A Systematic Compilation of Endemic Flora in Nigeria for Conservation Management
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2014 | 6(11): 6406–6426
A systematic compilation of endemic flora in Nigeria
Communication for conservation management
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) T.I. Borokini 1,2 ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) 1 Plant Genetic Resources Unit, National Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (NACGRAB), Ibadan, Nigeria OPEN ACCESS 2 Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno NV 89557-0314, USA [email protected]
Abstract: Endemic species with limited geographical ranges are more susceptible to extinction than widely ranging species, and effective conservation management of endemic species requires detailed knowledge of their status and distribution. This study was conducted to assemble a comprehensive list of flora endemic to Nigeria. While earlier reports listed as many as 205 endemic plant species, only 91 species belonging to 44 families were found in this study, with Rubiaceae accounting for the highest number of species. The list contains 23 trees, 26 herbs, 22 shrubs, 14 epiphytic orchids and bryophytes, three vines and three ferns. The Oban Division of the Cross River National Park houses 41 endemic plants, while other notable locations for endemic flora include Eket, Naraguta, Degema, Idanre hills, Ukpon River Forest Reserve, Calabar and Anara Forest Reserve. Only 15 of the endemic plants are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species version 2013.2, ranging from Vulnerable to Critically Endangered.
Keywords: Biodiversity, biogeography, conservation, distribution range, endangered species, endemic flora, Nigeria, Rubiaceae, Transboundary Protected Areas.
French Abstract: Les espèces endémiques avec les zones géographiques limitées sont plus sensibles à l’extinction que largement allant espèces et efficace gestion de la conservation des espèces endémiques exige une connaissance détaillée de leur statut et de la distribution. Cette étude a été menée à dresser une liste complète de la flore endémique au Nigeria. Alors que les rapports précédents énumérés jusqu’à 205 espèces de plantes endémiques, seulement 91 appartenant à 44 familles ont été trouvés dans cette étude, avec Rubiaceae représente le plus grand nombre d’espèces. La liste contient 23 arbres, 26 herbes, 22 arbustes, 14 orchidées épiphytes et bryophytes, trois vignes et trois fougères. La Division Oban du Parc National de Cross River abrite 41 Plantes endémiques, tandis que d’autres endroits remarquables de la flore endémique comprennent Eket, Naraguta, Degema, collines Idanre, réserve forestière Ukpon River, Calabar et la réserve forestière de Anara. Seuls 15 des plantes endémiques sont répertoriés dans la Liste rouge de l’UICN 2013,2 Version espèces, allant de Vulnérable à En danger critique.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o4010.6406-26
Editor: Merlin Franco, Curtin University, Malaysia. Date of publication: 26 October 2014 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms # o4010 | Received 30 April 2014 | Final received 19 September 2014 | Finally accepted 30 September 2014
Citation: Borokini, T.I. (2014). A systematic compilation of endemic flora in Nigeria for conservation management. Journal of Threatened Taxa 6(11): 6406–6426; http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o4010.6406-26
Copyright: © Borokini 2014. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Funding: The studies was carried out entirely by the author, without any external financial support.
Competing Interest: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author Details: The author is a Senior Scientific Officer at National Center for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, with research interests in Tropical Plant distributions and Macroecology, and Molecular Ecology. He is currently doing his PhD research at University of Nevada Reno.
Acknowledgements: The author wishes to express appreciation to the staff of @One lab, Mathewson-IGT Knowledge Center, University of Nevada Reno for as- sistance with map designs. The brilliant suggestions and modifications of this manuscript by the reviewers and editors is also appreciated. Assistance from the staff of Herbarium unit, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria is also appreciated.
6406 Endemic flora of Nigeria Borokini
INTRODUCTION about their ecology or geographical distributions (Pimm & Brooks 2000). Stuart et al. (2010) noted that only Naturalists and botanists have recognised the 3.9% of 2,82,000 known species have been are studied existence of rare and endemic species for centuries. and evaluated for their conservation status (Stuart et al. The origin of the word “endemic” as it applied to the 2010). distribution of organisms is ascribed to De Candolle Rarity is central to tropical forest conservation (1855). An endemic species is one that is restricted (Kenfack et al. 2006). The African mainland has to a particular geographic area; the geographical area between 40,000 and 60,000 plant species (Beentje et can be defined by political boundaries, such as country al. 1994; Beentje 1996), of which approximately 35,000 or department endemics, or by ecological boundaries are endemic. At least a sixth of the world’s estimated (Gaston 1991; Beck et al. 2007; Young 2007). The degree 2,70,000 plant species (Groombridge & Jenkins 2002) of endemism for an area is often cited as a measure are endemic to Africa, while five of the 20 global centres of the uniqueness of the flora, and consequently is of plant diversity are located in Africa (Barthlott et al. important for prioritizing sites for conservation (Myers 2005). Yet for most African nations the number of et al. 2000; Brooks et al. 2002; Knapp 2002; Young et endemic plant species is unknown or poorly estimated, al. 2002). It should be noted that the confinement and there is little research or conservation activities of endemic species to a single habitat renders them concerning them. extremely vulnerable to environmental change. More Brenan’s 1978 report of plant diversity in Nigeria was than half of the endemic cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria based on his analysis of the geographical distribution of have disappeared since the introduction of Nile perch, a all species reported in previous publications (Hepper voracious predator, as a game fish by Ugandan officials 1965; Morton 1972; Clayton & Hepper 1974) and the in the 1920s (Wilson 2010). revised editions of Flora of West Tropical Africa (FWTA) Endemism has attracted the attention of biologists (Hutchinson & Dalziel 1958, 1963, 1972). This figure of and biogeographers since the 19th century (López- endemic species was further emphasized in the FEPA Pujol, et al. 2011). Plant and animal endemism is the (1992) Nigerian biodiversity report. However, since principal criterion for determination of hotspot status many more species have been discovered after the last because endemic species are entirely dependent on edition of the FWTA in 1972, some of the plants that a single area for their survival, and by virtue of their were thought to be endemic to one country have been more restricted ranges, are often the most vulnerable subsequently recorded from others. This study was (Myers et al. 2000). These species, confined to highly carried out to review the current list of endemic species threatened ecosystems, will almost certainly be the in Nigeria and compile an updated comprehensive list in first to be hit by extinction processes, and hence need order to highlight conservation priorities. rapid and effective conservation action (Heywood & Watson 1995). The 25 hotspots cover only 1.4% of the Earth’s land surface, and account for 1,33,149 plant METHODS species (44% of all plant species worldwide) and 9,645 vertebrate species (35%) (Myers et al. 2000). More than Brenan’s (1978) account of endemism was based on ever before, conservationists have begun using data analysis of Flora in Africa and other related studies. In on the geography of biodiversity to set priorities for this study identification of Nigerian endemic flora was locating protected areas (Brooks et al. 2006). done primarily via comprehensive secondary data mining Many of the world’s hotspots for biodiversity are of plant records in books, reliable internet resources and found in nations with tropical moist forests, but these herbarium collections, performed between September nations also face profound socio-economic difficulties 2012 and April 2014. The books used were Trees of that cause widespread habitat loss and degradation. Nigeria (Keay 1989); Nigerian Trees, volumes 1 and 2 Given that endemism and extinction risk are closely (Keay & Onochie 1964a,b); second and revised edition coupled (IUCN 2001), actions to minimize global of Flora of West Tropical Africa (FWTA), volume 1 extinction need to focus on patterns in endemism and (parts 1 and 2) (Hutchinson & Dalziel 1958), volume 2 range-restricted species (Pimm et al. 1995; Myers et (Hutchinson & Dalziel 1963), and volume 3 (parts 1 and al. 2000; Pimm & Brooks 2000). The major issue with 2) (Hutchinson & Dalziel 1972), and The Useful Plants endemism is that most species are not scientifically of West Tropical Africa volumes 1–5 (Burkill 1985, 1994, described, and consequently little if anything is known 1995, 1997, 2000). There exists no nationwide plant
