and with the several research works that have been done on the chemical, phytochemical and toxicological composition of “Àbèèrè” seed (Picralima nitida) as reported by Falodun et al. (2014), review of literatures showed that there is no information relating to the effect of moisture on the engineering properties of the seed. Presently, the post-harvest handling processes include unit operations such as manual sorting of seeds, manual decorticating of seeds and manual grounding of the dried seeds. The seeds are extracted manually by breaking/cutting the fresh fruit with cutlass and allowing the pulp- covered seed to macerate and washing off in water. Alternatively, the fruits are allowed to decay and then washed off in water using basket, to extract the seeds. The seeds are ground with stone or by pounding in a mortar using wooden pestle. Also, the seeds are being stored using locally woven baskets. These methods of handling and processing seeds are not only time and energy consuming, but also inefficient as the usage of manual labour throughout the processing chain decreases the production efficiency on the farm and sometimes results into wastage of product. This present study is focused on investigating the physical properties of “Àbèèrè” (Picralima nitida) seeds (axial dimensions, mean diameters, sphericity, surface area, seed mass, bulk density, true density, porosity, angle of repose, and static coefficient of friction) at different moisture levels for design and improvement of relevant machines and 25 Aremu and Duduyemi Moisture-Dependent Physical Properties of Àbèèrè (Picralima Nitida) Seeds AZOJETE, 11: 24-36 facilities for harvesting, storing, handling, processing and packaging. These parameters are important for the design and fabrication of the equipment involved in processes such as seed decorticating and seed oil extraction. 2. Materials and Methods A bulk quantity of Picralima nitida seeds were purchased from a farm in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria and stored in a laboratory at room temperature before carrying out the experiment. The seeds were cleaned to remove all foreign materials such as dirt, dust, stone and chaff as well as immature and damaged seeds while they were identified at the Department of Botany’s Herbarium, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. The following methods were used in the determination of some physical properties of Àbèèrè seeds (Picralima nitida). The moisture content of the Picralima nitida seeds were obtained according to ASAE Standard S352.3 (1994) by drying the seeds in an electric oven at a temperature of 105(±2)°C for 24 hours until there was no change in the seeds’ mass at the Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State and weighing the samples using a digital weighing balance (AND Ek-6100i) reading to 0.01 g. The moisture content of the seeds was varied at five major levels. The moisture content of the sample in percentage wet basis was calculated using the equation shown below. (1) where: Ms is the Moisture content of the seeds (%wb), Wi is the Initial Mass (in grams) and Wf is the Final Mass after oven drying (in grams). A method for adjusting the seed’s moisture content without damaging its morphology was developed to prepare samples for subsequent tests. After it was soaked in water for 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 hours, the samples were wrapped in a foil paper and kept in a refrigerator at 5 ˚C (±2 ˚C) for 5 days for the moisture to distribute uniformly throughout the seed (Obi et al., 2014). The moisture content of samples after equilibration was determined before each test was conducted. Accordingly, moisture levels of 7.98, 17.98, 25.11, 37.77 and 47.77% w.b. were obtained. For each test the required quantity of seeds were taken out and allowed to equilibrate with the room temperature. Every test was repeated five times to determine the mean values. 2.1 Determination of size and shape Fifty Àbèèrè (Picralima nitida) seeds were randomly selected for each of the moisture content considered and labelled for easy identification. The linear dimensions of the Àbèèrè seeds were determined by using a digital Vernier caliper (Carrera Precision Instrument, reading to 0.01 mm) to measure the length, thickness and width of the fruit denoted as L, T and W (all in mm) respectively. 26 Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment. August, 2015; Vol. 11: 24-36 2.2 Determination of Mean Diameters The Arithmetic Mean Diameter (mm), Da, and Geometric Mean diameter (mm), Dm, were calculated using equations 2 and 3 respectively.. (2) √ (3) The surface area S in mm2 was estimated by the relationship given by Asoiro and Anthony (2011) as described by Ajav and Ogunlade (2014): (4) 2.3 Determination of Sphericity The sphericity is defined as the ratio of the surface area of a sphere with the same volume as the seed to the surface area of the seed (Mohsenin, 1986). The degree of sphericity of the seeds was calculated using equation 5 below as described by Adejumo and Abayomi, (2012). ⁄ (5) where: Φ is the Sphericity in decimal and other parameters remain as defined above. 2.4 Determination of Densities The true density of a seed is defined as a ratio of the mass of a sample of a seed to solid volume occupied by the sample (Mohsenin, 1986).
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