DOCSLIB.ORG

Picranitine, a New Indole Alkaloid from Picralima Nitida (Apocynaceae)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Picranitine, a New Indole Alkaloid from Picralima Nitida (Apocynaceae) Picranitine, A New Indole Alkaloid from Picralima Nitida (Apocynaceae) By Prof. EDET M. ANAM Dept. of Chemical Sciences Cross River University of Technology, CRUTECH P.M.B. 1123, Calabar, And E. O. E. EYAMBA Dept. of Chemical Sciences Cross River University of Technology, CRUTECH P.M.B. 1123, Calabar. Abstract A new indole alkaloid, picranitine, has been isolated from the seeds of Picralima nitida along with five known indole alkaloids, picratidine, akuammine, pseudoakuammine, akuamminicine and akuamidine previously isolated from the same source. Structures of these compounds were determined using spectral measurements including 1-D (1H and 1C NMR) and 2D-NMR HMQC, HMBC and NOESY) Picralima nitida (Staf.) TH S H. Durant (Apocynaceae) is a medium sized tree growing in the Western and Central Zones of Africa and are used in folk medicine to treat diverse ailments (Irvine and Walker, 1961). In Eniong Abatim, Odukpani Local Government Area, Cross Rive State, Nigeria, the seeds of this plant find extensive exploitation in the treatment of malaria and abdominal pains. Medicinal potency of P. ntida has been the impetus for its scientific investigation in order to establish the natural product(s) responsible for curing malaria fever and abdominal pains. Hitherto, a number of indole alkaloids from this plant have been characterized and some of such alkaloids have demonstrated affinity for opioid receptors (Mezies, Peterson, Duwiedjua and Corbett, 1998; Corbett, Mezies, Macdonald, Perterson and Duwiedjua, 1996). 1 The Coconut This work reports the isolation and characterization of a new indole alkaloid, picranitine 1 along with five known alkaloids, picratidine 2 akuammine 3 (Lewin, Le Menez, Roland, and Giesen, 1992), pseudoakuammine, 4 (Moeller, Seedorff and Nartey, 1972) 5 Moeller, Seedorff and Nartey, 1972 and akuammidine (Janot, 1966) Results and Discussion Air-dried ground seeds of P. nitida were extracted, at room temperature, with ethanol. Concentration of the extract under reduced pressure, gave a crude product which was subjected to alkaline fractionation which yielded a mixture of alkaloids. The alkaloid mixture was column chromatographed over silica gel and six alkaloids 1-6 were obtained. Compound 1 Yellow crystals from EtOAc. Mp 215-2170c. The molecular ion peak at m/z 384 (HRHMS) was consistent with the formula, C12H24N2O5 which agreed with the 21 carbon signals observed in the 13C NMR spectrum (Table 1a) which showed resonances of two carbonyl ester signals at 175.1 and 174.8 and those of two oxygenated carbons at 65.2 and 60.2. Acetylation of 1 yielded a monoacetate derivative thus indicating the presence of one hydroxyl group in the structure. Its IR spectrum showed hydroxyl absorption at 3450 cm-1, two carbonyl functions at 1735 cm-1, (ester) and 1745 cm-1, (lactone). The 1H NMR spectrum (table 1) was very close to that of 2 (Mezies, Peterson, Duwiedjue and Corbett, 1998) and showed four aromatic protons in an ABCD splitting pattern between 7.24 and 6.62, but only two methyl functions were observed in 1. The methyl group obtained as a doublet and the olefinic proton, also a doublet in the 1H NMR of 2 were respectively, displayed as triplet at 0.92 and singlet at 6.01 in the 1H NMR spectrum of 1 suggesting the migration of the double bond. The proton and 13carbon spectra were unambiguously assigned by analysis of the 2D-NMR experiment. 