Special Symposium Issue continued on page 7 Department of Botany & the U.S. National Herbarium The Press

New Series - Vol. 15 - No. 3 July-September 2012 Botany Profile Letting the Phylogeny Genie Out of the Bottle By David Erickson n April 20-21, the Department of marine diversity through a network of phylogenies, particularly as the volume Botany at the Smithsonian Insti- marine research stations. of data vastly expands in the genomic Otution convened the 10th Smith- Following Coddington’s whirlwind era. This is in contrast to methods that sonian Botanical Symposium, hosted by tour of the take a the Department of Botany in collabo- diversity of “total data” ration with the United States Botanic research at approach Garden. This year’s symposium titled the insti- and hope “Transforming 21st Century Compara- tution, the correct tive Biology using Evolutionary ,” Lawrence phylo- examined the development and applica- Dorr then genetic tion of phylogenetic methods in light of introduced signal is the massive advances in sequencing and the recipient of the 10th José Cuatrecasas contained within as a kind of average genomic technology. Warren Wagner, Medal for Excellence in Tropical Botany. among the data. Edwards’ presentation Chair of the Department of Botany, This year’s winner was Walter S. Judd, served as the perfect introduction to get opened the symposium by welcoming a Professor of Botany at the University the audience thinking about how we speakers and guests. He then provided of Florida at Gainesville. Judd is one of build phylogenies, and how thinking an introduction into the Department of the world’s experts in the Ericaceae, has carefully about data analysis remains a Botany and background on symposium a strong interest in the Melastomataceae, critical question as we may be tempted subjects in the past. Wagner acknowl- and has been one of the principals in the to assume that genome scale data will edged the critical and ever-growing “Generic Flora of the Southeastern United intrinsically solve all phylogenetic ques- importance that phylogenies play in States” project. Judd was pleased and tions. modern biology. honored to accept the award and spoke Following Edwards was Charles Del- Jonathan Coddington introduced the about his many enjoyable times climbing wiche from the University of Maryland, scope of investigation at the Smithsonian the mountains of the West Indies. whose work has indeed sought to tackle Institution to the many guests and speak- some of those big questions in phylo- ers. He covered tremendous territory enneth Wurdack then convened genetics and plant biology – namely the highlighting the diversity of research at the symposium introducing the origin of from their algal ances- the Institution with special emphasis on Kdesire by the organizing com- tors. The incredibly deep divergences Institution wide projects. These projects mittee to showcase how phylogenetic and the loss of lineages through extinc- include the Global Genome Initiative methods have changed, and also how the tion have made elucidation of the most (GGI) which seeks to collect and curate increasingly powerful phylogenies are direct ancestors of plants a challenge. one representative of all living genera, being applied to answer hypothesis driven Delwiche, however, showed that modern the Smithsonian Institution Global Earth questions. First in the list of speakers was genomic data has indeed contributed Observatories (SIGEO) which is a global Scott Edwards from Harvard University. to our understanding of the evolution network of long-term, large-scale forest Edwards effectively threw down the of modern land plants, particularly by research plots and an international group gauntlet asserting that the traditional meth- identifying components of land plant of scientists dedicated to the study of ods for analyzing data to infer phylogenies physiology that are shared with algae – tropical and temperate forest function was inadequate to answer the most chal- thus providing a functional genomic link and diversity, and its marine counterpart lenging of questions. Edwards forcefully between the groups. Marine Geo which seeks to quantify advocated methods that employ coalescent approaches to investigating multigene Continued on page 10 Travel Pedro Acevedo traveled to Mayaguez, town, West Virginia (4/13 – 4/16) to meet fornia Academy of Sciences; to Gaines- Puerto Rico (6/22 – 6/29) to participate in with staff at the West Virginia University ville, Florida (5/28 – 5/30) to participate in a workshop on the red listing of the flora Herbarium; to New Haven, Connecticut a workshop on digitization workflows for of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. (6/10 – 6/16) to attend the annual meet- the iDigBio Program; and to New Haven, Walter Adey traveled to Newfound- ing of the Society for the Preservation of Connecticut (6/10 – 6/16) for the annual land, Canada (5/26 – 5/30) to present a Natural History Collections (SPNHC); meeting of the Society for the Preservation paper on corallines and climate archives to and to Queens, New York (6/23 – 6/24) of Natural History Collections (SPNHC) the Geological Association of Canada. to assist the Biological Diversity of the to present a paper and moderate a session David Erickson traveled to Manaus, Guiana Shield (BDG) program in getting on archives and special collections. Brazil (6/4 – 6/12) to attend a workshop supplies, equipment, and plants to the US Laurence Skog traveled to New on Tropical Amazonian Biodiversity spon- National Herbarium. Haven, Connecticut (5/11 – 5/12) to visit sored by the Center for Tropical Forest W. John Kress traveled to Keshena, the herbarium at Yale University (YU) Science (CTFS). Wisconsin (5/2 – 5/4) to meet with col- to examine and annotate specimens of Robin Everly traveled to Montreal, laborators at the College of Menominee Gesneriaceae, especially collections of Canada (6/26 – 6/29) to present a talk and Nation to determine the next steps in Charles Wright from Cuba. serve as Board President at the 44th Annual designing and implementing the Indig- Alain Touwaide and Emanuela Meeting of the Council on Horticultural enous Global Earth Observatories project Appetiti traveled to Kenmore and Seattle, and Botanical Libraries (CBHL). for biodiversity and cultural monitoring; Washington (5/14 – 5/23) to give semi- Linda Hollenberg traveled to New to Dominica (5/17 – 5/28) to conduct field nars, classes, and public lectures on the Haven, Connecticut (6/10 – 6/17) to attend work on Heliconia and their hummingbird history of medicine, ethnobotany and the annual meeting of the Society for the pollinators; and to Bonito, Brazil (6/13 – ethnomedicine at Bastyr University, to Preservation of Natural History Collec- 6/23) to attend and coordinate the annual visit the University of Washington (UW) tions (SPNHC). meeting of the Association for Tropical Medicinal Garden and the UW Health Sci- Carol Kelloff traveled to Morgan- Biology and Conservation as Executive ence Library, and to meet with faculty of Director. the UW Department of Classics. The Plant Press Paul Peterson and Robert Soreng Kenneth Wurdack traveled to traveled to Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (5/1 Georgetown, Guyana (5/5 – 6/23) to col- New Series - Vol. 15 - No. 3 – 7/11) to collect grasses and other plant lect plants; and to Davis, California (6/27 Chair of Botany materials throughout the country. – 7/4) to conduct Euphorbiaceae research Warren L. Wagner Rusty Russell traveled to San Fran- related to the University of California at ([email protected]) cisco, California (5/15 – 5/19) to present at Davis herbarium collections and the work a workshop on citizen science at the Cali- of the late Grady Webster. EDITORIAL STAFF Visitors Editor Gary Krupnick Carlos García-Robledo, Smithsonian Audrey Wilde, McLean, Virginia; DC ([email protected]) Fellow; Plant-herbivore interactions Flora internship (1/9-8/1). (7/20/10-7/20/12). Copy Editors Colleen Allen, University of Durham, Robin Everly, Bernadette Gibbons, Rose Ying Meng, Kunming Institute of Botany, United Kingdom; U.S. Exploring Expedi- Gulledge, Dail Laughinghouse China; Polygonaceae (1/9/11-8/31/12). tion (3/20-4/19). News Contacts Iliana Lang, Bethesda, Maryland; Plant Rodrigo de Stefano, Centro de Inves- MaryAnn Apicelli, Robert Faden, Rusty conservation internship (9/12/11-5/18/12). tigación Científica de Yucatán, Mexico; Russell, Alice Tangerini, and Elizabeth Pithecellobium (Fabaceae) (4/1-4/8). Zimmer Liu Qiuqun, Huazhong Agricultural Uni- The Plant Press is a quarterly publication pro- versity, China; Vitaceae (9/15/11-9/15/12). Thomas Haug, U.S. Coast Guard; Her- vided free of charge. To receive notification of barium tour (4/6). when new pdf issues are posted to the web, please Yoomi Park, Konkuk University South subscribe to the listserve by sending a message to [email protected] containing only the Korea; PacificPeperomia (Piperaceae) Dean Papavassiliou, World Bank; following in the body of the text: SUBSCRIBE (10/1/11-8/31/12). Ancient Greek medicine (4/10). PLANTPRESS-NEWS Firstname Lastname. Replace “Firstname Lastname” with your name. Suzanne Nagi, University of Illinois at Xiuqin Ci, Xishuangbanna Tropical If you would like to be added to the hard-copy Urbana-Champaign; Trientalis (Myrsi- Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy mailing list, please contact Dr. Gary Krupnick at: Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, naceae) (11/1/11-6/30/12). of Sciences; DNA barcoding internship PO Box 37012, NMNH MRC-166, Washington, (4/10-6/10). DC 20013-7012, or by E-mail: krupnickg@ Rubens Coelho, State University of si.edu. Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Sapindaceae Andrew Henderson, New York Botanical Web site: http://botany.si.edu/ (11/14/11-11/14/12). Garden; Arecaceae (4/13). Continued on page 5 Page 2 Getting Better All The Time Editor’s Note n a 100 degree Monday afternoon in D.C. this summer, Lauren Scan- Ogarella is comfortably ensconced in a fifth floor office inventorying and curat- ing Hawaiian specimens. Emmie Miller and Julia Quigley are in the Botany Library researching historical expeditions. Kelly Friend is peering into a microscope to collect character data on Commelina. And Catherine Cox is leaning over the Zeutschel scanner making digital images of Ray Fosberg’s field books. However, beating the heat is the last thing on their minds. Every year, hundreds of college under- grads and graduate students apply to participate in activities in the Department of Botany that are aimed at every aspect of our collections, research and outreach programs. Choosing among them may be one of the most difficult things we do. These students are consistently competent, highly intelligent, and motivated. these students are self-selecting. That is, they possess the drive They bring a youthful enthusiasm that is lacking most of the to seek out and secure opportunities that will support their career rest of the year. For three months every year, the energy level objectives. in the Department spikes to unreal heights. And by the end of But internships in Botany are not examples of indentured ser- the summer, the cumulative product of their work contributes vitude. They are also about learning and developing new skills. to Botany’s goal of “getting better” vs. “getting by”—in every I’ve always been impressed that Botany staff members take the program. But this doesn’t happen by chance. time to ensure that students actually learn and grow through In 1986, the Department of Botany developed the first their time here. And, in my experience, the learning is reciprocal organized intern program in the Museum by recruiting stu- when you take the time to check in, listen, and provide personal dents to assist with collections projects. Eventually, this model guidance. The knowledge that we have been a positive influ- was adopted by the Museum for both collections and research ence on hundreds of students over the years is a great legacy and projects and today it supports all the Museum’s research, col- personal reward. Indeed, Lauren Scangarella says “everyone lections, education, exhibits and administration functions. In tells me Botany is the best place to intern.” And the results are Botany, intern projects are proposed, and students are recruited, impressive. Some interns have gone on to doctoral programs, by research and collections staff, collaborators—even volun- some have found their way in museum careers, and some are teers (thanks, Jim Harle!). Many of these projects are “adver- currently employed by the Smithsonian! tised” online by Mary Sangrey, the Museum’s coordinator of We welcome and celebrate the summer interns of 2012! intern activities and a former Botany intern. Others are the result - Rusty Russell, guest contributor of serendipitous connections made with Botany staff because Collections Manager

A partial list of the 2012 summer interns hosted by the Department of Botany (listed by supervisor and project): Pedro Acevedo University • Zenya Molnar, Mt. Holyoke College Classification ofPaullinia • Leah Isaman, Northwestern University • Megan Wilmes, Northern Virginia • Joyce Cherry, Cornell University • Gaia Khairina, Clark University Community College Deborah Bell • Meghan Studer, Lynn University Elaine Haug Herbarium Curation Robert Faden Informatics • Andrea Hall, Bowling Green State Anatomy of Commelinaceae • Bryan Piatkowski, Roanoke College Unviersity • Kelly Friend, Adrian College Linda Hollenberg • Mahima Iyengar, University of Jim Harle Herbarium Curation Michigan Maps • Alanna Coogan, Marist College Andrew Clark • Eleonore Dixon-Roche, Carleton Col- • Ellen Danford, Stanford University Seeds of Success lege Nancy Khan • Chantal Cough-Schulze, Oregon State • Benjamin Durham, University of Mas- Flora of Hawaii University sachusetts • Lauren Scangarella, New York • James Hancock, Roger Williams • Amanda Lee Magoffin, Logan College Continued on page 6

Page 3 exhibitors from federal agencies and Staff conservation organizations, and demon- Awards & strations about what can be done at home Grants Research & to protect native plants. Krupnick hosted a Activities booth displaying U.S. National Herbarium Walter Adey was awarded the Darbaker specimens of rare and endangered species Prize by the Botanical Society of America from the U.S. and abroad. and the Phycological Society of America. Walter Adey and Karen Adey were The award was established by Leasure K. principal players in the development of the On 23 April, the Smithsonian Institution Darbaker who bequeathed funds to the Phycological Society of America’s booth hosted “Smithsonian Day” for the 2012 Botanical Society in 1952 to recognize at the Science and Engineering Fair in State Teachers of the Year. The Teachers individuals working in the area of “Micro- Washington, DC, on 27-29 April. Visitors of the Year represent all grade levels and scopical Algae.” to the booth received algae book marks, disciplines and come from each of the participated in alginate-based gel making, 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Botany Round-Up and interacted with a team of 12 scien- U.S. territories. As part of their week-long tists. The purpose of the PSA booth was program, these 56 outstanding educators By Emily Hunter and Rusty Russell to inform students and the public about come to the Smithsonian for a day-long Adapted from the Field Book Project Blog the critical roles algae play in the Earth’s in-service to learn more about the educa- tional resources provided by the Smithso- ecosystems and the ways micro and macro Last summer, Field Book Project staff nian and to take part in behind-the-scenes algae are being and could be used by and interns began to catalog the hundreds activities which highlight the research, industry. A centerpiece of the PSA Booth of field books that are in the care of the exhibition development, and interpretation was a 35-minute video produced by Karen Department of Botany. This summer, the that take place throughout the Institution. Adey that brought together a wide range Field Book Project has reached a signifi- The Department of Botany, teaming with of video segments describing a range of cant milestone. As of this writing, the final Smithsonian Environmental Research algal research emphasizing some of the collection of Botany field books is being Center (SERC), offered a break-out ses- exciting applied work on food, biofuels cataloged – at least for now. “At least for sion: “A Study of Plants & Trees: Collec- and water clean-up currently underway. now” because while the current cache of tion, Collaboration and Conservation.” Walter Adey’s climate archive and Algal Botany field books has been documented The event, led by Josh Falk (SERC), Gary Turf Scrubbing research were among the they, like all of the collections at the Krupnick, Hilary Cochard, Deborah video clips included. National Museum of Natural History, Bell, Greg McKee, and Alice Tangerini, grow and diversify. Field books are still On 9-11 May, Emanuela Appetiti met engaged the teachers with stories about being “found”, and some day current staff with independent scholar Andrew Bray specimens from the U.S. National Her- will contribute their own field books. For (Canberra, ) to show him the U.S. barium, demonstrations of specimen now, the Field Book Project only catalogs National Herbarium specimens collected pressing and mounting, insight into the art the field notes of inactive collectors. during the American-Australian Scientific of botanical illustration, and an introduc- The numbers are far greater than the Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL, tion to the Smithsonian Institution’s original estimates. To date the Field Book 1948). Bray is the son of John E. Bray, one Banding Project, a citizen science program Project has cataloged 1,018 botanical of the members of the AASEAL. Andrew that is the first global observatory of how field books created by 168 field biologists. is editing his father’s journal, which he trees respond to climate. hopes to publish by 2013. Appetiti has Many of these field books have received been involved in the study and analysis of The 2012 Biodiversity Academy took special conservation attention from experts this expedition for several years, working place at the National Museum of Natural at the SI Archives, and now exist in a more closely with her Australian colleagues. History during the week of 25 June. The controlled environment. We’ve created During the week, Bray visited the U.S. program is conducted annually to join consistent records and access points that National Herbarium, the Mammal division teachers from across the US in activi- ultimately make the field books and their at the Museum, the Reptile and Amphib- ties to enhance teacher understanding of content more accessible to researchers. ian Collections at the SI Museum Support plant and animal biodiversity concepts. The short version? You will have an easier Center (MSC), and the National Anthropo- During the week, the teachers partici- time finding and using these field books. logical Archives, which all preserve speci- pated in hands-on activities and presenta- In 1980 former Botany Librarian Ruth mens and documents related to AASEAL. tions to strengthen their own curriculum Schallert prepared an inventory of field Bray also delivered a lecture on 11 May. in the schools they teach. On 27 June, books being stored in the Botany Library. Gary Krupnick presented a lecture on For more than two decades, this listing On 18 May, Gary Krupnick participated plant conservation and a tour of the U.S. was the only electronically available field in the Endangered Species Day Fair at National Herbarium. book resource on the NMNH website. the U.S. Botanical Garden (USBG). The In the course of cataloging, however, we event, hosted by USBG, the U.S. Fish & Alain Touwaide delivered a lecture on have found that some of the field books Wildlife Service, and the Endangered Spe- 4 April at St. John’s College, Annapolis, were missing. Their current storage in the cies Coalition, included tours of USBG’s Maryland, on the tradition of medicinal Natural History Library improves our abil- endangered and native plants, visits with plants knowledge in the Mediterranean. ity to maintain and preserve the Botany Page 4 field books. The task of digitally scanning 2012 Cuatrecasas Koray Durak, Boğaziçi University, Tur- field books has begun, and soon research- key; Byzantine medicine (5/4). ers will be able to locate field book items Travel Fellowships through the catalog by several access Lynn Bohs, University of Utah; Solanum points (dates, creator, locality, and others) This year the Department of Botany (Solanaceae) (5/7-5/9). was fortunate to be able to offer support to and be able to see and read the individual Andrew Bray, Independent scholar, and six Latin American students to come and field book pages. Georgia Bray, Department of Education, use the U.S. National Herbarium for their Field books are the original source Employment and Workplace Relations research between now and May 2013. The of information for collecting activities (DEEWR), Australia; American-Austra- award is intended to support work in the and the resulting collections. They are, lian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land spirit of the research of José Cuatrecasas therefore, even more important than speci- specimens (5/9-5/11). men labels. The impact of reaching this and it is open to all who would benefit milestone in Botany is significant in terms from studying tropical plants in the col- Italo Coutinho, Universidade Federal de of improved access to this critical data, all lection. The following six students were Viçosa, Brazil; Caesalpinoideae (5/21- of which bodes well for research and col- selected this year: 6/18). lections programs in the Department. Italho Coutinho, Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil, “ anatomy as an Thiago Cosen, Universidade Federal additional tool to the of the do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Bromeliaceae genus Chamaecrista (Leguminosae – Cae- (5/21-5/28). salpinioideae)” Valdnea Dalvi, Universidade Federal de Bruno Amorim, Federal University Viçosa, Brazil; Gentianaceae (5/21-5/28). Field Book Project of Pernambuco, Brazil, “Myrcia (Myrta- ceae) of the Atlantic Forest in northeastern Cecily Marroquin, George Washington and YES! Brazil” University; Medical traditions (5/24-7/1). Fabián Medina, National University The Field Book Project welcomed Francine Costa Assis, Universidade of Colombia, Colombia, “Ficus subgenus 25 students from the Smithsonian YES! Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Pecluma Urostigma (Moraceae)” (Youth Engagement through Science) (Polypodiaceae) (5/28-6/8). Jorgé Pérez-Zabala, University of summer program into the National California at Davis, “The diversification of Donald MacKenzie, Jerold Panas, Linzy Museum of Natural History Main Library the New World evergreen species of Pru- & Partners, Chicago, Illinois; History of stacks to view field books from the nus: Linking form, function and environ- Greek medicine (5/29). Department of Botany. During their intern- ment through evolutionary time” ships, YES students will create their own Jefferson Carvalho-Sobrinho, Pei-Luen Lu, University of Hawaii- field notes while working with a variety of Feira de Santana State University, Bra- Manoa; Asparagaceae (5/30-6/2). Smithsonian scientists. zil, “Systematics and biogeography of Field Book Project field book les- Katie Dykgreve, Colorado State Univer- Bombax-group and taxonomic revision of son plan served as one major resource sity; San Jacinto collections (6/4/-8/30). Pseudobombax Dugand (, for Forensic Anthropology Lab Educa- )” Sonia Vougioukalou, King’s College, tor Nicole Webster, who developed an Carolina Guerreiro, Darwinion United Kingdom; Greek archaeobotany introduction to the concept of field notes Botany Institute, Argentina, “New insights (6/8). for the students and activities involving on woody bamboos from southern South photocopied examples of exemplary field Valentina Savo, University of Rome, America” notes. The purpose of the YES students’ Italy; Mediterranean ethnobotany (6/8). visit was to now see original examples of Xianzhou Kan, Anhui Normal University, field notes that reinforced the concepts China; Vitaceae (6/15). they had learned in their introduction from Visitors Continued from page 2 the previous day. Bruno Amorim, Universidade Federale Students explored nine original field Ana Luiza Cortes, Universidade Estadual de Pernambuco, Brazil; Brazilian Myrcia books created between 1897 and 1946, de Feira de Santana, Brazil; Acanthaceae (Myrtaceae) (6/18-7/17). each field book highlighting different (4/16-4/19). aspects of note taking such as format Jorge Mario Velez Puerta, Universidad Melissa Islam, Denver Botanic Gardens; (journals, lists, photos) and types of Nacional, Colombia; Solanum (Solan- Corispermum (Amaranthaceae) (4/17). information like physical characteristics, aceae) (6/18- 7/13). localities, environmental and contextual Yota Batsaki, Sarah Burke and Jan Leah Isaman, Northwestern University; information, co-occurrence, and cultural. Ziolkowski, Dumbarton Oaks; Historia Seeds of Success internship (6/18-9/7). Botanists whose field books were on view Plantarum Collection (4/19). included Charles Boynton, Raymond Fred Gibbs, George Mason University; F. Fosberg, David Griffiths, William J. Maria Wanderley, Instituto de Botânica, Historia Plantarum Collection (6/19). Fisher, Edmund Sheldon, Edward Palmer, São Paulo, Brazil; Bromeliaceae and Xyri- and André Goeldi. daceae (4/30-5/4). Continued on page 6 Page 5 Interns Alain Touwaide cycle. Caryologia 65(1): 27-33. http:// Continued from page 3 Medical Traditions dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2012.6780 • Jaishri Atri, George Washington Uni- 83 ­University versity Gary Krupnick • Tatiana Bozhich, St. John’s College Funk, V.A., C. Kelloff and R. Chan. 2012. West Indies Plant Conservation • Nils Niemeier, University of Richmond Phylogeny and biogeography of the tribe • Clara Monsma, Oberlin College • Alexandra O’Neill, Georgetown Uni- Liabeae (Compositae subfamily Cichori- • Gideon Wolf, Columbia University versity oideae). Taxon 61(2): 437-455. Ida Lopez • Baxter Sapp, St. John’s College García-Robledo, C. and C.C. Horvitz. Heliconia Insect-Herbivore • Sabine Thomas, Bastyr University 2012. Parent–offspring conflicts, “optimal • Liam Ackerson, Virginia Tech Univer- • Tanya Volansky, Randolph-Macon bad motherhood” and the “mother knows sity College best” principles in insect herbivores colo- Plant DNA Barcode • Daniel Woolridge, Georgetown Uni- nizing novel host plants. Ecol. Evol. 2(7): • Grace Anderson, Smith College versity 1446-1457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ ece3.267 • Wenna Chen, South China Botanical Visitors Garden Continued from page 5 Harris, E.M., J.W. Horn and W.L. Zingiberales Wagner. 2012. Floral development of Panya Vij, Alexandria, Virginia; Silene • Jennifer Cruz, Smithsonian YES the divergent endemic Hawaiian genus caroliniana (Caryophyllaceae) (6/22/12- Program Schiedea (Caryophyllaceae), with special 1/19/13). • Erika Rodriguez, Smithsonian YES emphasis on the floral nectaries.Taxon Program Gareth Belton, University of Adelaide, 61(3): 576-591. Sonoe Nakasone Australia; Caulerpa (Caulerpaceae) (6/26- Kress, W.J. and D.L. Erickson. 2012. Field Book 6/28). DNA barcodes: methods and protocols. • Blair Bailey, American University Rainbo Dixon, Murdoch University, Methods Mol. Biol. 858: 3-8. http://dx.doi. • Janelle Batkin, Fashion Institute of Australia; Sargassum (Sargassaceae) org/10.1007/978-1-61779-591-6_1 Technology (6/26-6/28). • Catherine Cox, George Mason Univer- Kress, W.J., I.C. Lopez and D.L. sity Kostantinos Gergakopoulos, University Erickson. 2012. Generating plant DNA • Alice Doolittle, University of Pitts- of Athens, Greece, and Achilles Perry, barcodes for trees in long-term forest burgh Independent scholar; History of Greek dynamics plots. Methods Mol. Biol. 858: • Cherie Edmonds, University of Michi- botany and medicine (6/27). 441-458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1- gan 61779-591-6_22 • Richard Jerome, Catholic University James Colbert, Iowa State University; • Alison Pinches, University of Calgary Lichens (6/28). Laughinghouse IV, H.D., D. Prá, M. Sil- va-Stenico, A. Rieger, V.D. Frescura, M.F. Sylvia Orli Publications Fiore and S.B. Tedesco. 2012. Biomoni- F.R. Fosberg Collection toring genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of • Sean Schifano, Johns Hopkins Univer- Microcystis aeruginosa (Chroococcales, sity Alexander, S.N., L.C. Hayek and A. Cyanobacteria) using the Allium cepa test. Flora of DC Weeks. 2012. A subspecific revision Sci. Total Environ. 432: 180-188. http:// • Georgina Warren, Christopher Newport of North American saltmarsh mallow dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.093 University Kosteletzkya pentacarpos (L.) Ledeb. (Malvaceae). Castanea 77(1): 106-122. Matamoro-Vidal, A., C.A. Furness, P.