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2014 | 6(11): 6406–6426 6407 ŶĚĞŵŝĐŇŽƌĂŽĨEŝŐĞƌŝĂ ŽƌŽŬŝŶŝ
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6408 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2014 | 6(11): 6406–6426 Endemic flora of Nigeria Borokini
Table 1. List of endemic plant species in Nigeria
Plant name Family Life form Natural Distribution Remarks Aeschynomene neglecta Abinsi (Benue State); Naraguta, Jos (Plateau Syn: Bakerophyton neglectum 1 Papilionaceae Herb Hepper State); Bauchi Plateau (Bauchi State) (Hepper) Maheshw. 2 Alectra virgata Hemsl. Orobanchaceae Herb Lagos area Allophylus nigericus Calabar, Ukpon FR, Oban Division, Cross River 3 Sapindaceae Shrub Bak. f. National Park (Cross River State) 4 Anemia nigerica Alston. Schizaeaceae Fern Idanre hills (Ondo State) Some publications call it Athyrium glabratum River Ata, below Mt. Koloishe (Cross River 5 Woodsiaceae Fern Doroathyrium boryanum Wild (Mett. ex Kuhn.) Alston. State) Ching Okomu National Park (Edo State), Oban Begonia salisburyana 6 Begoniaceae Herb Division, Cross River National Park (Cross Irmsch. River State) Beilschmiedia foliosa Oban Division, Cross River National Park 7 (S. Moore) Robyns & Lauraceae Shrub Syn: Tylostemon foliosus S. Moore (Cross River State) Wilczek I Berlinia hollandii Hutch. Itu (Akwa Ibom State); Oban Division, Cross Endangered on the IUCN Red List 8 Caesalpiniaceae Tree & Dalz. River National Park (Cross River State). of Threatened Species Collected on Aboh on the River 9 Caesaria stipitata Mast. Samydaceae Tree Aboh (Kogi State) Niger over 100 years ago and not recorded ever since Cassipourea eketensis Oban Division, Cross River National Park Critically Endangered on the IUCN 10 Rhiziophoraceae Tree Bak. f. (Cross River State), Eket (Akwa Ibom State) Red List of Threatened Species Chlorophytum caulescens 11 Asparagaceae Herb Ilorin (Kwara State) to Jebba (Niger State) Syn: Anthericum caulescens Bak. (Baker) Marais & Reilly Chlorophytum dalzielii Syn: Anthericum dalzielii 12 (Hutch ex Hepper) I. Asparagaceae Herb Bukuru, Jos (Plateau State) Hutchinson ex Hepper Nordal Clerodendrum 13 tomentellum Hutch. & Verbenaceae Tree Vom, Jos, Naraguta FR (Plateau State) Dalz. Oban Division, Cross River National Park Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List 14 Cola gigas Bak. f. Sterculiaceae Tree (Cross River State) of Threatened Species Cola glabra Brenan & Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List 15 Sterculiaceae Tree Akure FR, Owena FR (Ondo State) Keay of Threatened Species Cola philippi-jonesii Boje, Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary (Cross 16 Sterculiaceae Shrub Brenan & Keay River State) Oban Division, Cross River National Park 17 Costus talbotii Ridl. Costaceae Herb (Cross River State) Cryptosepalum diphyllum Ukpon River FR, Ekang river, Obubra (Cross Endangered on the IUCN Red List 18 Caesalpiniaceae Tree Duvign River State) of Threatened Species Dactyladenia dichotoma Syn: Acioa dichotoma De Wild. 19 (De Wild) Prance and F. Chrysobalanaceae Tree Eket (Akwa Ibom State) Critically Endangered on the IUCN White Red List of Threatened Species Dalbergia albiflora subsp. Enugu extension FR, Ekulu, Milliken hill 20 Papilionaceae Tree echinocarpa Hepper (Enugu State) Diaphananthe dorotheae Oban Division, Cross River National Park 21 Orchidaceae Epiphyte (Rendle) Summerh. (Cross River State) This species is also called D. Dichapetalum obanense Oban Division, Cross River National Park 22 Dichapetalaceae Tree thomsonii var. obanense by some (Bak. f.) Hutch. & Dalz. (Cross River State) taxonomists Syn: Dichapetalum obanense Dichapetalum thomsonii 23 Dichapetalaceae Tree Calabar (Cross River State) (Baker f.) Baker f. ex Hutch. & (Oliv.) Engl. Dalziel Dischistocalyx obanensis Oban Division, Cross River National Park 24 Acanthaceae Shrub S. Moore (Cross River State) Dissotis grammicola Jemaa (Nasarawa State), Naraguta (Plateau 25 Melastomataceae Herb (Hutch.) State) Dissotis idanreensis Idanre hills (Ondo State), Osun river (Osun 26 Melastomataceae Shrub Brenan State) Oban Division, Cross River National Park 27 Dracaena talbotii Rendle Agavaceae Herb (Cross River State) Drypetes talbotii S. Oban Division, Cross River National Park 28 Euphorbiaceae Shrub Moore (Cross River State) Eriocoelum pungens var. Eket (Akwa Ibom State), Degema (Rivers 29 Sapindaceae Tree inermis Keay State)
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Plant name Family Life form Natural Distribution Remarks Fissidens nigerianus Bizot 30 Fissidentaceae Epiphyte Garki Kurmi, Abuja This taxon is a moss ex Brugg. & Nann. Genyorchis apertiflora 31 Orchidaceae Epiphyte Mountain Orosun, Idanre hills (Ondo State) Summerh. Habenaria linguiformis Zongon Katab, Zaria; Bukuru, Kuru (Plateau 32 Orchidaceae Epiphyte Summerh. State) Habenaria nigerica Mando FR, Mongu FR (Plateau State); Zongon 33 Orchidaceae Epiphyte Summerh. Katab, Zaria (Kaduna State) Habenaria phylacocheira 34 Orchidaceae Epiphyte Vom, Ropp (Plateau State) Summerh. Habenaria 35 prionocraspedon Orchidaceae Epiphyte Boshi (Cross River State) Summerh. Hibiscus grewioides Oban Division, Cross River National Park 36 Malvaceae Tree Bak. f. (Cross River State) Hibiscus sineaculeatus F.D Some taxonomic notes consider it 37 Malvaceae Herb Anara FR (Kaduna State) Wilson a synonym to H. scotellii Baker f. Huernia nigeriana 38 Asclepiadaceae Herb Mongu FR (Plateau State) Lavranos Hypoestes talbotii S. Oban Division, Cross River National Park 39 Acanthaceae Shrub Syn: Hypoestes rosea P. Beauv. Moore (Cross River State) Indigofera hutchinsoniana 40 Papilionaceae Herb Jebba, River Niger, Lokoja (Kogi State) Syn: Microcharis tenella Benth. J.B. Gillet Indigofera latisepala 41 Papilionaceae Herb River Niger (Kogi State) Gillett Indigofera wituensis var. 42 Papilionaceae Herb Bauchi Plateau (Bauchi State) occidentalis Gillet Ixora nigerica subsp. Ndealichi FR, Ukpon River FR, (Cross River It is listed as vulnerable in IUCN 43 Rubiaceae Shrub nigerica Keay state) redlist Oban Division, Cross River National Park 44 Justicia nigerica S. Moore Acanthaceae Shrub (Cross River State) Oban Division, Cross River National Park 45 Justicia tenuipes S. Moore Acanthaceae Herb (Cross River State) Leptotrichella ligulifolia 46 Dicranaceae Epiphyte Unknown This taxon is a moss (Müll. Hal.) Ochyra Leptotrichella Syn: Seligeria moenkemeyeri Müll. 47 moenkemeyeri (Müll. Dicranaceae Epiphyte Unknown Hal. This taxon is a moss Hal.) Ochyra The taxonomy is unresolved. Lomariopsis decrescens Some taxonomists consider it the 48 Lomariopsideae Fern Unknown (Bak.) Kuhn. same as Stenochlaena decrescens Underw. of family Blechnaceae Macrolobium talbotii Oban Division, Cross River National Park 49 Caesalpiniaceae Tree Hutch. & J.M Dalz. (Cross River State) Monodora unwinii Hutch. Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List 50 Annonaceae Tree Unwin (Edo State) & Dalz. of Threatened Species Mussaenda afzelioides Oban Division, Cross River National Park 51 Rubiaceae Vine Wernham (Cross River State) Napoleonaea lutea Bak. f. Critically Endangered on the IUCN 52 Lecythidaceae Tree Eket (Akwa Ibom State) ex Hutch. & Dalz. Red List of Threatened Species Napoleonaea reptans Critically Endangered on the IUCN 53 Lecythidaceae Shrub Eket (Akwa Ibom State) Bak. f. ex Hutch. & Dalz. Red List of Threatened Species Oiospermum nigritianum Formerly known as Kinghamia 54 Asteraceae Herb Quorra (River Niger) Benth. nigritana (Benth.) C. Jeffrey Oldenlandia rhabdina 55 Rubiaceae Herb Bangwele (Bauchi State) Bremek Oxymitra rosea Sprague Oban Division, Cross River National Park Syn: Friesodielsia rosea (Sprague 56 Annonaceae Shrub & Hutch. (Cross River State) & Hutch.) Steenis Omo FR, Etemi FR (Ogun State); Afi Mountain 57 Oxystigma sp. Harms Caesalpiniaceae Tree Wildlife Sanctuary, Oban Division, Cross River National Park (Cross River State) Syn: Pilotrichella moenkemeyeri Papillaria moenkemeyeri 58 Meteoriaceae Epiphyte Unknown (Müll. Hal.) Kindb. The taxon is (Müll. Hal.) Paris a moss Pararistolochia tenuicaula Oban Division, Cross River National Park 59 Aristolochiaceae Vine (S. Moore) Keay (Cross River State)
6410 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2014 | 6(11): 6406–6426 Endemic flora of Nigeria Borokini