1H and 13C Chemical Shifts were correlated in inverse mode two dimensional HMQC and HMBC and proton chemical Shifts correlation COSY was recorded. The signal at 65.5 corresponded to a quaternary oxygenated carbon while the one at 60.1 was assigned to an oxymethylene carbon in the HMQC spectrum. Analysis of the COSY and HMBC spectra (Table 1b) led to the overall construction of the skeleton of the molecule. Pertinent correlation, in the HMBC spectrum, were observed between proton H-6 and C-2, C-5, C-7 and C-16 and also between H-3 and C-2, C-14 and C-21. The relative stereochemistry at C-3 andC-5 of 1 was determined with the help of NOESY experiment and the coupling constants observed in the 1H NMR spectrum. 2 Picranitine, A New Indole Alkaloid from Picralima Nitida (Apocynaceae) Prof. Edet M. Anam and E. O. E. Eyamba Significant correlation in the NOESY spectrum between H-3 and H-15 indicated the same orientation for the two protons. Table 1a: NMR assignments of compounds 1, 2 and 2a in CD3COCD3. Chemical Shifts () are given in ppm; multiplicities and coupling constants, J (parenthesis) in Hz. C/H 1 H 2 2a C - C H H 2 163.4 (s) 6.58(s) 160.3(s) - 164(s) - 3 102.7 (d) - 106.0(s) 6.62(s) 103.5(s) 6.69(s) 4 182.1 (s) - 176.2(s) - 182.7(s) - 4a 102.7(s) - - - 104.2(s) - 5 159.0 (s) - 158.1(s) - 159.5(s) - 6 104.5 (s) - 107.2(s) - 105.3(s) - 7 163.2 (s) - 160.2(s) - 160.6(s) 6.47(s) 8 93.4 (d) 6.48(s) 94.2(d) 6.44(s) 95.1(s) - 8a 156.1 (s) - 156.4(s) - 155.9(s) - 1 121.8 (s) - 123.7(s) - 123.2(s) 7.60(d,J=2.1) 2 128.3 (s) 7.85(brd, J=8.8) 109.5(d) 7.51(d,J=2.1 109.9(s) - ) 3 116.0(d) 6.94(brd,J=8.8 148.2(s) - 148.3(s) - 4 160.7 (s) - 150.0(s) - 150.9(s) 7.01(d,J=83) 5 116.0(d) 6.94(brd,J=8.8 115.7(d) 6.98(d,J=8.3 115.9(d) 7.64(dd,J=8.3 ,2.1) ) 6 128.3(d) 7.85(brd,J=8.8 120.0(d) 7.48(dd,J=8. 120.8 - 3, 2.1) 1 30.2(t) 3.00(dd,J=13.2, - - - - 5.9) 2.90(dd,J=13.4, - - - 7.3) 2 87.8(d) 4.66(t,J=7.2) 75.1(s) 1.83(t,J=6.8) 76.3(s) - 3 147.4(s) - 17.3(t) 2.70(t,J=6.9) 16.2 2.69(t,J=6.8) 4 110.5(t) 4.82;4.75(brs) 31.6(t) 1.38(s) 31.7(t) 1.88(t,J=6.8) 5 165.5(q) 1.85(s) 26.4(q) 1.38(s) 26.4(q) 1.38(s) 6 16.5(q) - 26.4(q) 1.38(s) 56.0(q) 1.38(s) OMe - - 56.0(q) 3.97(s) 4.01(s) 5- - 13.34(s) OH 3 The Coconut The structures of the five known compounds were determined in a similar manner using spectroscopic methods. Their NMR and MS data were in agreement with those previously reported. Table 1b: 1H and 13C NMR Chemical Shifts assignments and HMBC Correlations for Compounds 1. Multiplicities and Coupling Constants, J, in Parentheses Position c H HMBC 1 2 109.8 3 48.2 3.75 (brs) C-2, C-14, C-21 4 5 175.2 or 174.8 6 39.3 3.19 (d, J=17.0HZ) C-5, C-7, C-8, C-2 2.93 (d, J=17.0Hz) 7 53.0 8 131.5 9 126.2 7.24(dd, J=7.7 and 1.5Hz) C-7, C-11, C-13 10 120.0 6.72(td, J=7.7 and 1.1Hz) C-8, C-12 11 129.0 7.04(dd, J=7.7 and 1.1Hz) C-9, C-13 12 110.1 6.62(d,J=7.7) C-8, C-10 13 147.2 14 23.6 153(dt,J=13.2 and 3.5Hz) C-2, C-16, C-20 15 32.1 3.05(m) C-2, C-16, C-20 16 60.2 17 65.6 3.96(s) C-7, C-15, C-16 18 13.4 0.92(t,J=7.4Hz) C-19, C-20 19 28.0 2.05(dq, J=14.0and7.4Hz) C-15, C-18, C-20, C-21 20 108.4 1.97(dq, J=14.0and7.4Hz) C-15, C-18, C-20, C-21 21 127.3 6.01(s) C-3, C-15, C-19, C-20 COOCH3 175.1 or 174.8 OCH3 51.3 3.00(s) Experimental Section General All melting points are uncorrected. 