-H. Rusty Russell http://dx.doi.org/10.2179/11-022 Gouyon, K.J. Wurdack and B. Albert. U.S. Exploring Expedition 2012. Evolutionary stasis in Euphorbi- • Chelsea Frankel, Bard College Erickson, D.L. and A.C. Driskell. 2012. aceae pollen: selection and constraints. J. • Kendra Hay, University of Wisconsin Construction and analysis of phylogenetic Evol. Biol. 25(6): 1077-1096. http://dx.doi. Historical Expeditions trees using DNA barcode data. Methods org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02494.x • Emmie Miller, Colorado State Univer- Mol. Biol. 858: 395-408. http://dx.doi. sity org/10.1007/978-1-61779-591-6_19 Mi, X., N.G. Swenson, R. Valencia, W.J. • Julia Quigley, University of Chicago Kress, D.L. Erickson, Á.J. Pérez, H. Erickson, D.L. and W.J. Kress. 2012. Ren, S. Su, N. Gunatilleke, S. Gunatil- Treasures Future directions. Methods Mol. Biol. 858: leke, Z. Hao, W. Ye, M. Cao, H.S. Suresh, • Katharine Woods, SUNY-Geneseo 459-465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1- H.S. Dattaraja, R. Sukumar and K. Ma. Alice Tangerini 61779-591-6_23 2012. The contribution of rare species Illustration Frescura, V.D., H.D. Laughinghouse IV to community phylogenetic diversity • Marilyn Foehrenbach, Moore College and S.B. Tedesco. 2012. Antiproliferative across a global network of forest plots. of Art and Design effect of the tree and medicinal species Am. Nat. 180(1): E17-30. http://dx.doi. Luehea divaricata on the Allium cepa cell org/10.1086/665999

Page 6 Miller, J.S., H.A. Porter-Morgan, H. Stevens, B. Boom, G.A. Krupnick, P. Acevedo-Rodríguez, J. Fleming and M. Gensler. 2012. Addressing target two of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation by rapidly identifying plants at risk. Bio- divers.Conserv. 21(7): 1877-1887. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0285-3 Peterson, P.M., K. Romaschenko, N. Snow and G. Johnson. 2012. A molecular th phylogeny and classification ofLep - Judd Receives 10 Cuatrecasas Medal tochloa (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Chlo- The Department of Botany and the bean. Since then Judd has established rideae) sensu lato and related genera. Ann. United States National Herbarium present himself as one of the world’s experts in Bot. 109(7): 1317-1330. http://dx.doi. this award to a botanist and scholar of the Ericaceae, a family well-known in org/10.1093/aob/mcs077 international stature who has contributed temperate and boreal regions but also Sessa, E.B., E.A. Zimmer and T.J. significantly to advancing the field of well-represented in the tropics. Judd’s trips Givnish. 2012. Phylogeny, divergence tropical botany. The José Cuatrecasas to the Caribbean also incited an interest in times and historical biogeograph of New Medal for Excellence in Tropical Botany the almost exclusively tropical Melasto- World Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae). Am. is named in honor of Dr. José Cuatrecasas, mataceae, and the species-rich Miconeae J. Bot. 99(4): 730-750. http://dx.doi.org/ a pioneering botanist and taxonomist, who of this plant family has been another 10.3732/ajb.1100294 spent nearly a half-century working in the long-standing focus of his systematic Smithsonian Institution’s Department of research. Not all of his research contri- Sessa, E.B., E.A. Zimmer and T.J. Botany. Dr. Cuatrecasas devoted his career butions, however, are restricted to these Givnish. 2012. Reticulate evolution on a to plant exploration in tropical South two families as Judd also made general global scale: A nuclear phylogeny for New America and this award serves to keep collections in Hispaniola and prepared a World Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae). Mol. vibrant the accomplishments and memory number of floristic inventories for national Phylogenet. Evol. 64(3): 563-581. http:// of this outstanding scientist. parks in Haiti. For many years he has been dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.009 The winner of this prestigious award is one of the principals in the “Generic flora Swenson, N.G., D.L. Erickson, X. Mi, selected by a committee made up of three of the Southeastern United States” project. N.A. Bourg, J. Forero-Montana, X. Ge, R. botanists on the staff of the Department Although focused on a more or less tem- Howe, J.K. Lake, X. Liu, K. Ma, N. Pei, in consultation with other plant scientists perate flora, this project does treat tropical J. Thompson, M. Uriarte, A.T. Wolf, S.J. outside of the Smithsonian Institution. elements that occur in southern Florida Wright, W. Ye, J. Zhang, J.K. Zimmer- Nominations for the Medal are accepted and generally requires knowledge of tropi- man and W.J. Kress. 2012. Phylogenetic from all scientists in the Botany Depart- Continued on page 11 and functional alpha and beta diversity in ment. The award consists of a bronze temperate and tropical tree communities. medal bearing an image of José Cuatreca- Ecology http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/11- sas on the front with the recipient’s name 0402.1 and date of presentation on the back. Highlights from past presentations to the Wen, J. and W. Shi. 2012. Revision of recipients are available on the Symposium the Maddenia clade of Prunus (Rosa- Archives at http://botany.si.edu/events/ ceae). PhytoKeys 11: 39-59. http://dx.doi. sbsarchives/. org/10.3897/phytokeys.11.2825 Walter S. Judd is the 10th recipient of the 2012 José Cuatrecasas Medal for Zhang, L., L. Wang, V. Gowda, M. Wang, Excellence in Tropical Botany. Judd, a X. Li, and X. Kan. 2012. The mitochon- Professor of Botany at the University of drial genome of the Cinnamon Bittern, Florida at Gainesville, was selected for Ixobrychus cinnamomeus (Pelecaniformes: this honor as he has made many important Ardeidae): sequence, structure and phy- contributions to tropical Botany through logenetic analysis. Mol. Biol. Rep. 39(8): his research, field work, and teaching. He 8315-8326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ received a B.S. (1973) and M.S. (1974) s11033-012-1681-1 from Michigan State University and a Walter Judd, Professor of Botany at Zona, S., P. Davis, L.A.A.H. Gunathilake, Ph.D. from Harvard University (1978). the the University of Florida at Gaines- J. Prince and J.W. Horn. 2012. Seeds of His doctoral dissertation was a revision ville, accepts the 2012 José Cuatrecasas Eriocaulaceae of the United States and of the genus Lyonia (Ericaceae) and field Medal for Excellence in Tropical Botany Canada. Castanea 77(1): 37-45. http:// work in Hispaniola undertaken in sup- from Laurence Dorr (Chair of the Cua- dx.doi.org/10.2179/11-032 port of this research first introduced him trecasas medal selection committee). to the high mountain flora of the Carib- (Photo by Ken Wurdack) Page 7 Abstracts from the Speakers at the ­Smithsonian Botanical ­Symposium

The 10th Smithsonian Botanical Symposium, “Transforming 21st Century Comparative Biology using Evolutionary Trees,” was held 20-21 April 2012. The invited speakers covered a wide range of organisms and topics to illuminate how molecular phylogenetics can be used to understand evolutionary and ecologi- cal processes. Below are the speakers’ abstracts from the papers that were pre- sented.