Plant name Family Life form Natural Distribution Remarks Oban Division, Cross River National Park 60 Pavetta obanica Bremek. Rubiaceae Shrub (Cross River State) Oban Division, Cross River National Park 61 Pavetta talbotii Wernham Rubiaceae Shrub (Cross River State) Physacanthus talbotii S. Oban Division, Cross River National Park 62 Acanthaceae Herb Moore (Cross River State); Eket (Akwa Ibom State) Piptostigma giganteum Oban Division, Cross River National Park Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List 63 Annonaceae Tree Hutch. & Dalz. (Cross River State) of Threatened Species Ife FR (Osun State), Obutong beach, Oban Rhipidoglossum It is synonymous to Diaphananthe 64 Orchidaceae Epiphyte Division, Cross River National Park (Cross longicalcar Summerh. longicalcar (Summerh.) Summerh. River State) 65 Riccia nigerica E.W. Jones Ricciaceae Epiphyte Southwest Nigeria This taxon is a liverwort Oban Division, Cross River National Park 66 Rinorea pilosa Chipp. Violaceae Shrub (Cross River State) Rotala sp. nr dinteri 67 Lythraceae Herb Anara FR (Kaduna State) Koehne ex Schinz. Rungia dimorpha S. Oban Division, Cross River National Park 68 Acanthaceae Herb Moore (Cross River State) Rytigynia argentea Oban Division, Cross River National Park 69 Rubiaceae Shrub (Wernham) Robyns (Cross River State) Sabicea lanuginosa Apapa, Lagos, Ikoyi plains, mangrove swamp 70 Rubiaceae Shrub Wernham (Lagos State) Oban Division, Cross River National Park 71 Sabicea neglecta Hepper Rubiaceae Shrub (Cross River State) Oban Division, Cross River National Park 72 Sabicea talbotii Wernham Rubiaceae Shrub (Cross River State) Scaphopetalum Obutong road, Oban Division, Cross River Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List 73 Malvaceae Tree parvifolium Bak. f. National Park (Cross River State) of Threatened Species Scaphopetalum talbotii Cross River National Park (Oban Division), 74 Malvaceae Tree Bak. f. Cross River State Scyphosyce pandurata Oban Division, Cross River National Park 75 Moraceae Shrub Hutch. (Cross River State) Sematophyllum Syn: Hypnum trachaelocarpum 76 trachaelocarpum (Kindb.) Sematophyllaceae Epiphyte Calabar (Cross River State) Mull. Hal (Hypnaceae) Broth. Stachys pyramidalis J.K Lamiaceae 77 Herb Lokoja (Kogi State) Morton (Labiatae) Staurogyne kamerunensis Oban Division, Cross River National Park 78 subsp. calabarensis Acanthaceae Herb (Cross River State) (Engl.) Benoist 79 Striga dalzielii Hutch. Scrophulariaceae Herb Zungeru (Niger State) Synsepalum glycydora Oban Division, Cross River National Park Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List 80 Sapotaceae Tree Wernham (Cross River State); Degema (Rivers State) of Threatened Species Talbotiella eketensis Eket (Akwa Ibom State), Degema (Rivers Endangered on the IUCN Red List 81 Caesalpiniaceae Tree Bak. f. State) of Threatened Species 82 Tiliacora nigerica Troupin Menispermaceae Vine Akure FR, Aponmu FR (Ondo State) Tricalysia obanensis Oban Division, Cross River National Park 83 Rubiaceae Shrub subsp. obanensis Keay (Cross River State) Tricalysia wernhamiana Oban Division, Cross River National Park 84 Rubiaceae Shrub (Hutch. & Dalz.) (Cross River State) Tridactyle muricata Oban Division, Cross River National Park 85 Orchidaceae Epiphyte (Rendle) Schltr. (Cross River State) Urelytrum auriculatum 86 Poaceae Herb Vodni, Pankshin (Plateau State) C.E Hubbard Urelytrum gracilis C.E 87 Poaceae Herb Shika, Zaria (Kaduna State) Hubbard Urobotrya nigerica Oban Division, Cross River National Park 88 Opiliaceae Shrub Baker f. (Cross River State) Vellozia schnitzleinia var Anara FR, Zaria (Kaduna State); Gawu Hills, 89 Velloziaceae Herb occidentalis Milne-Redh. (Niger state) Vernonia bauchiensis 90 Asteraceae Herb Jos Plateau (Plateau State) Hutch. & Dalz. Oban Division, Cross River National Park Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List 91 Xylopia talbotii Exell. Annonaceae Tree (Cross River State); Eket (Akwa Ibom State). of Threatened Species
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2014 | 6(11): 6406–6426 6411 ŶĚĞŵŝĐŇŽƌĂŽĨEŝŐĞƌŝĂ ŽƌŽŬŝŶŝ
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ƐĂǀĂŶŶĂŚ͘ ZƵďŝĂĐĞĂĞ KƌĐŚŝĚĂĐĞĂĞ ĐŶƚŚĂĐĞĂĞ ĂĞƐĂůƉŝŶŝĂĐĞĂĞ &ŽƌƚLJͲŽŶĞĞŶĚĞŵŝĐƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞůŽĐĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞKďĂŶ WĂƉŝůŝŽŶĂĐĞĂĞ DĂůǀĂĐĞĂĞ ŶŶŽƵĂĐĞĂĞ KƚŚĞƌƐ ĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶŽĨƌŽƐƐZŝǀĞƌEĂƟŽŶĂůWĂƌŬ͕ǁŚŝůĞŽƚŚĞƌŶŽƚĂďůĞ &ŝŐƵƌĞϯ͘ ŶĚĞŵŝĐƐƉĞĐŝĞƐƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƉůĂŶƚĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ŬĞƚ;ϴƐƉĞĐŝĞƐͿ͕EĂƌĂŐƵƚĂ;ϰƐƉĞĐŝĞƐͿ͕ ĞŐĞŵĂ͕/ĚĂŶƌĞ,ŝůůƐ͕hŬƉŽŶZŝǀĞƌ&Z͕ĂůĂďĂƌĂŶĚŶĂƌĂ &Z;ϯƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĞĂĐŚͿ;dĂďůĞϭͿ͘EŝŶĞůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐĂĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐ ŝŶ>ŝďĞƌŝĂ͕ϰϭŝŶƀƚĞĚ͛/ǀŽŝƌĞ͕ϰϯŝŶ'ŚĂŶĂ͕ϮϬŝŶdŽŐŽ͕ ĨŽƌ ϱϳ ĞŶĚĞŵŝĐ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŝŶ ŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ͕ ϭϭŝŶĞŶŝŶZĞƉƵďůŝĐĂŶĚϭϱϲŝŶĂŵĞƌŽŽŶ͘dŚĞƐĞĂƌĞ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ/ĚĂŶƌĞ,ŝůůƐ͕ƌŽƐƐZŝǀĞƌEĂƟŽŶĂůWĂƌŬ;KďĂŶ ŝŶ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ ƚŽ ϭϬϴ ŝŶ ^ĂŽ dŽŵĞ ĂŶĚ WƌŝŶĐŝƉĞ͕ Ϯϱϵ ŝŶ ĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶͿ͕ĂƵĐŚŝWůĂƚĞĂƵ͕:ŽƐWůĂƚĞĂƵ͕'ĂǁƵŚŝůůƐĂŶĚĮ ^ŽŵĂůŝĂZĞƉƵďůŝĐ͕ϱϱϯŝŶ ƚŚŝŽƉŝĂ;ĂŶĚ ƌŝƚƌĞĂͿ͕ϰϰϵŝŶ DŽƵŶƚĂŝŶtŝůĚůŝĨĞ^ĂŶĐƚƵĂƌLJ͘ ŝŐŚƚůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐĂĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐ dĂŶnjĂŶŝĂ͕ϯϳϴŝŶŶŐŽůĂĂŶĚϭϬϲŝŶ<ĞŶLJĂĂŵŽŶŐŽƚŚĞƌƐ ĨŽƌ ϭϮ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ĂƌĞ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƌŝƉĂƌŝĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ;ƌĞŶĂŶϭϵϳϴͿ͘dŚĞtĞƐƚĨƌŝĐĂŶ;'ƵŝŶĞĂŶͿ&ŽƌĞƐƚƐ͕ŽĨ ĂƌŽƵŶĚƌŝǀĞƌEŝŐĞƌ͘tŚŝůĞĐůĂƐƐŝĨLJŝŶŐůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐďLJ^ƚĂƚĞ ǁŚŝĐŚEŝŐĞƌŝĂŶƚƌŽƉŝĐĂůƌĂŝŶĨŽƌĞƐƚƐŝƐƉĂƌƚŽĨ͕ŝƐŽŶĞŽĨ ďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐŝƚǁĂƐŶŽƚĞĚƚŚĂƚƌŽƐƐZŝǀĞƌƐƚĂƚĞŚŽƵƐĞĚ ƚŚĞ Ϯϱ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŚŽƚƐƉŽƚƐ ŽĨ ŐůŽďĂů ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞ ĨŽƌ ϱϳĞŶĚĞŵŝĐƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚďLJŬǁĂ/ďŽŵ^ƚĂƚĞ;ϵͿ͕ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐ;DLJĞƌƐĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϬϬͿ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ <ĂĚƵŶĂ ^ƚĂƚĞ ;ϭϬͿ͕ WůĂƚĞĂƵ ^ƚĂƚĞ ;ϴͿ͕ KŶĚŽ ^ƚĂƚĞ ;ϳͿ͕ ƚŚĞ EŝŐĞƌŝĂŶ ƌĂŝŶĨŽƌĞƐƚ ǁĂƐ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ĂƐ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ EŝŐĞƌĂŶĚ<ŽŐŝ^ƚĂƚĞƐ;ϱĞĂĐŚͿĂŶĚ>ĂŐŽƐ^ƚĂƚĞ;ϰͿ͕ǁŚŝůĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŽĨĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŝŶĨƌŝĐĂ;ĂǀŝƐĞƚĂů͘ϭϵϵϰ͖ĞĞŶƚũĞ ϭϵƐƚĂƚĞƐŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŚĂĚŶŽĞŶĚĞŵŝĐƉůĂŶƚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ĞƚĂů͘ϭϵϵϰ͖ĞĞŶƚũĞϭϵϵϲͿ͘ ƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚ͘ EŝŐĞƌŝĂǁĂƐƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚƚŽŚĂƌďŽƵƌϳ͕ϴϵϱƉůĂŶƚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ^ĐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐƚŚĞůŝƐƚŽĨĞŶĚĞŵŝĐŇŽƌĂŝŶEŝŐĞƌŝĂŝŶƚŚĞ ĨƌŽŵ ϯϯϴ ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ Ϯ͕Ϯϭϱ ŐĞŶĞƌĂ͕ ŝŶ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ ƚŽ ϮϬϭϯ͘ϮǀĞƌƐŝŽŶŽĨ/hEZĞĚ>ŝƐƚŽĨdŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚ^ƉĞĐŝĞƐ ϭ͕ϰϴϵ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ŽĨ ŵŝĐƌŽŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƐ ;ƌĞŶĂŶ ƌĞǀĞĂůĞĚƚŚĂƚŽŶůLJϭϱŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚďLJ/hE͕ŽĨ ϭϵϳϴͿ͘/ƚǁĂƐĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚƚŚĂƚEŝŐĞƌŝĂŶďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĞŝŐŚƚ ǁĞƌĞ ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĞĚ ĂƐ ͞sƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞ͕͟ ƚŚƌĞĞ ĂƐ ĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞƐϰ͕ϵϬϯƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŽĨĂŶŐŝŽƐƉĞƌŵƐ͕ϯϮƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŽĨ ͞ ŶĚĂŶŐĞƌĞĚ͟ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŵĂŝŶŝŶŐ ĨŽƵƌ ǁĞƌĞ ͞ƌŝƟĐĂůůLJ ŐLJŵŶŽƐƉĞƌŵƐ͕ϭϱϱƉƚĞƌŝĚŽƉŚLJƚĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ϴϬďƌLJŽƉŚLJƚĞ ŶĚĂŶŐĞƌĞĚ͟;dĂďůĞϭͿ͘ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ϭϯϰƉůĂŶŬƚŽŶƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ϱϱďĂĐƚĞƌŝĂƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ϳϴϰ dĂďůĞϮƐŚŽǁƐƚŚĞůŝƐƚŽĨϭϱϯƉůĂŶƚƐƚŚĂƚǁĞƌĞŽŶĐĞ ĂůŐĂĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ ϯ͕ϰϮϯ ĨƵŶŐŝ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵŽƌĞ ƚŚĂŶ ϱϬϬ ƚŚŽƵŐŚƚƚŽďĞĞŶĚĞŵŝĐƚŽEŝŐĞƌŝĂďƵƚŚĂǀĞƐŝŶĐĞďĞĞŶ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŽĨǀŝƌƵƐĞƐ;& WϭϵϵϮͿ͘ƌĞŶĂŶ;ϭϵϳϴͿĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ĨŽƵŶĚ ŝŶ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĨƌŝĐĂŶ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ĂŵĞƌŽŽŶ͕ ƐƚĂƚĞĚƚŚĂƚϮϬƉůĂŶƚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŚĂĚďĞĐŽŵĞĞdžƟŶĐƚƐŝŶĐĞ 'ĂďŽŶ͕ ƋƵĂƚŽƌŝĂů 'ƵŝŶĞĂ ĂŶĚ ĞŵŽĐƌĂƟĐ ZĞƉƵďůŝĐ ŽĨ ϭϵϱϬ͕ĂďŽƵƚϰϯϭƐƉĞĐŝĞƐǁĞƌĞĞŶĚĂŶŐĞƌĞĚ͕ϰϱƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ŽŶŐŽ͘ ǁĞƌĞĐůĂƐƐŝĮĞĚĂƐƌĂƌĞ͕ĂŶĚϮϬƐƉĞĐŝĞƐǁĞƌĞǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞ͘ ϮϬϱƐƉĞĐŝĞƐǁĞƌĞĞŶĚĞŵŝĐ͕ƚŚĞŶŝŶƚŚŚŝŐŚĞƐƚŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨ ĞŶĚĞŵŝĐ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ĂŵŽŶŐ ϰϮ ĨƌŝĐĂŶ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ;ƌĞŶĂŶ /^h^^/KE ϭϵϳϴͿ͘KƵƚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞϮϬϱĞŶĚĞŵŝĐƐƉĞĐŝĞƐƚŚĞŶŽƌƚŚĞƌŶ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͕ǁŝƚŚ^ƵĚĂŶŝĂŶĂĸŶŝƟĞƐ͕ŚĂƐϯϵĞŶĚĞŵŝĐƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ ŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƉůĂŶƚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĞŶĚĞŵŝƐŵŝŶEŝŐĞƌŝĂ ǁĞƐƚĞƌŶĂŶĚĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌĞŐŝŽŶƐŚĂǀĞϯϴ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞĞĂƐƚĞƌŶ ƌĞŶĂŶ;ϭϵϳϴͿŐĂǀĞĂĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚĂĐĐŽƵŶƚŽĨĞŶĚĞŵŝƐŵ ƌĞŐŝŽŶŝƐĂŚŽƐƚƚŽϭϮϴĞŶĚĞŵŝĐƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ;ƌĞŶĂŶϭϵϳϴͿ͘/Ŷ ŝŶ ƚƌŽƉŝĐĂů ĨƌŝĐĂ͘ dŚŝƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ ϮϬϱ ĞŶĚĞŵŝĐ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ĞŝŐŚƚŵŽƐƐ;ďƌLJŽƉŚLJƚĞƐͿƐƉĞĐŝĞƐǁĞƌĞƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚ ĂŶĚĮǀĞĞŶĚĞŵŝĐŐĞŶĞƌĂŝŶEŝŐĞƌŝĂ͕ϮϲŝŶ^ĞŶĞŐĂů͕ϭŝŶ ƚŽďĞĞŶĚĞŵŝĐƚŽEŝŐĞƌŝĂ;K͛^ŚĞĂϭϵϵϳͿ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ 'ĂŵďŝĂ͕ϴϴŝŶ'ƵŝŶĞĂ͕ϭϭŝŶDĂůŝ͕ϳϰŝŶ^ŝĞƌƌĂ>ĞŽŶĞ͕ϱϵ EŝŐĞƌŝĂ ŝƐ ƐĂŝĚ ƚŽ ƌĂŶŬ ϭϭƚŚ ŝŶ ĨƌŝĐĂ ŝŶ ƚĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ ƉůĂŶƚ
6412 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2014 | 6(11): 6406–6426 Endemic flora of Nigeria Borokini
Table 2. List of previously thought endemic species in Nigeria
Plant name Family Habit Distribution in Nigeria New locations Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Eritrea, Democratic Republic of Acalypha nigritiana Müell Arg Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea, Rwanda, 1 [Syn: Acalypha ornata Hochst. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Yoruba forests, Lagos Congo Rep., Sudan, Ethiopia, Malawi, Kenya, ex A. Rich] Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Mozambique, Swaziland, Angola, Tuvalu Acioa talbotii Bak. f. [Syn: 2 Dactyladenia staudtii (Engl.) Chrysobalanaceae Tree Oban Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon Prance & F.White] Brazil, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Burundi, Actiniopteris australis (Linn.f.) Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, 3 Adiantaceae Herb Kabwir, Pankshin District Link Ethiopia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Réunion, Somalia, Sudan, Zambia, Zimbabwe Owo, Onigambari Forest 4 Aframomum stanfieldii Hepper Zingiberaceae Herb Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Cameroon Reserve (FR) Guinea Republic, Guinea Bissau, Côte d’Ivoire, Usonigbe FR, Sapoba FR Ghana, Togo, Benin Republic, Liberia, Sierra Agelaea pilosa G. Schellenb (Edo State); Degema (Rivers Leone, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Central 5 [Syn: Agelaea pentagyna (Lam.) Connaraceae Shrub State); Ikom (Akwa Ibom African Republic, Angola, Gabon, Congo Baill.] state) Republic, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Madagascar Republic, Zambia 6 Allexis obanensis (Bak. f.) Violaceae Tree Oban Cameroon
7 Anchomanes nigritianus Rendle Acanthaceae Herb Etara, Oban Cameroon, Gabon Etemi FR, Omo FR, Sapoba 8 Ancistrocladus guineensis Oliv. Ancistrocladaceae Liana Cameroon, Gabon FR Ancistrocladus uncinatus Hutch. 9 & Dalz. [Syn: Ancistrocladus Ancistrocladaceae Shrub Eket (Akwa Ibom State) Cameroon, Gabon and Congo Republic guineensis Oliv.] Angraecum angustum (Rolfe) 10 Orchidaceae Herb Itu Cameroon Summerh. Annona barteri Benth. [Syn: Duguetia barteri (Benth.) Koton Karifi Swamp FR, Ibaji 11 Annonaceae Tree Gabon and Cameroon Chatrou and Pachypodanthium Ojoku, Kabba barteri (Benth.) Hutch. & Dalz.] 12 Anthericum nigericum Hepper Asparagaceae Herb Anara FR, Zaria, Jos Plateau Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Tanzania Sapoba FR (Edo State); Eket (Akwa Ibom State); Anthocleista obanensis 13 Loganiaceae Liana Oban Division, Cross River Cameroon and Gabon Wernham National Park (Cross River State) Idanre hills (Ondo State); Anthonotha obanensis (Bak. f.) Liberia, Sierra Leone, Côte d’Ivoire, Cameroon, Degema (Rivers State), J. Leonard [Syn: Isomacrolobium Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo. 14 Caesalpiniaceae Tree Obudu, Oban Division, Cross obanense (Baker f.) Aubrév. & Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened River National Park (Cross Pellegr.] Species River State) Oban Division, Cross River 15 Aporrhiza talbotii Baker f. Sapindaceae Tree National Park (Cross River Gabon State) 16 Artabotrys coccineus Keay Annonaceae Liana Ibadan South FR (Oyo State) Benin Republic
17 Asplenium cornutum Alston Aspleniaceae Herb Mambilla Plateau Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea Baissea subsessilis (Benth.) Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Cameroon, Equatorial Stapf ex Hutch [Syn: Baissea Ishagama, Osun FR, Guinea, Gabo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 18 Apocynaceae Shrub campanulata (K.Schum.) de Onigambari FR to Ibadan Congo Republic, Angola, Central African Kruif] Republic. Batesanthus talbotii S. Moore Oban Division, Cross River Angola, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Cameroon, 19 [Syn: Batesanthus purpureus Asclepiadaceae Herb National Park (Cross River Gabon, Central African Republic and Democratic N.E. Br.] State) Republic of Congo Cameroon, Ghana, Democratic Republic of 20 Begonia cilio-bracteata Warb. Begoniaceae Herb Awi FR Congo
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2014 | 6(11): 6406–6426 6413 Endemic flora of Nigeria Borokini
Plant name Family Habit Distribution in Nigeria New locations Oban Division, Cross River Beilschmiedia myrciifolia (S. 21 Lauraceae Shrub National Park (Cross River Cameroon Moore) Robyns & R. Wilczek State) Oban Division, Cross River Belonophora talbotii Gabon. Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of 22 Rubiaceae Tree National Park (Cross River (Wernham) Keay Threatened Species State) Onigambari FR, Oluwa FR, Brachystegia nigerica Hoyle & 23 Caesalpinaceae Tree Sapoba FR, Urhonigbe FR, Cameroon A. Jones Onitsha, Unwin, Awka Maisamari, Mambilla 24 Bulbophyllum calvum Summerh. Orchidaceae Herb Cameroon Plateau Butumia marginalis G. Taylor Oban Division, Cross River Cameroon, unconfirmed records from Ghana 25 [Syn: Saxicolella marginalis Podostemataceae Herb National Park (Cross River and Niger Rep. (G.Taylor) C.Cusset ex Cheek] State). Campylospermum oliveri (Van. 26 Ochnaceae Tree Calabar, Cross River State. Cameroon, Gabon and Côte d’Ivoire Teigh.) Farron Canthium inaequilaterum Hutch. & Dalz. [Syn: Keetia 27 Rubiaceae Shrub Oban Congo Republic inaequilatera (Hutch. & Dalziel) Bridson Carpodinus talbotii Wernham Oban Division, Cross River 28 [Syn: Landolphia stenogyna Apocynaceae Shrub National Park (Cross River Gabon and Cameroon Pichon] State). Cephalonema polyandrum K. Schum [Syn: Clappertonia Oruikim and Oroku, Uyo Democratic Republic of Congo, Congo Republic, 29 Tiliaceae Herb polyandra (K. Schum. ex (Akwa Ibom State) Cameroon and Gabon Sprague) Bech.] Chamaengis lanceolata 30 Orchidaceae Herb Sapoba FR, Oban Cameroon Summerh. Chassalia cupularis Hutch & 31 Rubiaceae Shrub Oban, Afi River FR Cameroon Dalz Chassalia subnuda (Hiern) 32 Rubiaceae Shrub Calabar Congo Republic Hepper Sapoba FR, Okomu National Park (Edo State); Oban Chytranthus ellipticus Hutch. Division, Cross River 33 Sapindaceae Tree Unconfirmed reports from Liberia & Dalz. National Park (Cross River State); Eket (Akwa Ibom State) Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Shasha FR, Okomu National 34 Cleistanthus libericus N.E Br. Euphorbiaceae Tree Congo Rep, Gabon, Guinea, Democratic Park Republic of Congo Koton Karifi Swamp FR, Osse Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Central African Republic, 35 Cleistanthus ripicola Leonard Euphorbiaceae Tree River, Lower Enyong FR Congo Rep, Democratic Republic of Congo Cleistopholis staudtii Engl. & 36 Annonaceae Tree Shasha FR Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon Diels Clematopsis scabiosifolia (DC.) Bauchi Plateau (Bauchi 37 Hutch. Subsp. oliveri (Hutch.) Ranunculaceae Herb Cameroon State) Brumm. Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Clerodendrum talbotii Wernham Oban Division, Cross River Togo, Benin Republic, Somalia Republic, 38 [Syn: Clerodendrum capitatum Verbenaceae Tree National Park (Cross River Cameroon, Gabon, Democratic Republic of (Willd.) Schumach.] State) Congo, Zambia, Uganda Shasha FR (Ogun State); Oban Division, Cross River Angola, Gabon, Congo Rep, Cameroon, 39 Cnestis mannii (Bak.) Schellend. Connaraceae Shrub National Park (Cross River Madagascar State). Cameroon (IUCN reports it might be extinct 40 Cola nigerica Brenan & Keay Sterculiaceae Tree Shasha FR, Oban, Etemi FR there) and Gabon Combretum excelsum Keay [Syn: Cross River North FR (Cross Gabon, Angola and Democratic Republic of 41 Combretaceae Liana Combretum pecoense Exell] River State) Congo 42 Cordyla sp. a null Caesalpiniaceae Tree Ilorin, New Bussa, Yakumase Togo