1H NMR (125 MHz) were recorded in CDCl3 or (CD3)2SO with an inverse 5mm probe equipped with a shielded gradient coil. COSY, HMQC and HMBC experiments were performed with gradient enhancement using shaped gradient pulse. In the 2D heteronuclear correlation 1 2 spectroscopy, the refocusing delays were optimized for JCH = 145Hz and JCH = 10Hz. The raw data were transformed and the spectra were evaluated with the standard Bruker UXNMR soft ware (rev. 941001). Chemical shifts are given in ppm with solvent signals as reference. EIMS was recorded by Jeol SX102 spectrometer at 4 Picranitine, A New Indole Alkaloid from Picralima Nitida (Apocynaceae) Prof. Edet M. Anam and E. O. E. Eyamba 70ev. Column chromatography was performed on Merck silica gel 60 and TLC on silica gel GF254 precoated plates and detection accomplished by spraying with 50% H2SO4, followed by heating. Plant Materials The seeds of the plants were collected at Ntan Obu, Eniong Abatim, Odukpani Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria. The plant was identified by the Botany Division of the Biological Sciences department of the University of Calabar, Calabar.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chemical Compositions of Essential Oils of Picralima Nitida Seeds
    Available online a t www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Scholars Research Library J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour ., 2016, 6 (4):20-23 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN : 2231 – 3184 CODEN (USA): JNPPB7 Chemical compositions of essential oils of Picralima nitida seeds Oluwatosin Grace Tade 1, Oluwabamise Lekan Faboya 2*, Iyadunni Adesola Osibote 3 and Olumide Victor Olowolafe 4 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa 2Department of Chemical Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria 3Department of Biological Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria 4Department of Biochemistry, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti. Ekiti state, Nigeria _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT The chemical composition of essential oil obtained from fresh seeds of Picralima nitida by hydrodistillation was analysed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). A total of forty-three compounds were identified. The main constituents of the oils were sabinene (12.34%), terpinen-4-ol (10.82%), α-selinene (10.78%), β-caryophyllene (8.77%), β-selinene (7.75%), α-terpineol (7.70%), α-pinene (7.25%), cymene (6.94%), eudesmol (6.27%), β-cuvebene (6.10%), β-pinene (6.04%) and α-humulene (5.78 %). The essential oils of Picralima nitida seed may possibly find applications in therapy as an anticancer agent and antifungal based on the earlier studies on some of the compounds present in the essential oil. However, the oil should be scientifically evaluated in order to maximize its medicinal value. Key words: Picralima nitida , essential oil, antifungal properties, GC-MS. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Picralima nitida is a shrub plant that is widely distributed in tropical Africa including Nigeria.