Scott V. Edwards Harvard University Kenneth Wurdack (symposium convener; left) and Warren Wagner (Chair of Bot- “Resolving the Tree of Life through any; second to left) join the speakers of the 2012 Smithsonian Botanical Symposium Phylogenomics and the Multispecies (left to right): Scott V. Edwards, James W. Horn, Charles F. Delwiche, Richard Ree, Coalescent Model” David D. Ackerly, Karen Osborn, and Michael Donoghue. (Photo by Elaine Haug) As phylogenomics makes avail- numbers of loci. Additional examples from fied through the Silurian and Devonian. able ever-increasing numbers of loci for birds confirm that gene tree heterogeneity Consistent with the evidence from the phylogenetic analysis, the diversity of is not confined to recently radiating clades, fossil record, in molecular analyses land gene histories due to incomplete lineage but is also present at deeper phylogenetic plants are deeply embedded in green algal sorting and other factors increases as well. levels. Species tree methods invariably biodiversity, and the individual lineages Concatenation of multilocus data sets into require more loci to achieve significance of charophytes (traditionally classified as supermatrices has proven an effective way than concatenation, but they appear to be orders) are each comparable in age to the of increasing phylogenetic signal for the consistent and less erratic with genome- land plants. This illustrates the vast, under- Tree of Life. However, when analyzed scale data sets. studied biological diversity found not only by standard methods that ignore gene in green algae, but throughout the basal tree heterogeneity, theory suggests that Charles F. Delwiche lineages of eukaryotes (the “protists”). By concatenation yields inconsistent estimates University of Maryland applying state-of-the-art DNA sequencing of phylogenetic relationships when gene technologies we have been able to identify “Illuminating the Origin of Land Plants tree heterogeneity is high. Here I illustrate in charophyte algae components of fun- with Algal Genomes“ an empirical example of this inconsistency damental biological processes that were using phylogenomic data from 447 loci The close relationship between green previously believed to be unique to land and 37 species of placental mammals and algae and land plants (embryophytes) was plants. Studies targeted on the basis of outgroups. Remarkably, these loci yield recognized prior to Linnaeus, and by the evolutionary relationships hold the prom- 440 topologically distinct gene trees, end of the 19th century it was understood ise of shedding new light on the origin, indicating that virtually every locus has a that the land plants are younger than, and evolution, and function of fundamental distinct phylogenetic history. As expected, probably derived from, green algae. Ultra- plant processes. standard Bayesian and maximum likeli- structural studies in the second half of the th hood analysis of these loci yields a tree 20 century refined the problem, revealing James W. Horn with full support on every node, yet, unex- two great lineages of green algae, the true Smithsonian Institution pectedly, analysis of concatenated sub- chlorophytes and the charophytes, the lat- “Diversification and Structural Innova- samples of the data yield equally strong ter including land plants. However, it was tion in Euphorbia” relationships that often conflict with each only with the rise of molecular systematics other. By contrast, analysis of complete at the end of the millennium that the rela- Euphorbia—with over 2,000 recog- and subsampled data sets using so-called tionships among these organisms could be nized species of protean habit, and with a “species tree” methods – a family of meth- fully appreciated. Paleobotanical studies nearly global distribution—has long been ods that accommodates gene tree hetero- indicate that green algae originated deep considered one of the most challenging geneity through the multispecies coales- in the Precambrian, probably on the order clades of flowering plants to untangle. cent model – yields trees with consistent of 2 Ba, while land plants arose late in the Yet manifest in these complexities is and increasing support with increasing Ordovician, about 450 Ma, and diversi- the potential of Euphorbia as a system

Page 8 to address fundamental issues in plant will introduce a recent discoveries and talk by bumblebees. Phylogenetic analysis of evolutionary biology. A newly developed about how they are useful in study of the trait evolution and community structure and robustly supported molecular phylog- evolution of pelagic invertebrates and the reveals evidence that a geographic mosaic eny for the genus provides a framework communities those animal are part of. of pervasive reproductive interference with which we are achieving a synthesis between co-occurring species of Pedicu- of structural evolution, evolutionary David D. Ackerly laris may accelerate the evolution of floral tempo, and diversification inEuphorbia . University of California, Berkeley traits and elevate rates of both speciation and extinction, and explain the preponder- Outstanding are the many examples of “Traits, Communities, and History: ance of species in the Hengduan hotspot. extreme parallelism in trait evolution, What Do We Learn from Phylogenies?“ including at least 14 origins of xero- These results motivate finer-scale analysis The use of phylogenetics as a tool and morphic growth forms. The evolution of of Pedicularis phylogeny at and below the a conceptual framework reflects a signifi- growth form and inflorescence position species level, and I will present some pre- cant shift in ecology thinking in recent is significantly correlated, and a pathway liminary results on how reduced-represen- years. I will highlight three aspects of of evolutionary transitions is supported tation genomic tools can be used not only this synthesis, and specifically ask, what that has implications for the evolution to confidently infer relationships, but also has ecology learned from phylogenetics? of Euphorbia CAM xerophytes of large reveal patterns of historical introgression. 1) In community ecology, phylogenetic stature. Such xerophytes total more than approaches are widely used to test hypoth- 400 species and are dominants of vegeta- Michael Donoghue eses about the role of abiotic and biotic tion types throughout much of arid Yale University influences on community assembly. The and Madagascar. Divergence dating esti- key question is: if we knew all the traits of “Adventures in Plant Phylogeny and mates indicate these xerophyte lineages species in a community, and the mecha- Prospects for the Future” rapidly radiated in the late Miocene to nisms of interaction, would phylogenetics Progress in understanding plant phy- early Pliocene (~8–4 Ma), subsequent to still be useful? 