6414 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2014 | 6(11): 6406–6426 Endemic flora of Nigeria Borokini
Plant name Family Habit Distribution in Nigeria New locations
43 Crateranthus talbotii Baker f. Lecythidaceae Tree Oban, Calabar Gabon Oban Division, Cross River 44 Crossandra obanensis Heine Acanthaceae Shrub National Park (Cross River Cameroon State) Oban Division, Cross River Crossandra talbotii S. Moore National Park (Cross River 45 [Syn: Stenandrium talbotii (S. Acanthaceae Herb Cameroon, Gabon and Ghana State); Okomu National Moore) Vollesen] Park, Benin City (Edo State) Crossonephelis africanus Tanzania, Mozambique, Togo, Zimbabwe, 46 (Radlk.) Leenh. [Syn: Glenniea Sapindaceae Shrub Ilaro FR (Ogun State) Ghana, Benin Republic and Kenya africana (Radlk.) Leenh.] 47 Croton membranaceus Müll. Arg Euphorbiaceae Shrub Lokoja, Onitsha Côte d’Ivoire
48 Cuviera trilocularis Hiern Rubiaceae Shrub Oban, Calabar Cameroon Sanga river FR, Onitsha, 49 Cuviera truncata Hutch. & Dalz. Rubiaceae Shrub Degema, Oban, Vogel Peak, Cameroon Gangumi 50 Cyanotis hepperi Brenan Commelinaceae Herb Vogel Peak (Adamawa State) Unconfirmed reports of sightings in Cameroon Dactyladenia eketensis (DeWild) Gabon. Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red 51 Prance and F. White [Syn: Acioa Chrysobalanaceae Tree Eket (Akwa Ibom State) List of Threatened Species eketensis DeWild.] Dissotis elliotii Gilg var setosor Balleghete, Obudu, Koloishe 52 Melastomataceae Herb Cameroon, Guinea, Liberia Gilg. mountains, Ikwette Dissotis fruticosa (Brenan) 53 Brenan & Keay [Syn: D. Melastomataceae Herb Idanre hills (Ondo State) Equatorial Guinea rotundifolia var. fruticosa] Dolichos brevicaulis Bak. [Syn: Jebba (Kogi State); Yola 54 Macrotyloma brevicaula (Baker) Papilionaceae Herb (Adamawa State); Bauchi Cameroon and Ghana Verdc.] Plateau (Bauchi State) Dorstenia obanensis Hutch. & Oban Division, Cross River Guinea, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Cameroon, 55 Dalziel [Syn: D. buesgenii Engl. Moraceae Tree National Park (Cross River Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Congo Republic, or D. turbinata Engl.] State) Democratic Republic of Congo 56 Dracaena goldieana Bull. Agavaceae Herb Uwet, Calabar. Cameroon, Gabon Oban Division, Cross River Côte d’Ivoire, Cameroon, Gabon. Vulnerable on 57 Drypetes obanensis S. Moore Euphorbiaceae Tree National Park (Cross River the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species State) Enneastemon foliosus (Engl. & 58 Diels.) Robyns & Ghesq. [Syn: Annonaceae Shrub Okomu National Park Cameroon Popowia foliosa Engl. & Diels.] Eriocaulon intrusum Meikle Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, 59 [Syn: Eriocaulon teusczii Engl. & Eriocaulaceae Herb Naraguta, Plateau state Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia Ruhland] Eket, Afi River FR, Aboabam- Gabon. Data Deficient on the IUCN Red List of 60 Eriocoelum oblongum Keay Sapindaceae Tree Arrimakpan path Threatened Species Eriosema bauchiense Hutch. Cameroon, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of 61 Papilionaceae Herb Vom (Plateau State) & Dalz. Congo, Malawi Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Cameroon, Congo Rep, 62 Eugenia obanensis Baker f. Myrtaceae Shrub Onitsha Gabon, Angola, Guinea Oban Division, Cross River 63 Eugenia talbotii Keay Myrtaceae Shrub National Park (Cross River Cameroon State) Fagara buesgenii Engl. [Syn: Oban Division, Cross River 64 Zanthoxylum buesgenii (Engl.) P. Rutaceae Shrub National Park (Cross River Cameroon and Gabon G. Waterman] State) Cameroon, Ghana, Guinea, Gabon, sierra Leone, Fagara melanorhachis Hoyle Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire, Togo, Benin Republic, Sapoba FR (Edo State), 65 [Syn: Zanthoxylum gilletii Rutaceae Tree Equatorial Guinea, Democratic Republic of Enugu (Enugu State) (DeWild.) P.G. Waterman] Congo, Congo Republic, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique 66 Fimbristylis nigritana C.B CI Orchidaceae Herb Nupe Togo
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2014 | 6(11): 6406–6426 6415 Endemic flora of Nigeria Borokini
Plant name Family Habit Distribution in Nigeria New locations Friesodielsia soyauxii (Sprague & Hutch.) Steenis [Syn: Gabon, Congo Rep, Democratic Republic of 67 Annonaceae Shrub Ibadan South FR (Oyo State) Friesodielsia montana (Engl. & Congo and Central African Republic Diels.) Steenis] Oban Division, Cross River Garcinia obanensis Baker f. 68 Clusiaceae Tree National Park (Cross River Cameroon, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea [Syn: Garcinia mannii Oliv.] State) Recorded from forests of 69 Garcinia ovalifolia var ? Guttiferae Tree Guinea, Mali, Ethiopia, Uganda, Angola Benin only Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Jos Plateau, Naranda Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, 70 Gladiolus melleri Bak. f Iridaceae Herb mountain Zambia. Nigeria is the only place it was reported in West Africa Oban Division, Cross River 71 Globulostylis minor Wernham Rubiaceae Shrub National Park (Cross River Cameroon. State) Globulostylis talbotii Wernham Oban Division, Cross River Cameroon. Globulostylis has only two species, 72 [Syn: Cuviera talbotii Rubiaceae Shrub National Park (Cross River and both species are thought to be endemic (Wernham) Verdc.] State) to Nigeria Oban Division, Cross River 73 Guaduella humilis Clayton Poaceae Herb National Park (Cross River Cameroon State) Kaduna, Dogon Kurmi, 74 Habenaria keayi Summerh. Orchidaceae Herb Sara mountains, Bauchi, Togo, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Arabian Peninsular Naraguta FR, Ibadan Sapoba FR (Edo State), Oron, 75 Hugonia talbotii De Wild. Linaceae Herb Democratic Republic of Congo Eket (Akwa Ibom State) Benin Rep., Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Côte Hunteria eburnea Pichon [Syn: d’Ivoire, Liberia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Central 76 Hunteria umbellata (K.Schum.) Apocynaceae Tree Afi River FR African Republic, Gabon, Democratic Republic Hallier f.] of Congo Gabon and Cameroon. Critically Endangered on 77 Hymenostegia talbotii Baker f. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Eket (Akwa Ibom State) the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Inversodicraea tenuifolia G. Boje-Aboabam road, Afi 78 Taylor [Syn: Ledermanniella Podostemaceae Herb River Wildlife Sanctuary Gabon tenuifolia (G. Taylor) C. Cusset] (Cross River State) Central African Republic, Cameroon, Congo 79 Ixora bauchiensis Hutch. & Dalz. Rubiaceae Shrub Naraguta, Jos, Kemdere Republic Ixora degemensis Hutch. & Dalz. Cameroon. Endangered on the IUCN Red List of 80 Rubiaceae Tree Degema (Rivers State) [Syn: Ixora euosmia K. Schum.] Threatened Species 81 Jatropha neriifolia Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Nupe, Abinsi Benin Republic Liberia, Sierra Leone, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, 82 Justicia talbotii S. Moore Acanthaceae Shrub Eket (Akwa Ibom State) Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Congo Republic. Lefebvrea nigeriae Wolff [Syn: Vom, Naraguta (Plateau Umbelliferae Widely distributed throughout Southern, 83 Lefebvrea grantii (Hiern) S. Herb State); Bauchi Plateau (Apiaceae) Eastern, Central Africa and parts of West Africa Droop.] (Bauchi State) Guinea, Burundi, Central African Republic, Leucas oligocephala subsp. 84 Lamiaceae Herb Jos Plateau Rwanda, Cameroon, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, tenuifolia J.K. Morton Malawi Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Senegal, Togo, Sierra Lobelia lelyana E. Wimm [Syn: Leone, Cameroon, Central African Republic, 85 Lobeliaceae Herb Jos Plateau Lobelia sapinii DeWild.] Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Togo, Burundi, Sierra Leone, Cameroon, Congo Republic, Gabon, Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. 86 Bignoniaceae Tree Abeokuta Guinea, Rwanda, Central African Republic, Schum. Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda Memecylon fosteri Hutch. & 87 Dalz. [Syn: Warneckea fosteri Melastomataceae Shrub Idanre hills (Ondo State) Cameroon, Sao Tome and Principe (Hutch. & Dalziel) Jacq.-Fél.]