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Hyperglycemic Effects of Three Medicinal Plants in Diabetic
    Yessoufou et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013, 13:77 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/13/77 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Anti-hyperglycemic effects of three medicinal plants in diabetic pregnancy: modulation of T cell proliferation Akadiri Yessoufou1*, Joachim Gbenou2†, Oussama Grissa3†, Aziz Hichami4, Anne-Marie Simonin5, Zouhair Tabka3, Mansourou Moudachirou2, Kabirou Moutairou1 and Naim A Khan5 Abstract Background: Populations in Africa mostly rely on herbal concoctions for their primarily health care, but so far scientific studies supporting the use of plants in traditional medicine remain poor. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic effects of Picralima nitida (seeds), Nauclea latifolia (root and stem) and Oxytenanthera abyssinica (leaves) commonly used, in diabetic pregnancy. Methods: Pregnant wistar rats, rendered diabetic by multiple low injections of streptozotocin, were treated with selected plant extracts based on their antioxidant activities. Vitamin C concentrations, fatty acid compositions and phytochemical analysis of plants extracts were determined. Effect of selected plant extracts on human T cell proliferation was also analysed. Results: All analysed plant extracts exhibited substantial antioxidant activities probably related to their content in polyphenols. Picralima nitida exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity. Ethanolic and butanolic extracts of Picralima nitida, butanolic extract of Nauclea latifolia and ethanolic extract of Oxytenanthera abyssinica significantly decreased hyperglycemia in the diabetic pregnant rats. Butanolic extract of Picralima, also appeared to be the most potent immunosuppressor although all of the analysed extracts exerted an immunosuppressive effect on T cell proliferation probably due to their linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) and/or alkaloids content. Nevertheless, all analysed plants seemed to be good source of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Picralima Nitida
    Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine (2014)1-8 1 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine journal homepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/apjtm Document heading doi: Medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Picralima nitida (Apocynaceae) in tropical diseases: A review Osayemwenre Erharuyi1, Abiodun Falodun1,2*, Peter Langer1 1Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3A, 18059 Rostock, Germany 2Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 38655 Oxford, Mississippi, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Picralima nitida Durand and Hook, (fam. Apocynaceae) is a West African plant with varied Received 10 October 2013 applications in African folk medicine. Various parts of the plant have been employed Received in revised form 15 November 2013 ethnomedicinally as remedy for fever, hypertension, jaundice, dysmenorrheal, gastrointestinal Accepted 15 December 2013 disorders and malaria. In order to reveal its full pharmacological and therapeutic potentials, Available online 20 January 2014 the present review focuses on the current medicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological and toxicological activities of this species. Literature survey on scientific journals, books as well Keywords: as electronic sources have shown the isolation of alkaloids, tannins, polyphenols and steroids Picralima nitida from different parts of the plant, pharmacological studies revealed that the extract or isolated Apocynaceae compounds from this species
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Systematics of the Rauvolfioideae
    PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS Andre´ O. Simo˜es,2 Tatyana Livshultz,3 Elena OF THE RAUVOLFIOIDEAE Conti,2 and Mary E. Endress2 (APOCYNACEAE) BASED ON MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE1 ABSTRACT To elucidate deeper relationships within Rauvolfioideae (Apocynaceae), a phylogenetic analysis was conducted using sequences from five DNA regions of the chloroplast genome (matK, rbcL, rpl16 intron, rps16 intron, and 39 trnK intron), as well as morphology. Bayesian and parsimony analyses were performed on sequences from 50 taxa of Rauvolfioideae and 16 taxa from Apocynoideae. Neither subfamily is monophyletic, Rauvolfioideae because it is a grade and Apocynoideae because the subfamilies Periplocoideae, Secamonoideae, and Asclepiadoideae nest within it. In addition, three of the nine currently recognized tribes of Rauvolfioideae (Alstonieae, Melodineae, and Vinceae) are polyphyletic. We discuss morphological characters and identify pervasive homoplasy, particularly among fruit and seed characters previously used to delimit tribes in Rauvolfioideae, as the major source of incongruence between traditional classifications and our phylogenetic results. Based on our phylogeny, simple style-heads, syncarpous ovaries, indehiscent fruits, and winged seeds have evolved in parallel numerous times. A revised classification is offered for the subfamily, its tribes, and inclusive genera. Key words: Apocynaceae, classification, homoplasy, molecular phylogenetics, morphology, Rauvolfioideae, system- atics. During the past decade, phylogenetic studies, (Civeyrel et al., 1998; Civeyrel & Rowe, 2001; Liede especially those employing molecular data, have et al., 2002a, b; Rapini et al., 2003; Meve & Liede, significantly improved our understanding of higher- 2002, 2004; Verhoeven et al., 2003; Liede & Meve, level relationships within Apocynaceae s.l., leading to 2004; Liede-Schumann et al., 2005). the recognition of this family as a strongly supported Despite significant insights gained from studies clade composed of the traditional Apocynaceae s.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research
    Trop J Nat Prod Res, December 2020; 4(12):1147-1153 ISSN 2616-0684 (Print) ISSN 2616-0692 (Electronic) Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research Available online at https://www.tjnpr.org Original Research Article Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity and Toxicity of Aqueous Extract of Picralima nitida in Drosophila melanogaster Opeyemi C. De Campos*1,2, Modupe P. Layole1, Franklyn N. Iheagwam1,2 Solomon O. Rotimi1,2, Shalom N. Chinedu1,2 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Canaan Land, PMB 1023 Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria 2Covenant University Public Health and Wellbeing Research Cluster (CUPHERC), Covenant University, Canaan Land, PMB 1023 Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Picralima nitida is a rainforest plant used for the treatment and management of diabetes and Received 21 August 2020 some other diseases in folklore medicine. In recent years, Drosophila melanogaster has served Revised 07 November 2020 as an excellent model organism for toxicity studies of plants and also for the study of some Accepted 15 December 2020 diseases. This study focused on the antioxidant activity, phytochemical composition, and Published online 02 January 2021 toxicity of aqueous seed extract of P. nitida in D. melanogaster. Phytochemical and antioxidant analyses of the extract were assessed using standard methods. The toxicity of the aqueous seed extract of P. nitida (APN) was also assessed, after seven days of exposure to APN (1-32 mg/mL), based on the rate of survival, locomotive performance and antioxidant effect in flies. Quantitative phytochemical analyses of APN showed the total flavonoid content to be 58.23 ± 0.79 mg quercetin equivalent/g dry weight (DW).