2) At a larger scale, phylo- logeny has exceeded our wildest dreams, aridification of these regions and lowered genetic methods provide unique insights but there is still much to be done. I will atmospheric CO levels. We test these and 2 into the influence of biogeographic and briefly review some of the most extraor- other traits as correlates of diversification bioclimatic history on patterns of regional dinary advances of the last few decades in Euphorbia to shed further light on the and local diversity. The deep history of and the corresponding insights into plant evolution of this remarkable angiosperm many lineages is evident in the environ- evolution. Having established a solid phy- clade. mental tolerances and traits of organisms logenetic backbone, the next step will be observed in modern-day communities, yet Continued on page 10 Karen Osborn the underlying ecological and evolutionary Smithsonian Institution processes remain obscure. 3) Comparative “Discoveries in the Deep and Their methods provide a phylogenetic approach ­Acknowledgements Usefulness for Studies of Invertebrate to examine the tempo and mode of evolu- Evolution” tion. The bulk of evidence suggests that The success of the Symposium was ecological traits exhibit modest, but not due to the significant time and efforts The deep, open ocean is the largest of the following people: habitat on earth by volume and supports strong, phylogenetic signal, based on pat- a huge diversity and biomass of inverte- terns of similarity among close relatives. Organizers brates. Most animal groups have represen- Increased understanding of the evolution- • Kenneth Wurdack tatives living in the open ocean but many ary fate of lineages with extreme-trait • Laurence J. Dorr of these pelagic animals have dramatically values (e.g., the tallest trees or the smallest • Nancy Khan different morphology, behavior and ecol- seeds) will be critical to distinguish among • Gary Krupnick ogy in relation to their closest relatives. alternative evolutionary models. Draw- • Sue Lutz By studying the differences between these ing on these three areas, I will identify • Sylvia Orli animals and their relatives in shallow research priorities to fill major gaps in the • Warren L. Wagner water or on the sea floor, we learn how continuing synthesis of phylogenetics and • Jun Wen the pelagic environment changes and ecology. • Elizabeth Zimmer shapes the many animals that survive Support there. Additionally, we learn about the Richard Ree • Mary Ann Apicelli constraints and possibilities for vari- The Field Museum • Patricia Davis ous animals groups and how open ocean “Phylogeny and the Evolution of Floral communities functions. Because of the Diversity in Pedicularis (Orobanchaceae)” Photographers difficulty studying this habitat, the delicate In China’s Hengduan Mountains, over • Elaine Haug nature of many of the animals, new ways 350 species of Pedicularis exhibit spec- • Kenneth Wurdack to explore this habitat, and molecular tools tacular variation in floral form and color, exciting discoveries and new understand- And many others who had helped in a and often co-occur and synchro- ing of the evolutionary history of numer- myriad number of ways. nously. However, all are pollinated solely ous invertebrate groups are now possible. I

Page 9 Abstracts Continued from page 9 to fill in the details. But, far from being a pedestrian exercise, I predict that the most important findings are yet to come. As I hope to illustrate with concrete examples from Viburnum, a more comprehensive coverage will enable truly compelling analyses of character evolution, biogeog- raphy, and diversification.

Symposium Continued from page 1 James Horn, a post-doctoral fellow­ at the Smithsonian Institution, introduced his research collaboration with Wurdack, examining the structural and functional diversity of the spurges (Euphorbia, Symposium participants enjoying the reception at the U.S. Botanic Garden (Photo Euphorbiaceae). As one of the most spe- by Elaine Haug) cies rich genera among all plants, inves- presentation by Karen Osborn, a curator which phylogenies facilitate comparative tigation of this clade provides an insight in Invertebrate Biology at the Smithsonian studies that can quantify the rate at which into the general processes by which Institution. Her work in marine explora- different lineages diversify in critical func- evolution and speciation occur. One of the tion demonstrated both the vast numbers tional traits. The end conclusion is that key insights is the extent to which similar of living species waiting to be discovered, many important functional traits relevant traits have evolved in the group, such as but also provided a glimpse into the use of in adaptation show some phylogenetic the frequent parallel origin xeromorphic molecular phylogenies to try and correctly conservation, and that use of phylogenies adaptations to drought and desert condi- describe the many cryptic, novel species will continue to empower ecological stud- tions. Such rapid adaptation to novel envi- waiting to be discovered. She described ies that use time or relatedness as a critical ronments may have lead to the dramatic how on nearly every collection trip – using factor. speciation as functional novelty leads to sophisticated deep sea robots – entirely The last set of talks was from Richard invasion of novel geographic habitats. new species were encountered, where it Ree from the Field Museum and his for- The use of a molecular phylogeny further was nearly impossible to classify them mer dissertation advisor Michael Donohue allowed them to date the radiations of with morphology, but then became trac- from Yale University. Ree focused on the these xeromorphic clades, and showed that table with the use of molecular phyloge- processes leading to the unusually high they corresponded to late Miocene and netics. rates of species diversification seen in early Pliocene times where rapid desertifi- David Ackerly, from the University among Pedicularis, a genus in the para- cation was known to have occurred. Thus of California at Berkeley, then gave an sitic broomrape family (Orobanchaceae). the diversity of the clade appears tightly excellent presentation regarding the role The key to the high rates of diversification linked to its ability to evolve with the of phylogeny in ecology. Ackerly is one relate to floral evolution, and Ree was environment. of a founding set of ecologists to use the able to use phylogenies of the group to In contrast to Horn and his work evolutionary relationships present in phy- better understand why the group evolved using well-developed and time calibrated logenies to answer questions in ecology. so many species so quickly. His conclu- molecular phylogenies, was the next He asserted that phylogenies have been sion was that the high levels of geographic profitably used by ecologists to evaluate diversification in conjunction with the Sponsors of the the relative role of biotic (competition rapid floral evolution produced a sys- among species) versus abiotic (adaptation tem that supported novel species. His th 10 Smithsonian to the environment), but then challenged conclusion was similar in many respects Botanical Symposium the audience to consider that if we knew to the presentation of Horn who demon- all trait and physiological data about the strated that