6416 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2014 | 6(11): 6406–6426 Endemic flora of Nigeria Borokini
Plant name Family Habit Distribution in Nigeria New locations Memecylon meiklei Keay [Syn: 88 Warneckea guineensis (Keay) Melastomataceae Shrub Ibadan (Oyo State) Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia and Ghana Jacq.-Fél.] Memecylon obanense Bak. f. Oban Division, Cross River Guinea, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire, Cameroon, Congo 89 [Syn: Memecylon englerianum Melastomataceae Shrub National Park (Cross River Republic Cogn. var. englerianum] State) Mendoncia iodioides (S. Moore) Oban Division, Cross River 90 Heine [Syn: Afromendoncia Acanthaceae Shrub National Park (Cross River Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and Congo Republic iodioides S. Moore] State) Oban Division, Cross River 91 Millettia pilosa Hutch. & Dalz. Papilionaceae Shrub National Park (Cross River Cameroon State); Umuahia (Abia State) 92 Napoleona parviflora Bak. f. Lecythidaceae Tree Oban Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea Neobaumannia hedyotoidea var longipila Brenan [Syn: Knoxia Idanre hills, Akure FR, 93 Rubiaceae Shrub Ghana, Togo, Cameroon hedyotoidea (K. Schum.) Puff. Aponmu FR & Robbr.] Oxymitra glaucifolia Hutch. Oban Division, Cross River & Dalz. [Syn: Friesodielsia 94 Annonaceae Shrub National Park (Cross River Cameroon glaucifolia (Hutch. & Dalziel) State) Steenis] Oxymitra obanensis Sprague & Liberia, Sierra Leone, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Oban Division, Cross River Hutch. [Syn: Unona obanensis Central African Republic, Democratic Republic 95 Annonaceae Shrub National Park (Cross River Baker f. or Friesodielsia of Congo, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo Rep., State) enghiana (Diels.) Verdc.] Uganda, Equatorial Guinea Etemi FR, Olokemeji FR, Pancovia sessiliflora Hutch. 96 Sapindaceae Shrub Omo FR, Okeigbo, Ikoyi Ghana & Dalz. plains, Agege Pararistolochia ju-ju (S. Moore) Hutch & Dalz. [Syn: Côte d’Ivoire, Benin Republic, Gabon, Ghana, 97 Aristolochiaceae Liana Degema (Rivers State) Pararistolochia mannii (Hook. Togo, Congo Republic. f.) Keay] Pararistolochia talbotii (S. Moore) Keay [Syn: Oban Division, Cross River Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Central African Republic, 98 Pararistolochia promissa (Mast.) Aristolochiaceae Herb National Park (Cross River Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Keay or Aristolochia talbotii S. State) Gabon. Moore.] Pararistolochia tribrachiata Oban Division, Cross River Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Cameroon, Central (S. Moore) Hutch & Dalz. [Syn: 99 Aristolochiaceae Liana National Park (Cross River African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Pararistolochia macrocarpa State) Gabon, Congo Rep, Equatorial Guinea (Duch.) Poncy] Pauridiantha insculpta (Hutch. & Dalz.) [Syn: Empogona 100 Rubiaceae Shrub Oban Congo Republic, Cameroon talboltii (Wernham) Tosh & Robbr.] Oni river, Omo FR, Oban, 101 Pausinystalia talbotii Wernham Rubiaceae Tree Cameroon Calabar Paxia liberosepala (Bak. f.) Oban Division, Cross River Cameroon, Gabon, Democratic Republic of 102 Schellenb ex Hutch. & Dalz. Connaraceae Liana National Park (Cross River Congo, Congo Republic, Equatorial Guinea, [Syn: Rourea myriantha Baill.] State) Madagascar Pennisetum dalzielii Stapf & Eritrea, Angola, Gambia, Senegal, Togo, C.E. Hubbard [Syn: Pennisetum 103 Poaceae Shrub Sokoto Cameroon, Chad, Ethiopia, Sudan sieberianum (Schltdl.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb.] Oban Division, Cross River 104 Phaulopsis talbotii S. Moore Acanthaceae Herb National Park (Cross River Sierra Leone, Liberia and Cameroon State) Phragmanthera talbotiorum Eket (Akwa Ibom State); (Sprague) Balle [Syn: Oban Division, Cross River 105 Phragmanthera talbotiora Loranthaceae Shrub Cameroon and Gabon National Park (Cross River (Sprengel) S. Balle or Loranthus State) talbotiorum Sprague] Pohliella flabellataG. Tayl. [Syn: Afi River FR on Aboabam- 106 Saxicolella flabellata (G.Taylor) Podostemataceae Herb Cameroon, Ghana, Niger Boje path C. Cusset]
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2014 | 6(11): 6406–6426 6417 Endemic flora of Nigeria Borokini
Plant name Family Habit Distribution in Nigeria New locations Polystachya camaridioides 107 Orchidaceae Herb Calabar Cameron, Guinea Summerh Polystachya odorata var 108 Orchidaceae Herb Mountain Orosun, Idanre Cameroon trilepidis Summerh Protea argyrophaea Hutch [Syn: Bauchi Plateau (Bauchi 109 Protea madiensis Oliv. subsp. Protaceae Shrub Found throughout West, Central and East Africa State) madiensis] Psammetes nigerica Hepper [Syn: Psammetes Madagascar. Brenan (1978) reported that this 110 Scrophulariaceae Herb Badagry (Lagos State) madagascariensis (Bonati) Eb. genera is endemic to this region of Nigeria. Fisch. & Hepper] Zimbabwe. Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Eleyele, Ibadan (Oyo State), Pseudospondias microcarpa var Threatened Species and present only in Nigeria. 111 Anacardiaceae Tree Omo FR, Etemi FR (Ogun hirsuta Brenan Hyde et al. (2014) listed it in Zimbabwe and State) Mozambique. Pseudospondias microcarpa var 112 Anacardiaceae Tree Benin (Edo State) Cameroon longifolia (Engl.) Keay Psophocarpus Throughout Central and parts of West and East 113 longepedunculatus Hassk. var. Papilionaceae Tree Unspecified Africa, and Madagascar. barteri Baker 114 Psychotria arborea Hiern Rubiaceae Tree Calabar (Cross River State) Cameroon Psychotria dalzielii Hutch. Burundi, Central African Republic, Cameroon, 115 [Syn: Psychotria eminiana var. Rubiaceae Shrub Mando FR, Zaria DR Congo, Chad, Sudan, Tanzania, Angola, eminiana] Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia Oban Division, Cross River Psychotria potanthera 116 Rubiaceae Shrub National Park (Cross River Cameroon Wernham State) Psychotria rowlandii Hutch. & Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Central 117 Dalz. [Syn: Psychotria gabonica Rubiaceae Shrub Lagos, Omo FR African Republic, Congo Republic, Gabon Hiern.] Idanre, Oban, Kwa Falls, 118 Psychotria talbotii Wernham Rubiaceae Shrub Cameroon Akampa Estate, Calabar Oban Division, Cross River 119 Psychotria viticoidesWernham Rubiaceae Shrub National Park (Cross River Cameroon and Gabon State) Ibadan Forest Reserve (IITA) Cameroon and Gabon. Recent descriptions (Oyo State); Unwin, Benin of the plant distribution range do not include 120 Pterocarpus osun Craib. Papilionaceae Tree City (Edo State); Ikom (Akwa other African countries, as earlier noted in Ibom State); Obubra (Cross FWTA, Part 1 Volume 2. River State) Pycnanthus microcephalus 121 Annonaceae Tree Oban, Ikom Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Benth.) Warb. 122 Radlkofera calodendron Gilg. Santanidaceae Okomu National Park Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo Rangaeris longicaudata (Rolfe) 123 Orchidaceae Herb Lagos, Cross River North FR Cameroon, Gabon, Côte d’Ivoire Summerh. Rinorea ardisiiflora (Welw. Ex. 124 Violaceae Tree Iyamoyong FR Democratic Republic of Congo Oliv.) O. Ktze. Rinorea crassifolia (Bak. Oban Division, Cross River 125 f.) DeWild [Syn: Alsodeia Violaceae Shrub National Park (Cross River Cameroon crassifolia Bak. f.] State) Oban Division, Cross River Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Cameroon and Ritchiea obanensis Hutch. & 126 Capparidaceae Shrub National Park (Cross River Congo Rep. Some taxonomic publications Dalziel State) consider it synonym to R. polypetala Hook f. Ritchiea pentaphylla Gilg & Lagos State, Ilaro, Abeokuta Equatorial Guinea, Gabo, Cameroon and Congo 127 Benedict [Syn: Ritchiea erecta Capparidaceae Shrub (Ogun State) Rep. Hook. f.] Rubus apetalus var (?) Poir [Syn: Bauchi Plateau (Bauchi 128 Rosaceae Shrub Southern Africa Rubus apetalus Poir] State) More abundant in East Africa (Malawi, Zambia, 129 Rubus rosifolius Sm. Rosaceae Liane Gembu, Mambilla Plateau Zimbabwe) and Cameroon, introduced to East Asia
6418 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2014 | 6(11): 6406–6426 Endemic flora of Nigeria Borokini
Plant name Family Habit Distribution in Nigeria New locations Côte d’Ivoire, Senegal, Central African Republic, Rutidea pavettoides Wernham Ilaro FR, Lagos, Etemi FR, 130 Rubiaceae Liana Cameroon, Gabon, Democratic Republic of [Syn: Rutidea hispida Hiern] Oban Congo 131 Rutidea nigerica Bridson Rubiaceae Shrub Etemi FR Benin Rep., Cameroon, Central African Republic