    [Show full text]
  • Importance Ethnobotanique Et Valeur D'usage De Picralima Nitida
    Available online at http://www.ifgdg.org Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 11(5): 1979-1993, October 2017 ISSN 1997-342X (Online), ISSN 1991-8631 (Print) Original Paper http://ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs http://indexmedicus.afro.who.int Importance ethnobotanique et valeur d’usage de Picralima nitida (stapf) au Sud-Bénin (Afrique de l’Ouest) Ghislain Comlan AKABASSI1*, Elie Antoine PADONOU2, Flora Josiane CHADARE3 et Achille Ephrem ASSOGBADJO4 1Département de Génétique et des Biotechnologies, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin. 2Université Nationale d’Agriculture de Porto Novo, Benin. 3Ecole des Sciences et Techniques de Conservation et de Transformation des Produits Agricoles, Université Nationale d'Agriculture, Porto Novo, 05 BP 1752, Cotonou, Benin. 4Laboratoire d’Ecologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences Agronomique (FSA), Université d’Abomey Calavi 05 BP 1752 Cotonou, Benin. *Auteur correspondant; E-mail: [email protected] ; Tel : +229 61-11-27-29 ; +225 71607796 RESUME Beaucoup de connaissances se perdent en Afrique faute de transmission, ce qui ne favorise pas la conservation des ressources par les populations locales. Il urge donc d’évaluer les connaissances des populations sur l’importance des ressources en vue d’élaborer des stratégies de conservation et de gestion durable. Le but de la présente étude est de documenter les connaissances des populations locales sur la valeur d'usage de Picralima nitida au Sud-Bénin. Pour y parvenir, 240 enquêtés, choisis de façon aléatoire dans 4 groupes socio-culturels au Sud-Bénin à savoir Fon, Goun, Nago et Aïzo ont été interviewés. Les enquêtés étaient soumis à un entretien dans la langue locale.
    [Show full text]
  • Akuamma) Seed on the Caudal Epidydimis of Adult Wistar Rats
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) Vol.4, No.23, 2014 Histomophological Effect of Chronic Oral Consumption of Ethanolic Extract of Picralima Nitida (Akuamma) Seed on the Caudal Epidydimis of Adult Wistar Rats I.P. Solomon 1 and *Oyebadejo S.A 2 and IdiongJr. J.U 3. 1Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Uyo, Akwa- Ibom, Nigeria 2Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Akwa- Ibom, Nigeria 3Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Akwa- Ibom, Nigeria *CORRESPONDENCE Samson Oyebadejo, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Akwa-Ibom, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +23470332166621, +22968734478 ABSTRACT Histomorphological effect of chronic consumption of ethanolic extract of Picralima nitida seed on the caudal Epididymis of adult albino wistar male rats was investigated using 20 male albino wistar rats; they were distributed into 5 rats in each group. Group 1 was the control group while groups 2 to group 4 were the experimental groups. Group 1 was given distilled water and normal rat feed, Group 2 was given 250mg/kg serving as low dose, group 3 was given 350mg/kg as middle dose and group 4 was given 450mg/kg as High dose of Picralima nitida seeds extract orally for 21 days.