the high species diversity in • Cuatrecasas Family Foundation organisms in an environment, would we Euphorbia is similarly attributable to their • National Museum of Natural still need phylogenies to answer questions. ability to invade novel habitats – but the ­History The answer to that question is yes, since Pedicularis story differs in that the specia- • Department of Botany we can never know or measure all the tion occurs in closely adjacent habitats • Office of the Associate Director traits that may enable adaptation. Ackerly compared to Euphorbia that have radiated for Research and Collections further demonstrated how phylogenies to geographically distant and widespread enable us to examine the biogeographic habitats. Ree’s results show that microevo- • United States Botanic Garden patterns of the evolution of traits believed lutionary processes of gene flow and pol- to facilitate adaptation, and the way in linator behavior can play an important role Page 10 in rapid speciation, and that phylogenetic being generated. A second theme is that Horticultural Innovations, and Cultural analysis can show how these traits evolve use of phylogenies to tell us how rapidly Changes” (2004); “The Future of Floras: with species and thus which traits – as different clades are evolving and how the New Frameworks, New Technologies, well as biogeographic factors – accelerate traits they carry (particularly those which New Uses” (2005); “Island Archipelagos: evolution. promote adaptation or reproductive isola- Cauldrons of Evolution” (2006); “Partners To conclude the symposium, Donohue tion) change with them. This can tell us in Evolution: Interactions, Adaptations, spoke of how phylogenies have shed light about the roles of competition, geographic and Speciation” (2008); and “Genes, on a variety of issues in plant evolution diversification, and functional novelty in Genomics and Genome Evolution in such as the relationships of the earliest promoting and maintaining species diver- Plants” (2009); and, “Food for Thought: plant species, how phylogeographic pat- sity. All of these questions rely upon our 21st Century Perspectives on Ethnobotany” terns inform our expectations of the evolu- understanding of the tempo and structure (2010). tion of a clade of species, as well as how of evolution, which are directly drawn we can now assemble larger and larger from phylogenetic reconstructions. Cuatrecasas Medal phylogenies that can capture increasing The next Smithsonian Botanical Sym- Continued from page 7 amounts of information about large scale posium will be held April 19-20, 2013. cal relatives of temperate genera. patterns of diversification. One fascinating The theme will be announced in the fall. Judd has always incorporated phylo- example of this was the observation of the genetic considerations into his revisionary variability in rates of molecular evolution work and with several co-authors he has among different classes of plants – thus incorporated these ideas into one of the herbaceous species are observed to have Supplementary most widely used text books in our disci- a faster rate of evolution than long-lived Symposium Links on pline, Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic woody plant species. A critical conclusion Approach (1999-2008). The text book, of Donohue’s talk was the role of captur- the Web translated into at least five languages and ing all species and the extent to which The website to the 10th Smithsonian now in its third edition, is utilized in over missing taxa can dramatically change Botanical Symposium has many links and docu- had a strong influence on tropical Botany organisms. His example with Viburnum ments related to the conference. Included through his teaching and he has supervised (Adoxaceae) in the context of the biogeo- on the website is the full program, more than 30 graduate students at the Uni- graphic origins of the genus showed that a abstracts of the talks, links related to the versity of Florida. Many of these students strongly supported conclusion which was speaker’s presentations, and selected have made and continue to make their own wrong can be observed when some species images from the various events. Additional contributions to tropical Botany. Addi- are not in the phylogeny. Thus he said that items related to the Symposium can be tionally, Judd has for many years taught although the effort to collect all species added to the list of links and documents by a summer course in “Tropical Botany” in was a huge challenge, the rewards would sending an e-mail to [email protected]. suburban Miami, utilizing the extensive be proportionate to the challenge. The Symposium archive pages also Tropical Botanic Garden, The Kampong impressive but a few points could hold the includes programs, abstracts, and images of the National Tropical Botanical Garden, talks together. The first is that constructing from the past nine symposia: “Linnaean and the Montgomery Botanical Center. the phylogenies correctly in the genomic Taxonomy in the 21st Century” (2001); Past recipients of the Cuatrecasas age may require new methods, which is “The Convention on Biological Diversity” Medal are Rogers McVaugh of the Uni- the double edged sword of working with (2002); “Botanical Frontiers in South- versity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill the new and vast quantities of data that are east Asia” (2003); “Botanical Progress, (2001); P. Barry Tomlinson of Harvard University (2002); John Beaman of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2003); David Mabberley of the University of Leiden, The Netherlands, and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney (2004); Jerzy Rzedowski and Graciela Calderón de Rze- dowski of Instituto de Ecología del Bajío, Michoacán, Mexico (2005); Sherwin Car- lquist of Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Gar- den and Pomona College (2006); Mireya D. Correa A. of the University of Panama and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (2008); Norris H. Williams of the Florida Museum of Natural History and the University of Florida, Gainesville The Symposium dinner in the Rotunda of the National Museum of Natural History (2009); and Beryl B. Simpson of the Uni- provided a wonderful setting for lively discussions. (Photo by Elaine Haug) versity of Texas at Austin (2010). Page 11 Art by Alice Tangerini

Pedicularis furbishiae S.Watson

The diversity of Pedicularis (Orobanchaceae) in China’s Hengduan Mountains was the focus of Richard Ree’s talk at the 10th Smithsonian Botanical Symposium. Alice Tangerini illustrated the North American endangered Furbish lousewort (Pedicularis furbishiae) for the cover of Endangered and Threatened Plants of the United States by E.S. Ayensu and R.A. DeFilipps (1978; Smithsonian Institution and World Wildlife Fund, Inc.). This critically imperiled species is endemic to the Saint John River Valley of northern Maine and adjacent New Brunswick, where threats include ice scouring, flooding, gravel extraction, forestry, and invasive species.

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