132 Salacia hispida Blakelock Celastraceae Tree Okomu National Park Democratic Republic of Congo Oban Division, Cross River 133 Salacia talbotii Baker f. Celastraceae Shrub National Park (Cross River Cameroon and Gabon State) Salix nigerica Skan. [Syn: Salix Katagum, Lake Chad (Borno 134 mucronata Thunb. subsp. Salicaceae Annual Egypt, Libya, Sudan and parts of Southern Africa State) mucronata] 135 Scaphopetalum letestui Pellegr. Sterculiaceae Shrub Oban Gabon, Congo Republic Sherbournia amaraliocarpa Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Democratic Republic 136 Rubiaceae Shrub Oron to Eket (Wernham) Hepper of Congo Solanum clerodendroides 137 Hutch & Dalz [Syn: Solanum Solanaceae Shrub Eket (Akwa Ibom State) Madagascar. madagascariense Dunal] Solenostemon minor J.K Morton Kagoro hills, Jos, Mount 138 [Syn: Plectranthus decumbens Lamiaceae Herb Cameroon, Guinea Koloishe, Obudu Hook.f.] Cameroon. Endangered on the IUCN Red List of 139 Soyauxia talbotii Baker f. Medusandraceae Tree Eket (Akwa Ibom State) Threatened Species Gashaka-Gumti National Park, Gangumi, Onigambari 140 Strombosia pustulata Oliv. Olaceae Tree FR, Owo FR, Aponmu FR, Afi Sierra Leone, Cameroon River FR, Ohosu FR, Okomu National Park, Awka, Ikom Tacazzea barteri Baill. [Tacazzea Scattered throughout West, Central and 141 Asclepiadaceae Liana Kogi State apiculata Oliv.] Southern Africa 142 Tarenna baconioides Wernham Rubiaceae Shrub Oban Cameroon Benin Republic, Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Tarenna eketensis Wernham Central African Republic, Cameroon, Democratic 143 [Syn: Rutidea degemensis and Rubiaceae Shrub Sapoba FR Republic of Congo, Congo Republic, Gabon, Rutidea talbotiorum] Guinea, Equatorial Guinea, Zambia Tricalysia pleiomera Hutch. Cameroon, Congo Republic, Democratic 144 Rubiaceae Tree Oban [Syn: Tricalysia bifida DeWild.] Republic of Congo Trichoscypha longipetala Bak. Oban Division, Cross River Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo 145 f. [Syn: Trichoscypha mannii Anacardiaceae Tree National Park (Cross River Rep, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire Hook. f.] State) Trichoscypha talbotii Bak. f. Oban Division, Cross River Cameroon, Gabon, Congo Rep., Democratic 146 [Syn: Trichoscypha laxiflora Anacardiaceae Tree National Park (Cross River Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea Engl.] State) Tridactyle lagosensis (Rolfe) 147 Orchidaceae Herb Lagos, Eket Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Schltr. Trochomeria dalzielii Bak. f. Kotangora, Katagum, Abinsi, ex Hutch. [Syn: Trochomeria 148 Cucurbitaceae Liana Jira, Mada hills (Plateau East, South and parts of West and Central Africa macrocarpa (Sond.) Hook. f. State) subsp. macrocarpa] Tylostemon confertus S. Moore [Syn: Beilschmiedia conferta Congo Rep, Democratic Republic of Congo, 149 (S. Moore) Robyns & Wilczek Lauraceae Tree Eket (Akwa Ibom State) Cameroon, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea and Beilschmiedia gaboonensis (Meisn.) Benth. & Hook. f.] Uebelinia nigerica Turrill [Syn: Obudu Cattle Ranch (Cross 150 Lychnis abyssinica (Hochst.) Caryophyllaceae Herb Eritrea, Ethiopia, Cameroon, Kenya and Tanzania River State) Lidén] Oban Division, Cross River 151 Urera talbotii Rendle Urticaceae Liana National Park (Cross River Gabon State) Warneckea guineensis (Keay) Near Eleyele hill, Ibadan 152 Melastomataceae Shrub Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia and Ghana Jacq-Fel. (Oyo State) 153 Zenkerella citrina Taub. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Oban Cameroon
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2014 | 6(11): 6406–6426 6419 Endemic flora of Nigeria Borokini diversity (Brenan 1978). genera such as Psychotria, Ouratea and Eugenia. With As much as it is important to conserve endemic flora, the continuous incidence of discovery of new plants it is equally important to accurately identify them in globally and as more scientific information is available order to accord them conservation priorities. However, and shared among countries, updating of documented this study scrutinized the endemic flora in Nigeria records of flora is inevitable. and found only 91 to be true endemics in Nigeria, in Indeed, there are still many plants yet to be contrast to 205 earlier reported by Brenan (1978). identified in some areas of the country. For instance, Likewise, Globulostylis and Psammetes, which were it was reported by Chapman & Chapman (2001) that among the reported five endemic genera in Nigeria, plant species of the mountainous landscape of Mambilla have lost their endemic status. A total of 153 species Plateau in Taraba State of Nigeria are endemic and yet thought to be endemic to Nigeria have been found in to be properly identified. Similarly, it was reported other countries (Table 2). Similar findings were reported in a short article on Cross River National Park bythe in India, where 62 earlier reported endemic genera of Nigerian Park Service that four plant species new to angiosperms have been found in other countries, while science have been discovered in the Park, which include some taxonomic changes to some genera have affected Tridactyle sp. nov. (Orchidaceae), Uapaca sp. nov. their status (Irwin & Narasimhan 2011). Furthermore, of (Euphorbiaceae), Habenaria sp. nov. (Orchidaceae) the 147 earlier reported endemic genera in India (Nayar and Afrocalathea flavida sp. nov. (Marantaceae) 1996), Irwin & Narasimhan (2011) concluded that only (http://crnp.nigeriaparkservice.org/). To confirm this 49 genera are actually endemic. knowledge gap, WWF and IUCN (1994) noted that floral This reduction in the number of endemic species in inventory of the Cross River National Park is yet to be Nigeria may be due to the fact that recent taxonomic completed. and herbarium records show that many have been found in other countries, especially neighbouring Possible evolutionary trends among endemic species Cameroon. Brenan (1978) gave examples of such Rubiaceae was observed to have the highest endemics such as Pennisetum dalzielli, Psychotria number of species representatives in the endemic flora dalzielli, Allexis obanensis, Globulostylis talbotii, G. of Nigeria, as discovered in this study. Series of plant minor and Pohliella flabellata among others, which have diversity studies carried out in various parts of Nigeria been discovered in other countries, thus losing their also show Rubiaceae to be one of the families with the endemic status in Nigeria (Table 2). In addition, changes highest number of species representatives (Ojo 2004; in plant adaptability and physiology, gradual spread and Soladoye et al. 2005; Borokini et al. 2010). increased dispersal capacity, human disturbance, new Rubiaceae was reported to be among the most pests and diseases and new consumers could make diversified and largest of the families in the African rain some plants cross their natural distribution range to forest (Robbercht 1996), and the family is identified other political boundaries and thus lose their natural as the fourth largest plant family globally, with 13,143 endemic status in Nigeria. species, classified into 611 genera (Davis et al. 2009), As taxonomic records are being improved, some of more than 40 tribes, and three subfamilies (Goevarts et the endemic species “imperfectly known” in the Flora al. 2006). They occur on all continents (Goevarts et al. of West Tropical Africa (FWTA) are being properly 2006), but most taxa are in tropical or subtropical areas described, given binomial names and their geographical (Bremer & Eriksson 2009). Endemism was reported to distribution determined. For example, Coccinia sp C be generally high in Rubiaceae because many species of FWTA has been properly named as C. adoensis, have restricted distributions. Recording eight out of 11 Cordyla sp. B. as C. pinnata (Lepr. ex A. Rich) Milne- endemic species of Rubiaceae in Cross River National Redhead, Crotalaria sp. A as C. cuspidata Taub, Croton Park (Oban Division) alone is of scientific interest, all of sp. A and sp. B as Croton sylvatica, Diospyros sp. 1 as D. which are shrubs except for one vine. The same goes obliquifolia (Hiern ex. Gurke) F. White, Diospyros sp. B as for endemic species in families such as Orchidaceae, Nigerian Trees (Keay 1989) as D. platanoides Letouzey & Acanthaceae, Lecythidaceae and Annonaceae which are F. White, Salacia sp. D as S. cameruunensis Loes, Salacia found in the same locations and having the same growth sp. E as S. lateritia Halle, Salacia sp. J as S. pynaertii De habit. It has been reported earlier that endemic species Wild, Placodiscus sp. A as P. opacus Radlk. among many belonging to the same families sharing the same natural others listed in Lowe & Soladoye (1990). Some of the habitat must have originated from a single ancestral imperfectly known endemic species in FWTA are in species (Wilson 2010). Similar situation of discovery of