    [Show full text]
  • Hepatoprotective Potentials of Picralima Nitida Against in Vivo Carbon Tetrachloride-Mediated Hepatotoxicity
    The Journal of Phytopharmacology 2016; 5(1): 6-9 Online at: www.phytopharmajournal.com Research Article Hepatoprotective potentials of Picralima nitida against in ISSN 2230-480X vivo carbon tetrachloride-mediated hepatotoxicity JPHYTO 2016; 5(1): 6-9 January- February Idu MacDonald*, Ovuakporie-Uvo Oghale, Eze Gerald Ikechi, Okoro Amarachi Orji © 2016, All rights reserved ABSTRACT Idu MacDonald This research aimed at investigating the in vivo Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-mediated hepatotoxicity of Department of Plant Biology and methanolic seed extract of Picralima nitida (P. nitida) using Wistar rats. Twenty five (25) rats randomly Biotechnology, University of Benin, selected into five groups of five animals were used in this research. Group 1 was administered Normal saline PMB 1154, Benin City, Edo State, (Negative control); Group II was administered 1 ml of Carbon tetrachloride only (Positive control/ Reference Nigeria drug); Group III, IV and V got 10 ml P. nitida extract + 1ml Carbon tetrachloride; 100 ml P. nitida extract + 1ml Carbon tetrachloride and 1000 ml P. nitida extract + 1ml Carbon tetrachloride respectively. Results show Ovuakporie-Uvo Oghale that treatment with P. nitida extract had no adverse effect on the body weight of Wistar rats. Biochemical Department of Plant Biology and analysis show increase in CAT and GSH which are good antioxidant agents. Photomicrographs show moderate Biotechnology, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Edo State, amelioration from steatosis caused by Carbon tetrachloride in the treatment groups. Further study is Nigeria recommended to verify if P. nitida seed extract can completely ameliorate and possibly reverse fat degeneration of liver cells induced by Carbon tetrachloride.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Herb-Drug Interactions in Nigeria with a Focus on Medicinal Plants Used in Diabetes Management
    UCL SCHOOL OF PHARMACY Evaluation of herb-drug interactions in Nigeria with a focus on medicinal plants used in diabetes management By: Ezuruike F. Udoamaka A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2015 1 DECLARATION This thesis describes research conducted in the School of Pharmacy, University College London between October 2010 and January 2015 under the supervision of Dr. Jose M. Prieto-Garcia. It is being submitted for the degree of Doctor of philosophy (PhD), University College London and has not been submitted before for any degree or examination in any other University. I confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signed: ..........................................this day................................................2015 2 ABSTRACT Studies have shown an increasing use of herbal medicines alongside conventional drugs by patients in their disease management especially for chronic diseases, with the attendant risks of herb-drug interactions. In order to forestall this, adequate information about the pharmacological and toxicological profile of herbal medicines and how these would in turn affect the bioavailability of the co-administered drug is required. To evaluate potential herb-drug interactions that could occur in diabetes management in Nigeria- (a) An assessment of available data on the pharmacological and toxicological effects of plants used in diabetes management was conducted as a means of mapping those with identified potential risks for herb-drug interactions; (b) A field work study was carried out in different localities in Nigeria to identify potential pharmacokinetic interactions based on the prescription drugs and herbal medicines co-administered by diabetic patients; and (c) Experimental analysis of plant samples collected during the field work was done to assess their effects on known cell detoxification mechanisms and pharmacokinetic parameters.
    [Show full text]
  • In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity of Medicinal Plants from Nigeria Ethnomedicine on Rhabdomyosarcoma Cancer Cell Line and HPLC Analysis of Active Extracts Omonike O
    Ogbole et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2017) 17:494 DOI 10.1186/s12906-017-2005-8 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access In vitro cytotoxic activity of medicinal plants from Nigeria ethnomedicine on Rhabdomyosarcoma cancer cell line and HPLC analysis of active extracts Omonike O. Ogbole1* , Peter A. Segun2 and Adekunle J. Adeniji3 Abstract Background: Cancer is a leading cause of death world-wide, with approximately 17.5 million new cases and 8.7 million cancer related deaths in 2015. The problems of poor selectivity and severe side effects of the available anticancer drugs, have demanded the need for the development of safer and more effective chemotherapeutic agents. The present study was aimed at determining the cytotoxicities of 31 medicinal plants extracts, used in Nigerian ethnomedicine for the treatment of cancer. Methods: The plant extracts were screened for cytotoxicity, using the brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) and MTT cytotoxicity assay. Rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell line, normal Vero cell line and the normal prostate (PNT2) cell line were used for the MTT assay, while Artemia salina nauplii was used for the BSLA. The phytochemical composition of the active plant extracts was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Results: The extract of Eluesine indica (L.) Gaertn (Poaceae), with a LC50 value of 76.3 μg/mL, had the highest cytotoxicity on the brine shrimp larvae compared to cyclophosphamide (LC50 =101.3μg/mL). Two plants extracts, Macaranga barteri Mull. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) and Calliandra portoricensis (Jacq.) Benth (Leguminosae) exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against the RD cell line and had comparable lethal activity on the brine shrimps.
    [Show full text]
  • A Revised Classification of the Apocynaceae S.L
    THE BOTANICAL REVIEW VOL. 66 JANUARY-MARCH2000 NO. 1 A Revised Classification of the Apocynaceae s.l. MARY E. ENDRESS Institute of Systematic Botany University of Zurich 8008 Zurich, Switzerland AND PETER V. BRUYNS Bolus Herbarium University of Cape Town Rondebosch 7700, South Africa I. AbstractYZusammen fassung .............................................. 2 II. Introduction .......................................................... 2 III. Discussion ............................................................ 3 A. Infrafamilial Classification of the Apocynaceae s.str ....................... 3 B. Recognition of the Family Periplocaceae ................................ 8 C. Infrafamilial Classification of the Asclepiadaceae s.str ..................... 15 1. Recognition of the Secamonoideae .................................. 15 2. Relationships within the Asclepiadoideae ............................. 17 D. Coronas within the Apocynaceae s.l.: Homologies and Interpretations ........ 22 IV. Conclusion: The Apocynaceae s.1 .......................................... 27 V. Taxonomic Treatment .................................................. 31 A. Key to the Subfamilies of the Apocynaceae s.1 ............................ 31 1. Rauvolfioideae Kostel ............................................. 32 a. Alstonieae G. Don ............................................. 33 b. Vinceae Duby ................................................. 34 c. Willughbeeae A. DC ............................................ 34 d. Tabernaemontaneae G. Don ....................................
    [Show full text]
  • SOME UNTOWARD EFFECTS ASSOCIATED with the USE of the BIOPREPARATION from Picralima Nitida SEEDS EXTRACT AS ANTIDIABETIC AGENT
    BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA, V. 7, No 2, 2014 UDK 616.379-008.64 SOME UNTOWARD EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF THE BIOPREPARATION FROM Picralima nitida SEEDS EXTRACT AS ANTIDIABETIC AGENT O. A. Akinloye1 1Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, E. A. Balogun2 Abeokuta, Nigeria S. O. Omotainse1 2Department of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Agriculture, O. O. Adeleye1 Abeokuta, Nigeria E'mail: [email protected] Received 23.10.2013 The study was aimed to investigate some untoward effects that could be associated with the use of P. nitida as hypoglycemic agent using some biochemical and histological evidences. The antioxidant property of the plant was determined by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity. Biochemical studies in plasma using determining the testes such as blood glucose, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, gamma glutamyl transferase activities, electrolytes (sodium, potassium and bicarbonate, lipid peroxidation levels, haematological parameters (red blood cell and whole blood cell, platelets, and lymphocyte counts), blood glucose level, lipid profile, and also liver and kidney function tests were performed. Histopathological examinations of the liver, kidney and pancreas were done following the standard Heamatoxylin and Eosin staining method. Methanol extract of the seeds has the highest antioxidant level (36.73%), indicating higher free radical scavenging activity; followed by aqueous extract (19.36%) and coconut water extract (4.09%). There was significant reduction (P < 0.05) in blood glucose of all the treated rats at the end of the exper- iment (ranging from 55.59% to 41.66%). Significant increase (P < 0.05) in body weights of the treated rats were also observed at the end of the treatment (ranging from 9.26% to 38.89%).
    [Show full text]