6420 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2014 | 6(11): 6406–6426 Endemic flora of Nigeria Borokini over 500 endemic haplochromine cichlid fish species in harbouring 57 species out of the entire 91 endemic flora, Lake Victoria, originating from a single ancestral species indicating that 62.6% of the endemic species are found was reported by Meyer (1993). in mountainous regions. Literatures have shown that a In the same vein, eight endemic species of large fraction of the world’s most precious gene pools are Orchidaceae were identified in this study. Orchidaceae preserved in mountains, while nearly half of the world’s is the largest plant family on earth, having an estimated biodiversity hotspots are concentrated on mountains 25,000 species, grouped into 850 genera, with over 70% (Spehn et al. 2010), with tropical montane forests noted being epiphytes (Gravendeel et al. 2004). Segerback for their high levels of species endemism and diversity (1983) described 104 species of orchids for Nigeria, but (Gentry 1992, 1993; Kapos et al. 2000; Schmitt et al. Jayeola (1991) otherwise encountered over 400 species 2010). In addition, from Ethiopia to the Cape (South for Nigeria. The African continent harbours around Africa), mountains contain several centres of endemism 2,400 orchid species (Madison 1977). The high numbers for birds, mammals, and plants (Fjeldså & Lovett 1997; of representative species of these two families— de Klerk et al. 2002; Goodman & Benstead 2003; Jetz et Rubiaceae and Orchidaceae—indicate a high diversity al. 2004). All these indicate that mountains are centres of these families in Nigerian flora, and therefore, there of biodiversity and endemism, and this should therefore is the need for thorough studies on the phylogenetic encourage intensive ecological studies on the plant relationship among these species. diversity of hills, mountains and inselbergs that spread Factors that could be responsible for their evolution across Nigeria, for which research information are include development of adaptive features to climate currently lacking. In addition to this, 32 out of the entire change that occurred thousands of years ago, changes 55 locations are within tropical rainforest ecoregions. in flowering time, dispersal capacity and some of them The concentration of most of the endemic plants in may be sun-loving or shade tolerant, with preference tropical rainforests in Nigeria is supported by previous for altitudes. Furthermore, it is scientifically accepted findings by Myers et al. (2000), McNeely et al. (1990) that geographical barriers could isolate populations and Mittermeier et al. (2000) among others. of a single species, leading to allopatric speciation (Templeton 1981; Slatkin 1987; Coyne 1992; Palumbi Biodiversity of the Nigerian-Cameroon forest complex 1994). The tropical rainforests are a big candidate The ecological importance and the significance for any form of speciation—allopatry, parapatry, of the biodiversity of the Cameroon-Nigerian forest peripatry, sympatry and ecological. This is because complex cannot be overemphasised. And recording 66 high diversification rate and biogeographic history of (72.5%) species out of 91 endemic species in southern tropical environments, abundance of geographical Nigeria (Cross River, Akwa Ibom and Rivers states) is barriers (e.g., mountains, rivers, hills and deep valleys), another confirmation of not only the global significance new niche evolution, species survival in mountainous of its biodiversity, but also of the species richness of refugia during the pleistocene age, biotic interactions endemic flora in the region. The Korup National Park among species (such as predation, association and shares boundaries with Nigeria’s Cross River National competition), spatial heterogeneity, higher metabolic Park (Oban Division), while the Okwango division of rate, rapid accumulation of genetic incompatibilities and the Cross River National Park borders the Takamanda other intrinsic and extrinsic isolating mechanisms could Forest Reserve in Cameroon, forming an extensive lead to speciation that gave rise to the present species trans-boundary corridor of biodiversity complex richness and endemism in the present tropical regions (Fig. 4). This forest ecoregion is a part of the Guineo- (Mittelbach et al. 2007; Schemske et al. 2009; April et al. Congolian regional centre of endemism (White 1983). 2013). Genetic bottlenecks, behavioural isolation and Among the taxa that exhibit particularly high levels of the effects of landscape and metapopulation processes species richness and endemism in this trans-boundary have been demonstrated and reported for several plants ecoregion are primates (Eeley & Lawes 1999; Oates et and animals, including Lahontan Cutthroat Trout Fish in al. 2004; Sarmiento & Oates 2000; Hilton-Taylor 2000), Nevada and California, United States of America (Neville mammals (AECCG 1991; Happold 1994), amphibians et al. 2006; Peacock & Dochtermann 2012). (Lawson 1993; Schiøtz 1999; Kamdem-Toham et al. 2003; Conservation International 2007), birds (Collar & Stuart Mountain Biodiversity 1988; Stattersfield et al. 1998), butterflies (Larsen 1997), The present study shows that nine of the geographical dragonflies (Vick 1999), fish (Reid 1989), mammals locations of these endemic flora are hills and mountains, (Burgess et al. 2000), and vascular plants (Cable & Cheek
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2014 | 6(11): 6406–6426 6421 Endemic flora of Nigeria Borokini
Gashaka Gumti National Park, Nigeria
Protected Areas National Park Wildlife Sanctuary Cross River National Park Takamanda National Park, Forest Reserve (Okwango Division), Nigeria Cameroon Protected Zone Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, Community Forest Nigeria Proposed Reserve
Cross River National Park Mona River Forest Reserve, (Oban Division), Nigeria Cameroon
Korup National Park, Cameroon
Figure 4. Locations of neighbouring protected areas in Nigeria and Cameroon.
1998). The biogeographical barriers of the Sanaga River 30% of Nigeria’s 860-bird species are found in the Park, in Cameroon and the Cross River in Nigeria define the including the endangered Red-headed Rock Picathartes mainland boundaries of this ecoregion. These rivers oreas, the rare Green Ibis Bostrychia olivacea, the Violet- are particularly important geographical barriers for backed Flycatcher Hyloita violacea, and the Black Guinea primates, Red-eared Guenon Cercopithecus erythrotis Gowl Agalacea niger, Bannerman’s Weaver, White- and amphibians, such as Dizangue Reed Frog Hyperolius throated Babbler, Bat Hawk, Cassin’s Hawk-eagle, Grey- bopeleti. However, they are significant to global throated Rail, Olive Long-tailed Cuckoo, Bare-cheeked conservation because they are only found within a Trogon, Lyre-tailed Honeyguide, Green-backed Bulbul, restricted ecosystem shared between the two countries. Grey-throated Flycatcher and Rachel’s Malimbe (Manu In Cameroon’s Korup National Park, 1700 species of & Imong 2006). Eniang & Ijeomah (2011) reported 56 vascular plants have been recorded, as many as 5% of species of snake in the Oban division while 28 snake which are narrow endemics (Davis et al. 1994). These species were reported for the Okwango division (Eniang support the need for a stronger framework for trans- et al. 2002) of the Cross River National Park. Larsen boundary management of biodiversity. (1997) estimated about 950 butterfly species in the Oban division, of which the Cross River National Park officials Coexistence of endemic plants and animals reported that two are endemic and another two— Cross River National Park is the peak of Nigeria’s Tetrahanis okwangwo and T. oboti—are new to science. biodiversity, being the largest tract of the remaining Furthermore, the Park officials reported that two new and surviving primary rainforest in Nigeria. About frog species were identified, namely Didynamipus 78% of primate diversity finds home in the protected sjooesteati and Nyctibates corrugatus, which are new areas; while it harbours another 30 species of non- records for Nigeria. The floral diversity of the National primate mammals, including the African Forest Elephant Park was reported to be 1,568 species from 523 genera Loxodonta cyclotis, Hippopotamus Hippopotamus in 98 families. These include 1,303 flowering plants, 141 amphibious, Forest Buffalo Syncerus cafer nanu, Giant lichens and 56 moss species. Otter ShrewPotomagale veloxl (Stuart et al. 1990). Over These information strongly support high mutual
6422 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2014 | 6(11): 6406–6426 Endemic flora of Nigeria Borokini existence of endemic flora and fauna; and agrees with still, a recent survey conducted on the plant collections earlier reports of association of high floral diversity with of all botanic gardens in Nigeria shows that none of high faunal diversity by Siemann et al. (1998), Knops these endemic species is being conserved ex situ, as et al. (1999) and Haddad et al. (2001) among others. a back-up to these endemics in their natural habitats Species endemism richness, as described by Kier et al. (see BGCI Garden Search Database for Nigerian botanic (2009) is the mutual coexistence of endemic flora and gardens
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